反馈式振荡器相位噪声的理论分析及优化技术研究
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摘要
振荡器，包括声体波（BAW）和声表面波（SAW）振荡器，由于其在高频/甚高频/特高频（HF/VHF/UHF）频段具有方便获取的高品质因数的特性，是天文、物理、航空航天、雷达、测试、测量和通信系统等研究领域中最为常用的基础元件之一。随着现代电子信息技术水平的不断提高，振荡器作为各种频率源的参考源和产生时间频率基准的关键器件，其相位噪声越来越成为限制各种电路与系统性能的一个关键因素。因此，研究和分析降低相位噪声的途径对振荡器的设计和应用都具有十分重要的意义。
在振荡器的相位噪声模型之中，最为直观、使用最为方便的是Leeson的相位噪声模型。但是经典的Leeson模型缺乏对相位噪声影响最大的有载品质因数与振荡电路参数之间定量的研究和分析。本文正是在Leeson模型的基础上，揭示了振荡器中谐振器的等效电路参数和振荡电路参数对有载品质因数值的决定关系，提出了不同振荡电路类型下的有载品质因数的显性表示式。进而在提高有载品质因数值的基础上，定量分析和评估了多种材料、多种工艺和多种振荡电路的声体波和声表面波振荡器的相位噪声。本文主要工作和创新点包括：
1．目前振荡器的设计缺少物理角度的方法简单而精确的优化振荡电路，为了解决这一问题，本文提出了一种简单而有效的可针对皮尔斯和巴特勒振荡电路的相位噪声分析方法。
2．分析了振荡器的各种相位噪声模型，从振荡器Leeson模型的基础上揭示了振荡器中谐振器的等效电路参数和振荡电路参数对有载品质因数的影响，进而通过对双口网络理论的分析，提出了在不同振荡器电路类型下的有载品质因数的显性表示式，弥补了Leeson模型缺乏有载品质因数与振荡电路参数之间定量关系的不足。
3．从振荡器频谱纯度的角度结合实际的皮尔斯和巴特勒振荡电路，根据本文提出的物理基础上的有载品质因数表示式，详细研究了谐振器等效电路参数和振荡电路参数对有载品质因数的共同影响；在此基础上分别针对120MHzAT切和SC切皮尔斯晶体振荡器、315MHz巴特勒声表面波压控振荡器以及钽酸锂晶体压控振荡器几种不同材料、不同工艺、不同电路类型的振荡器，对比研究了相位噪声的优化技术，提出了一种基于提高有载品质因数的振荡器设计方法。大量的实验事实证明，本文提出的从提高有载品质因数的角度出发降低相位噪声的方法能够有效的改善振荡器的相位噪声特性，对振荡器设计具有指导意义，同时为低相位噪声振荡器及其谐振器的深入研究提供了量化的分析方法和科学依据。
4．深入研究了振荡器的温度补偿和隔振方法，并分别设计了一种新型的AT切低相位噪声集成温度补偿晶体振荡器和一种石英晶体振荡器的双层被动隔振系统，以求振荡器达到更好的频率稳定度和相位噪声水平；精确推导了串电容后晶体谐振器等效电路参数的公式，得到的结果与使用了高频、高品质因数或高电容比等假设下的结果一致，故只要等效电路相同，此公式同样适用于低品质因数、低电容比器件，甚至适用于实际的电感电容网络，此推导结果扩展了谐振器等效电路参数公式的应用范围；另外，研究了声体波谐振器中的能陷问题，从理论结合实验的方法给出了石英晶体振荡器的能陷现象与相位噪声的关系，这对在低相位噪声声体波振荡器中的谐振器设计具有指导作用。
Oscillators including bulk acoustic wave (BAW) and surface acoustic wave (SAW)oscillators are the most basic components widely used in astronomy, physics, aerospace,radar, test and measurement, communication system and other research areas because ofits high quality factor characteristics in the HF/VHF/UHF bands. Oscillators arereference sources of various frequency sources and key devices produced the time andfrequency standards. With the development of modern electronic informationtechnology, phase noise of oscillators becomes a key factor in limiting the performanceof electronic system and frequency stability of oscillators plays a decisive role in theequipment performance. Therefore, research and analysis of the way to reduce phasenoise has the very vital significance to oscillators design and application.
In the oscillators’ phase noise models, Leeson’s phase noise model is the mostintuitive and convenient to use. At present, the classic Leeson model lacks quantitativeresearch and analysis between loaded quality factor which is the biggest impact of phasenoise with the equivalent circuit parameters of resonator and the oscillation circuitparameters. This paper will reveal that the equivalent circuit parameters of resonatorand the oscillation circuit parameters have conclusive concern with the loaded qualityfactor in oscillators based on Leeson model, and this paper also proposes loaded qualityfactor formulation according to different oscillation circuits. It is applied to quantitativeanalysis and evaluation on phase noise of bulk acoustic wave and surface acoustic waveoscillators used different materials, techniques and oscillation circuits based onimproving loaded quality factor. The innovation works mainly include:
1. At present, the situation of oscillator design lakes the physical insight andmethods for simple yet accurate analyzing how to optimize an oscillation circuit. Toremedy this situation, this work develops a simple but effective method for the Pierceand Butler oscillators.
2. Oscillators’ phase noise models are analyzed, and the conclusive concernbetween the equivalent circuit parameters of resonator and the oscillation circuitparameters and the loaded quality factor is presented on the basis of Leeson model. On the basis of the analysis of two-port network theory, rigorous loaded quality factorformulation of different oscillator circuits is obtained. It makes up for the shortcomingthat Leeson model lacks quantitative research and analysis between loaded qualityfactor and oscillation circuit parameters.
3. From an oscillator noise spectrum viewpoint, combined with actual Pierce andButler oscillation circuits, a detailed study of the impact on loaded quality factorimposed by equivalent circuit parameters of resonator and the oscillation circuitparameters is presented according to the formulation of loaded quality factor obtainedbased on physical model. Based on the analysis, the phase noise optimizationtechnology and design method of the120MHz AT-cut and SC-cut Pierce crystaloscillators,315MHz Butler common-base surface acoustic wave voltage controlledoscillator and lithium tantalite voltage controlled oscillator respectively, which are usingdifferent materials, techniques and oscillation circuits, are researched. A large numberof experimental facts prove that the method to reduce phase noise based on improvingloaded quality factor can ameliorate oscillator phase noise characteristics and has aguiding significance to oscillator design. This dissertation provides quantitative analysismethods and scientific basis for in-depth study of low phase noise oscillators andresonators.
4. Temperature compensation and vibration isolation technology are in-depthstudied. A new AT-cut temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) isresearched and a two-stage passive vibration isolation system for crystal oscillator ispresented to achieve better frequency stability effectively. The formula for the crystalresonator equivalent circuit parameters with series capacitor is re-derived. The result issame as the result used much assumption including high frequency, high quality factor,and high capacitance ratio and so on. Hence, this formula can be in common use forvarious devices of low quality factor or low capacitance ratio, even for the actualinductor-capacitor network, as long as these devices have the same equivalent circuits.The application scope of this formula is expanded. In addition, theory of energytrapping is concerned in the design of bulk acoustic wave resonators, and therelationship between energy trapping and phase noise of the quartz crystal oscillator aregiven by the method combined the theory with experiment. The research of energytrapping has a guiding significance to the design of resonators in low phase noise bulk acoustic wave oscillators.
在振荡器的相位噪声模型之中，最为直观、使用最为方便的是Leeson的相位噪声模型。但是经典的Leeson模型缺乏对相位噪声影响最大的有载品质因数与振荡电路参数之间定量的研究和分析。本文正是在Leeson模型的基础上，揭示了振荡器中谐振器的等效电路参数和振荡电路参数对有载品质因数值的决定关系，提出了不同振荡电路类型下的有载品质因数的显性表示式。进而在提高有载品质因数值的基础上，定量分析和评估了多种材料、多种工艺和多种振荡电路的声体波和声表面波振荡器的相位噪声。本文主要工作和创新点包括：
1．目前振荡器的设计缺少物理角度的方法简单而精确的优化振荡电路，为了解决这一问题，本文提出了一种简单而有效的可针对皮尔斯和巴特勒振荡电路的相位噪声分析方法。
2．分析了振荡器的各种相位噪声模型，从振荡器Leeson模型的基础上揭示了振荡器中谐振器的等效电路参数和振荡电路参数对有载品质因数的影响，进而通过对双口网络理论的分析，提出了在不同振荡器电路类型下的有载品质因数的显性表示式，弥补了Leeson模型缺乏有载品质因数与振荡电路参数之间定量关系的不足。
3．从振荡器频谱纯度的角度结合实际的皮尔斯和巴特勒振荡电路，根据本文提出的物理基础上的有载品质因数表示式，详细研究了谐振器等效电路参数和振荡电路参数对有载品质因数的共同影响；在此基础上分别针对120MHzAT切和SC切皮尔斯晶体振荡器、315MHz巴特勒声表面波压控振荡器以及钽酸锂晶体压控振荡器几种不同材料、不同工艺、不同电路类型的振荡器，对比研究了相位噪声的优化技术，提出了一种基于提高有载品质因数的振荡器设计方法。大量的实验事实证明，本文提出的从提高有载品质因数的角度出发降低相位噪声的方法能够有效的改善振荡器的相位噪声特性，对振荡器设计具有指导意义，同时为低相位噪声振荡器及其谐振器的深入研究提供了量化的分析方法和科学依据。
4．深入研究了振荡器的温度补偿和隔振方法，并分别设计了一种新型的AT切低相位噪声集成温度补偿晶体振荡器和一种石英晶体振荡器的双层被动隔振系统，以求振荡器达到更好的频率稳定度和相位噪声水平；精确推导了串电容后晶体谐振器等效电路参数的公式，得到的结果与使用了高频、高品质因数或高电容比等假设下的结果一致，故只要等效电路相同，此公式同样适用于低品质因数、低电容比器件，甚至适用于实际的电感电容网络，此推导结果扩展了谐振器等效电路参数公式的应用范围；另外，研究了声体波谐振器中的能陷问题，从理论结合实验的方法给出了石英晶体振荡器的能陷现象与相位噪声的关系，这对在低相位噪声声体波振荡器中的谐振器设计具有指导作用。
Oscillators including bulk acoustic wave (BAW) and surface acoustic wave (SAW)oscillators are the most basic components widely used in astronomy, physics, aerospace,radar, test and measurement, communication system and other research areas because ofits high quality factor characteristics in the HF/VHF/UHF bands. Oscillators arereference sources of various frequency sources and key devices produced the time andfrequency standards. With the development of modern electronic informationtechnology, phase noise of oscillators becomes a key factor in limiting the performanceof electronic system and frequency stability of oscillators plays a decisive role in theequipment performance. Therefore, research and analysis of the way to reduce phasenoise has the very vital significance to oscillators design and application.
In the oscillators’ phase noise models, Leeson’s phase noise model is the mostintuitive and convenient to use. At present, the classic Leeson model lacks quantitativeresearch and analysis between loaded quality factor which is the biggest impact of phasenoise with the equivalent circuit parameters of resonator and the oscillation circuitparameters. This paper will reveal that the equivalent circuit parameters of resonatorand the oscillation circuit parameters have conclusive concern with the loaded qualityfactor in oscillators based on Leeson model, and this paper also proposes loaded qualityfactor formulation according to different oscillation circuits. It is applied to quantitativeanalysis and evaluation on phase noise of bulk acoustic wave and surface acoustic waveoscillators used different materials, techniques and oscillation circuits based onimproving loaded quality factor. The innovation works mainly include:
1. At present, the situation of oscillator design lakes the physical insight andmethods for simple yet accurate analyzing how to optimize an oscillation circuit. Toremedy this situation, this work develops a simple but effective method for the Pierceand Butler oscillators.
2. Oscillators’ phase noise models are analyzed, and the conclusive concernbetween the equivalent circuit parameters of resonator and the oscillation circuitparameters and the loaded quality factor is presented on the basis of Leeson model. On the basis of the analysis of two-port network theory, rigorous loaded quality factorformulation of different oscillator circuits is obtained. It makes up for the shortcomingthat Leeson model lacks quantitative research and analysis between loaded qualityfactor and oscillation circuit parameters.
3. From an oscillator noise spectrum viewpoint, combined with actual Pierce andButler oscillation circuits, a detailed study of the impact on loaded quality factorimposed by equivalent circuit parameters of resonator and the oscillation circuitparameters is presented according to the formulation of loaded quality factor obtainedbased on physical model. Based on the analysis, the phase noise optimizationtechnology and design method of the120MHz AT-cut and SC-cut Pierce crystaloscillators,315MHz Butler common-base surface acoustic wave voltage controlledoscillator and lithium tantalite voltage controlled oscillator respectively, which are usingdifferent materials, techniques and oscillation circuits, are researched. A large numberof experimental facts prove that the method to reduce phase noise based on improvingloaded quality factor can ameliorate oscillator phase noise characteristics and has aguiding significance to oscillator design. This dissertation provides quantitative analysismethods and scientific basis for in-depth study of low phase noise oscillators andresonators.
4. Temperature compensation and vibration isolation technology are in-depthstudied. A new AT-cut temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) isresearched and a two-stage passive vibration isolation system for crystal oscillator ispresented to achieve better frequency stability effectively. The formula for the crystalresonator equivalent circuit parameters with series capacitor is re-derived. The result issame as the result used much assumption including high frequency, high quality factor,and high capacitance ratio and so on. Hence, this formula can be in common use forvarious devices of low quality factor or low capacitance ratio, even for the actualinductor-capacitor network, as long as these devices have the same equivalent circuits.The application scope of this formula is expanded. In addition, theory of energytrapping is concerned in the design of bulk acoustic wave resonators, and therelationship between energy trapping and phase noise of the quartz crystal oscillator aregiven by the method combined the theory with experiment. The research of energytrapping has a guiding significance to the design of resonators in low phase noise bulk acoustic wave oscillators.
引文
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