无线网络MAC层接入控制研究
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摘要
无线网络的飞速发展和多媒体业务的广泛应用,彻底改变了人们的生活和社会形态,同时人们对无线网络服务质量的要求也越来越高,因此对无线网络的研究具有挑战性和实用性。MAC层是实现无线网络信道稳定、高效共享的基础,对网络整体性能起着决定性的影响,因此对无线网络MAC层的研究具有实际意义和应用前景。本文围绕无线网络MAC层接入进行展开,主要从无线局域网和认知无线电网络MAC层的性能特征,拥塞控制,模型分析及跨层设计等几个方面进行了深入的研究。
本文的主要贡献如下：
1.对现有DCF和EDCA协议的性能仿真和模型分析
针对现有无线基站瓶颈带宽的问题,在不改变现有IEEE802.11DCF协议前提下,本文提出基于无线网络MAC层参数的TCP/AQM跨层流体模型,并通过2-DLaplace-z变换进行时滞系统的稳定性分析,得到了系统稳定的充分条件。通过稳定条件计算网络稳定时的最佳用户数范围。仿真结果表明根据本文所给定理可计算出最佳用户数范围,保证了TCP流的稳定性和公平性,提高了网络性能。
针对参数设置所导致的现有EDCA机制失效问题,本文深入研究了IEEE802.11e EDCA机制重要参数及性能模型,主要从CFB模式、能量及混合流等性能对现有EDCA机制进行了模型分析与仿真,通过实验验证了网络参数对不同优先级用户流的影响,合理的网络参数取值才能保障不同优先级业务的服务质量。
2.对DCF协议混合流接入的改进设计方案
针对IEEE802.11DCF协议混合流接入时出现的转发延迟和系统缓存开销较大问题,本文提出一种TCP/UDP混合流的IEEE802.11DCF协议改进方案及理论模型。改进的DCF协议根据TCP/UDP包长调整MAC帧大小为包长的整数倍,避免TCP/UDP混合流转发时因丢包重发而导致的延迟增加问题。仿真结果表明改进的DCF协议可提高无线基站对TCP/UDP混合流的接入吞吐量,减小TCP/UDP混合流转发的延时。
3.对认知无线电网络MAC层接入协议的研究
针对带宽频繁变化导致的认知用户性能低下问题,本文提出了认知退避算法,即认知用户可根据信道繁忙率实时调整退避窗口。首先给出了基于信道繁忙率的认知无线电网络MAC层数学模型,再通过网络吞吐量最大值计算最佳退避窗口,最后每个认知用户可根据信道拥塞状态自适应调整退避窗口。该方法大大减少了因二进制指数退避带来的等待和碰撞问题,提高了认知用户性能。NS2仿真结果证明该方法可明显提高认知用户性能。
针对信道切换或中断引起的认知用户性能低下问题,本文基于DCF机制提出在链路切换或中断时采用冻结缓存机制,即冻结节点当前退避计时器并缓存当前状态信息。当认知用户重新获得信道接入机会时,可直接读取缓存的信息继续之前的操作,减少因重新竞争信道所带来的碰撞和延时问题,并提高系统吞吐量。NS2仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。
4.基于认知无线电网络MAC层的跨层设计
针对有线网络不支持认知功能、授权用户的端到端QoS得不到保证问题,本文首先结合认知无线电网络的特点,提出认知无线电网络的网络架构及MAC层接入控制协议(CRMAC);然后匹配CRMAC与DiffServ的优先级及相关参数,所提出的认知缘路由器采用授权用户和认知用户区分丢包机制。这种跨层设计的系统结构为认知无线电网络提供端到端的分级服务,保护授权用户及其实时业务的同时,提高网络整体性能。NS2仿真结果表明该方法能够真正保证认知无线电网络的端到端QoS。
With the rapid development of wireless network and wide applications of multimedia business, people's lives and social patterns have been changed completely, at the same time, people have increasingly demand for high Quality of Service (QoS) of wireless network, so it makes research of wireless network more challenging and useful. The MAC layer is the basis of achieving the stability and the efficient of the channel in the wireless network, and it have a decisive impact on the overall network performance, so it has a practical significance and application prospects for the research on the MAC layer in wireless network. This paper focuses on the wireless network MAC layer access, and it expands from the performance characteristics, congestion control, model analysis and the cross-layer design etc. aspects for further research between the MAC layer in the Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and the Cognitive Radio Network (CRN).
The main contribution of this paper is as follows:
1. Performance simulation and model analysis for DCF and EDCA protocol
Study on the bottleneck bandwidth of current wireless base station, premise without changing the existing IEEE802.11DCF protocol, this paper proposes TCP/AQM fluid model based on MAC parameters of wireless network, and uses the2-D Laplace-z transform for the stability analysis of the time-delay system, which obtains the sufficient condition of system stability, and through the stability conditions we can get the best range of users. The simulation results show that the given theorem of this paper can calculat the best range of users, which ensures the stability and fairness of TCP, and improves the network performance.
Against the problem that existing EDCA mechanism failurs causing by the parameter settings, this paper further researches the important parameters and performance model of the IEEE802.11e EDCA mechanism, the model analysis and simulation of the existing EDCA mechanism mainly from CFB mode, energy and mixed flow performance, and we verifies the effect of different priority user flows by network parameters, reasonable network parameter values can protect the QoS of different priority business.
2. Improved design for the DCF protocol with hybrid flows
Study on the problem that forwarding delay and the system cache overhead are larger when hybrid flows access channel with IEEE802.11DCF protocol, this paper proposes the improved scheme and theoretical model of the IEEE802.11DCF protocol with TCP/UDP hybrid flows. The improved DCF protocol can adjust the MAC frame size to an integer multiple of the packet length based on TCP/UDP packet length, that can avoid the increasing delay of TCP/UDP hybrid flow triggered retransmission. The simulation results show that the the improved DCF protocol can improve the access throughput of the wireless base station and reduce the forwarded delay of TCP/UDP hybrid flows.
3. Research on the MAC layer access protocol for the cognitive radio network
For the low performance problem of Cognitive Radio User (CRU) that leaded by bandwidth changed frequently, this paper proposes the cognitive backoff algorithm that CRUs can adjust the backoff window according to the channel busy rate. We gives the mathematical analysis model of CRN MAC layer based on the channel busy radio firstly, then we can compute the optimal value of backoff window through the maximum throughput value, each coginitive radio user can adjust the backoff window according by the channel busy state lastly. The method can decrease the wait and collision problem bring by BEB,which can improve the performance of CRU. Simulation results of NS2show that the method can protect improve the performance of CRU greatly.
For the poor performance problem of CRU caused by channel switching or channel interruption. This paper proposes that uses freezing and buffer mechanism based on DCF protocol when the channel is switched and interrupted, that is freezing the backoff timer of node and caching the current state of information. Once the CRU regains the access opportunity, the CRU node will read the cache information and continue operation, which can reduce the delay and collision of reaccess channel and improve the throughput of the system. The NS2simulation results prove the effectiveness of the method.
4. The cross-layer design Based on the MAC layer in CRN
For existing wired network can't support cognitive function, and the end-to-end QoS of primary users can not be guaranteed, this paper proposes the network architecture and MAC access control protocol (CRMAC) combining with the characteristics of CRN firstly; then matching the priority and related parameters between CRMAC and DiffServ, the proposed cognitive edge router uses distinguished packet loss mechanism between the primary user and CRU. This system structure of cross-layer design provides end-to-end grading service for CRN, it protects primary users and its realtime business, and it improves the overall network performance simultaneously. NS2simulation results show that the method can really guarantee the end-to-end QoS of CRN.
本文的主要贡献如下：
1.对现有DCF和EDCA协议的性能仿真和模型分析
针对现有无线基站瓶颈带宽的问题,在不改变现有IEEE802.11DCF协议前提下,本文提出基于无线网络MAC层参数的TCP/AQM跨层流体模型,并通过2-DLaplace-z变换进行时滞系统的稳定性分析,得到了系统稳定的充分条件。通过稳定条件计算网络稳定时的最佳用户数范围。仿真结果表明根据本文所给定理可计算出最佳用户数范围,保证了TCP流的稳定性和公平性,提高了网络性能。
针对参数设置所导致的现有EDCA机制失效问题,本文深入研究了IEEE802.11e EDCA机制重要参数及性能模型,主要从CFB模式、能量及混合流等性能对现有EDCA机制进行了模型分析与仿真,通过实验验证了网络参数对不同优先级用户流的影响,合理的网络参数取值才能保障不同优先级业务的服务质量。
2.对DCF协议混合流接入的改进设计方案
针对IEEE802.11DCF协议混合流接入时出现的转发延迟和系统缓存开销较大问题,本文提出一种TCP/UDP混合流的IEEE802.11DCF协议改进方案及理论模型。改进的DCF协议根据TCP/UDP包长调整MAC帧大小为包长的整数倍,避免TCP/UDP混合流转发时因丢包重发而导致的延迟增加问题。仿真结果表明改进的DCF协议可提高无线基站对TCP/UDP混合流的接入吞吐量,减小TCP/UDP混合流转发的延时。
3.对认知无线电网络MAC层接入协议的研究
针对带宽频繁变化导致的认知用户性能低下问题,本文提出了认知退避算法,即认知用户可根据信道繁忙率实时调整退避窗口。首先给出了基于信道繁忙率的认知无线电网络MAC层数学模型,再通过网络吞吐量最大值计算最佳退避窗口,最后每个认知用户可根据信道拥塞状态自适应调整退避窗口。该方法大大减少了因二进制指数退避带来的等待和碰撞问题,提高了认知用户性能。NS2仿真结果证明该方法可明显提高认知用户性能。
针对信道切换或中断引起的认知用户性能低下问题,本文基于DCF机制提出在链路切换或中断时采用冻结缓存机制,即冻结节点当前退避计时器并缓存当前状态信息。当认知用户重新获得信道接入机会时,可直接读取缓存的信息继续之前的操作,减少因重新竞争信道所带来的碰撞和延时问题,并提高系统吞吐量。NS2仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。
4.基于认知无线电网络MAC层的跨层设计
针对有线网络不支持认知功能、授权用户的端到端QoS得不到保证问题,本文首先结合认知无线电网络的特点,提出认知无线电网络的网络架构及MAC层接入控制协议(CRMAC);然后匹配CRMAC与DiffServ的优先级及相关参数,所提出的认知缘路由器采用授权用户和认知用户区分丢包机制。这种跨层设计的系统结构为认知无线电网络提供端到端的分级服务,保护授权用户及其实时业务的同时,提高网络整体性能。NS2仿真结果表明该方法能够真正保证认知无线电网络的端到端QoS。
With the rapid development of wireless network and wide applications of multimedia business, people's lives and social patterns have been changed completely, at the same time, people have increasingly demand for high Quality of Service (QoS) of wireless network, so it makes research of wireless network more challenging and useful. The MAC layer is the basis of achieving the stability and the efficient of the channel in the wireless network, and it have a decisive impact on the overall network performance, so it has a practical significance and application prospects for the research on the MAC layer in wireless network. This paper focuses on the wireless network MAC layer access, and it expands from the performance characteristics, congestion control, model analysis and the cross-layer design etc. aspects for further research between the MAC layer in the Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and the Cognitive Radio Network (CRN).
The main contribution of this paper is as follows:
1. Performance simulation and model analysis for DCF and EDCA protocol
Study on the bottleneck bandwidth of current wireless base station, premise without changing the existing IEEE802.11DCF protocol, this paper proposes TCP/AQM fluid model based on MAC parameters of wireless network, and uses the2-D Laplace-z transform for the stability analysis of the time-delay system, which obtains the sufficient condition of system stability, and through the stability conditions we can get the best range of users. The simulation results show that the given theorem of this paper can calculat the best range of users, which ensures the stability and fairness of TCP, and improves the network performance.
Against the problem that existing EDCA mechanism failurs causing by the parameter settings, this paper further researches the important parameters and performance model of the IEEE802.11e EDCA mechanism, the model analysis and simulation of the existing EDCA mechanism mainly from CFB mode, energy and mixed flow performance, and we verifies the effect of different priority user flows by network parameters, reasonable network parameter values can protect the QoS of different priority business.
2. Improved design for the DCF protocol with hybrid flows
Study on the problem that forwarding delay and the system cache overhead are larger when hybrid flows access channel with IEEE802.11DCF protocol, this paper proposes the improved scheme and theoretical model of the IEEE802.11DCF protocol with TCP/UDP hybrid flows. The improved DCF protocol can adjust the MAC frame size to an integer multiple of the packet length based on TCP/UDP packet length, that can avoid the increasing delay of TCP/UDP hybrid flow triggered retransmission. The simulation results show that the the improved DCF protocol can improve the access throughput of the wireless base station and reduce the forwarded delay of TCP/UDP hybrid flows.
3. Research on the MAC layer access protocol for the cognitive radio network
For the low performance problem of Cognitive Radio User (CRU) that leaded by bandwidth changed frequently, this paper proposes the cognitive backoff algorithm that CRUs can adjust the backoff window according to the channel busy rate. We gives the mathematical analysis model of CRN MAC layer based on the channel busy radio firstly, then we can compute the optimal value of backoff window through the maximum throughput value, each coginitive radio user can adjust the backoff window according by the channel busy state lastly. The method can decrease the wait and collision problem bring by BEB,which can improve the performance of CRU. Simulation results of NS2show that the method can protect improve the performance of CRU greatly.
For the poor performance problem of CRU caused by channel switching or channel interruption. This paper proposes that uses freezing and buffer mechanism based on DCF protocol when the channel is switched and interrupted, that is freezing the backoff timer of node and caching the current state of information. Once the CRU regains the access opportunity, the CRU node will read the cache information and continue operation, which can reduce the delay and collision of reaccess channel and improve the throughput of the system. The NS2simulation results prove the effectiveness of the method.
4. The cross-layer design Based on the MAC layer in CRN
For existing wired network can't support cognitive function, and the end-to-end QoS of primary users can not be guaranteed, this paper proposes the network architecture and MAC access control protocol (CRMAC) combining with the characteristics of CRN firstly; then matching the priority and related parameters between CRMAC and DiffServ, the proposed cognitive edge router uses distinguished packet loss mechanism between the primary user and CRU. This system structure of cross-layer design provides end-to-end grading service for CRN, it protects primary users and its realtime business, and it improves the overall network performance simultaneously. NS2simulation results show that the method can really guarantee the end-to-end QoS of CRN.
引文
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