华北地区四种典型造林树种蒸腾节律的实验研究
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摘要
目前很多国家和地区水资源供需矛盾突出，在国土绿化与城市园林绿地建设中使用水资源利用效率高的植物资源，是解决水资源供需矛盾和植被恢复中水资源缺乏的根本途径之一。因此，植物的蒸腾与蒸发(合称蒸散)速率的测定和计算方法成为目前植物生理生态学水分代谢的研究重点，这对我国干旱、半干旱地区的农、林、果业发展更具有特殊重要意义。
蒸散是地表水分循环重要而复杂的过程，是地表蒸发和植物蒸腾的总和。现在测定植物蒸散量的方法越来越多，各有各的优势和不足，每一种方法的建立都是依据一定的对象或一定的测定目的而发展起来的，各种方法不能进行直接的比较。目前尚没有一种方法能够适用于所有的测定要求。因此，在选择测定方法的时候需要从空间与时间尺度大小、所需的计算精度、测定所需费用、技术条件等多方面进行综合考虑。目前国内外测定植物蒸散量的主要方法包括：水文学法、微气象学法、植物生理学法、遥感法、热技术方法和SPAC综合模拟法。对比各种方法的主要理论原理、优缺点、适用性及局限性我们采用热技术方法中的根据茎热平衡原理设计的茎流传感器对植物茎干中的液流(茎流)进行监测，间接反映植物的蒸腾速率，并同步监测与植物蒸腾密切相关的六种环境因子。使用以色列Phytech公司生产的Phytalk植物生理监测系统。实验所监测的植株是由林科院提供的山东省常用的造林树种，主要研究了植物茎流的日变化规律、植物在快速生长季内的茎流变化规律以及植物茎流对环境因子的响应等内容。为研究植株水分供需规律，验证节水抗旱措施，相关区域植被恢复等提供理论基础。
研究结果表明：四种植物的茎流日变化表现出相对一致的昼夜节律，夜间茎流保持在较低水平，黎明后茎流速率开始进入快速增加期，到中午达到最大，然后进入快速下降期，在傍晚进入变化小的低茎流期。同时植物茎流也表现出种的特异性，主要表现在低茎流期的速率；茎流启动、达到峰值以及茎流稳定的时间；最高速率维持的时间，在不同的物种间存在较大差异。同一物种在不同月份，平均茎流启动时间、峰值出现时间和稳定时间也存在差异。具体表现为：七月份君迁子和皂角茎流启动较早，侧柏相对较晚；君迁子较早达到峰值，山杏相对较晚；侧柏茎流稳定时间较早，君迁子相对较晚。在八月份君迁子最早启动茎流和达到峰值，山杏茎流启动较晚，侧柏较早稳定，山杏相对较晚稳定。九月份山杏启动最早，侧柏较早达到峰值，山杏茎流稳定时间较晚。相对来说，八月份植物茎流启动早，九月份峰值出现时间和稳定时间早。物种间，君迁子茎流启动时间和峰值出现时间早，侧柏茎流稳定时间早。以植物种类为分组变量，对植物茎流日变化进行方差分析并进行F检验，F(3，572)=58．411，P=0．0000<0．01，结果表明，植物茎流日变化存在极显著差异。具体结果为：植物茎流日变化侧柏和君迁子差异显著，侧柏和山杏、皂角之间以及君迁子和山杏、皂角之间差异极显著，山杏和皂角差异不明显。在整个快速生长季，四种植物茎流的变化表现出较大的种间差异，突出表现在周期的长短与波动幅度上，各旬之间茎流变化均差异极显著。植物茎流连日变化曲线各日峰形基本相同，但峰值差异很大。茎流启动、达到峰值和稳定的时间也有差异。以时间为分组变量，10天为一组，对四种植物在快速生长季内的茎流变化进行方差分析并进行F检验，结果表明：四种植物的茎流在快速生长季内各旬之间都存在极显著差异。监测物种对各环境因子的敏感性不一致，风速除了与侧柏茎流显著相关外，与其他物种均相关不显著。空气湿度与所有物种均表现显著负相关。叶片温度、空气温度与所有物种显著正相关。太阳辐射除了与刺槐和紫穗槐相关不显著外，与其他物种均显著正相关。土壤湿度与物种之间的相关性表现出较强的种间差异，正负相关、显著不显著都存在。最后对监测物种和环境因子进行了多元线性逐步回归分析，并建立了相应的回归方程：
侧柏：Sf=0．765+0．00089*Sr-0．0059*Ah-0．033*Lt+0．0052*Sm+0．016*At
山杏：Sf=-0．202+0．0013*Sr-0．0107*Ah+0．028*Sm-0．051*Lt+0．0339*At
皂角：Sf=-0．815+0．00091*Sr+0．0152*Sm-0．0025*Ah+0．0247*At-0．020*Lt- 0．0058*Ws
君迁子：Sf=-2．951+0．0014*Sr+0．086*At-0．0458*Lt+0．00413*Ah+0．036*Sm
式中：Sr为太阳辐射、At为空气温度、Ah为空气湿度、Ws为风速、Sm为土壤湿度、Sf为茎流速率。
At present,many countries and regions are faced with the lack of water resources.With the developing of population, economy and society,the need of water is increasing more and more.But,because of the climate changing and the wasting, polluting of the water in the world/the water can be utilized is hard up.The contradiction of need and supply of water is standing out. The regulation of water requirement of plants should be researched, and the plants which need less water to grow should be developed. In that way, the problem of water lacking in the process of vegetation restoration can be resolved. So, the mensuration and calculation of transpiration and evaporation of plants are now the keystones in plant physiology. These researches are important to agriculture, forest and fruit tree in the aridity and half- aridity area in our country.
Evapotranspiration is the important and complex process in watercirculationof the earth's surface,and it is the sum of the earth's surface evaporation and the plant transpiration,There are many kind of measuring methods to measure the evapotranspiration of plants now,but they are not perfect.Every measuring method is build by the study object or the study purpose.The measuring methods can not be compared firsthand. At present,not a measuring method can satisfy all measuring-demands.So,when we select the measuring methods,we must consider synthetically the scale of space and time,the measuring precision we need,the expenditure of measuring and the condition of technique,and so on.In this paper,we introduce the dominating measuring methods of evapotranspiration of plant roundly and briefly,and review the primary academic elements,merit and disadvantage,applicability and localization of all methods.In this study, the sap flow sensor which is made by the principle of stem-heat-balance of the technique of heat was used to mensurate the sap flow in the stem of plants.The sap flow in the stem of plants can indirect reflect transpiration rate.And the entironmental factors which are correlational to transpiration of plants were mensurated synchronization.In the study,the plant-circadian-measure-system named Phytalk which is produced by the company of Phytech in Israel was used to measure sap flow and entironmental factors.The plants were studied which are in common use of afforestation in Shandong province were supplied by academy of sciences of forest.The disciplinarian of daily changing of sap flow of plants , the disciplinarian of sap flow of plants in rapid growing season and the response of sap flow of plants to entironmental factors were studied.To supply theoretics basic to the study of disciplinarian of water need and supply of plant, validating the steps of water saving and withstand water lack,and the vegetation resume of specifically area.
The result showed, The sap flow rate represented correspondingly consistent rhythm on the whole. In the night the sap flow rate kept at a low level, after dawn, it entered the fast increasing period, and reached the peak at noon, then came into the fast degressive period, at dusk it entered the period in which the sap flow rate is low. Simultaneity, the sap flow rate represented a difference between different species, especially at the startup time,reach peak time, tranquilization time and lasting time of tiptop rate of sap flow. And the average time of startup time,reach peak time, tranquilization time and lasting time of tiptop rate of sap flow of the same species in different months is different. The ANOVA analysis and F-test which is with plant kind as the variable to grouping,to study the day change of sap flow , F (3,572) =58.411,P=0.0000<0.01,the result showed,the day change of sap flow of different plants were mighty different. In the whole fast growing season, the sap flow change of the four kinds of plants represented difference between species, the size and the range of cycle displayed discordantly. The differences of change of sap flow between every a period of ten days were all tarnal marked.The shapes of day after day change curves of sap flow day-by-day were radical sameness,but the peaks were very different. The startup time,reach peak time, tranquilization time of sap flow were different too. Sensitivity of the plants which were studied to every environmental factor was inconsistent.Wind speed was not marked correlation with sap flow of all plants that were studied other than Platycladus orientalis(Linn.) Franco.Air humidity was marked minus correlation with sap flow of all plants that were studied.Leaf temperature and air temperature were marked correlation with sap flow of all plants that were studied. Solar radiation was marked correlation with sap flow of all plants that were studied besides Robinia pseudoacacia Linn, and Amorpha fruticosa Linn.The correlation between soil moisture and plants was complex,it was different between different plants,which was exclusive,correlation and minus correlation, correlation of distinct and inapparent were all exist. At last,the analyse of step by step multiple regression between plants that were studied and entironmental factors was carried through,and set up corresponding regression equation:
Platycladus orientalis(Linn.) Franco:Sf=0.765+0.00089*Sr-0.0059*Ah-0.033*Lt+0.0052*Sm+0.016*At
Armeniaca sihirica (Linn.) Lam.:Sf=-0.202+0.0013*Sr-0.0107*Ah+0.028*Sm-0.051*Lt+0.0339*At
Gleditsia sinensis Lam:Sf=-0.815+0.00091*Sr+0.0152*Sm-0.0025*Ah+0.0247*At-0.020*Lt-0.0058* Ws
Diospyros lotus Linn.:Sf=-2.951+0.0014*Sr+0.086*At-0.0458*Lt+0.00413*Ah+0.036*Sm
In the equations: Sr is solar radiation、At is air temperature、Ah is air humidity、Ws is wind speed、Sm is soil moisture、Sf is sap flow.
蒸散是地表水分循环重要而复杂的过程，是地表蒸发和植物蒸腾的总和。现在测定植物蒸散量的方法越来越多，各有各的优势和不足，每一种方法的建立都是依据一定的对象或一定的测定目的而发展起来的，各种方法不能进行直接的比较。目前尚没有一种方法能够适用于所有的测定要求。因此，在选择测定方法的时候需要从空间与时间尺度大小、所需的计算精度、测定所需费用、技术条件等多方面进行综合考虑。目前国内外测定植物蒸散量的主要方法包括：水文学法、微气象学法、植物生理学法、遥感法、热技术方法和SPAC综合模拟法。对比各种方法的主要理论原理、优缺点、适用性及局限性我们采用热技术方法中的根据茎热平衡原理设计的茎流传感器对植物茎干中的液流(茎流)进行监测，间接反映植物的蒸腾速率，并同步监测与植物蒸腾密切相关的六种环境因子。使用以色列Phytech公司生产的Phytalk植物生理监测系统。实验所监测的植株是由林科院提供的山东省常用的造林树种，主要研究了植物茎流的日变化规律、植物在快速生长季内的茎流变化规律以及植物茎流对环境因子的响应等内容。为研究植株水分供需规律，验证节水抗旱措施，相关区域植被恢复等提供理论基础。
研究结果表明：四种植物的茎流日变化表现出相对一致的昼夜节律，夜间茎流保持在较低水平，黎明后茎流速率开始进入快速增加期，到中午达到最大，然后进入快速下降期，在傍晚进入变化小的低茎流期。同时植物茎流也表现出种的特异性，主要表现在低茎流期的速率；茎流启动、达到峰值以及茎流稳定的时间；最高速率维持的时间，在不同的物种间存在较大差异。同一物种在不同月份，平均茎流启动时间、峰值出现时间和稳定时间也存在差异。具体表现为：七月份君迁子和皂角茎流启动较早，侧柏相对较晚；君迁子较早达到峰值，山杏相对较晚；侧柏茎流稳定时间较早，君迁子相对较晚。在八月份君迁子最早启动茎流和达到峰值，山杏茎流启动较晚，侧柏较早稳定，山杏相对较晚稳定。九月份山杏启动最早，侧柏较早达到峰值，山杏茎流稳定时间较晚。相对来说，八月份植物茎流启动早，九月份峰值出现时间和稳定时间早。物种间，君迁子茎流启动时间和峰值出现时间早，侧柏茎流稳定时间早。以植物种类为分组变量，对植物茎流日变化进行方差分析并进行F检验，F(3，572)=58．411，P=0．0000<0．01，结果表明，植物茎流日变化存在极显著差异。具体结果为：植物茎流日变化侧柏和君迁子差异显著，侧柏和山杏、皂角之间以及君迁子和山杏、皂角之间差异极显著，山杏和皂角差异不明显。在整个快速生长季，四种植物茎流的变化表现出较大的种间差异，突出表现在周期的长短与波动幅度上，各旬之间茎流变化均差异极显著。植物茎流连日变化曲线各日峰形基本相同，但峰值差异很大。茎流启动、达到峰值和稳定的时间也有差异。以时间为分组变量，10天为一组，对四种植物在快速生长季内的茎流变化进行方差分析并进行F检验，结果表明：四种植物的茎流在快速生长季内各旬之间都存在极显著差异。监测物种对各环境因子的敏感性不一致，风速除了与侧柏茎流显著相关外，与其他物种均相关不显著。空气湿度与所有物种均表现显著负相关。叶片温度、空气温度与所有物种显著正相关。太阳辐射除了与刺槐和紫穗槐相关不显著外，与其他物种均显著正相关。土壤湿度与物种之间的相关性表现出较强的种间差异，正负相关、显著不显著都存在。最后对监测物种和环境因子进行了多元线性逐步回归分析，并建立了相应的回归方程：
侧柏：Sf=0．765+0．00089*Sr-0．0059*Ah-0．033*Lt+0．0052*Sm+0．016*At
山杏：Sf=-0．202+0．0013*Sr-0．0107*Ah+0．028*Sm-0．051*Lt+0．0339*At
皂角：Sf=-0．815+0．00091*Sr+0．0152*Sm-0．0025*Ah+0．0247*At-0．020*Lt- 0．0058*Ws
君迁子：Sf=-2．951+0．0014*Sr+0．086*At-0．0458*Lt+0．00413*Ah+0．036*Sm
式中：Sr为太阳辐射、At为空气温度、Ah为空气湿度、Ws为风速、Sm为土壤湿度、Sf为茎流速率。
At present,many countries and regions are faced with the lack of water resources.With the developing of population, economy and society,the need of water is increasing more and more.But,because of the climate changing and the wasting, polluting of the water in the world/the water can be utilized is hard up.The contradiction of need and supply of water is standing out. The regulation of water requirement of plants should be researched, and the plants which need less water to grow should be developed. In that way, the problem of water lacking in the process of vegetation restoration can be resolved. So, the mensuration and calculation of transpiration and evaporation of plants are now the keystones in plant physiology. These researches are important to agriculture, forest and fruit tree in the aridity and half- aridity area in our country.
Evapotranspiration is the important and complex process in watercirculationof the earth's surface,and it is the sum of the earth's surface evaporation and the plant transpiration,There are many kind of measuring methods to measure the evapotranspiration of plants now,but they are not perfect.Every measuring method is build by the study object or the study purpose.The measuring methods can not be compared firsthand. At present,not a measuring method can satisfy all measuring-demands.So,when we select the measuring methods,we must consider synthetically the scale of space and time,the measuring precision we need,the expenditure of measuring and the condition of technique,and so on.In this paper,we introduce the dominating measuring methods of evapotranspiration of plant roundly and briefly,and review the primary academic elements,merit and disadvantage,applicability and localization of all methods.In this study, the sap flow sensor which is made by the principle of stem-heat-balance of the technique of heat was used to mensurate the sap flow in the stem of plants.The sap flow in the stem of plants can indirect reflect transpiration rate.And the entironmental factors which are correlational to transpiration of plants were mensurated synchronization.In the study,the plant-circadian-measure-system named Phytalk which is produced by the company of Phytech in Israel was used to measure sap flow and entironmental factors.The plants were studied which are in common use of afforestation in Shandong province were supplied by academy of sciences of forest.The disciplinarian of daily changing of sap flow of plants , the disciplinarian of sap flow of plants in rapid growing season and the response of sap flow of plants to entironmental factors were studied.To supply theoretics basic to the study of disciplinarian of water need and supply of plant, validating the steps of water saving and withstand water lack,and the vegetation resume of specifically area.
The result showed, The sap flow rate represented correspondingly consistent rhythm on the whole. In the night the sap flow rate kept at a low level, after dawn, it entered the fast increasing period, and reached the peak at noon, then came into the fast degressive period, at dusk it entered the period in which the sap flow rate is low. Simultaneity, the sap flow rate represented a difference between different species, especially at the startup time,reach peak time, tranquilization time and lasting time of tiptop rate of sap flow. And the average time of startup time,reach peak time, tranquilization time and lasting time of tiptop rate of sap flow of the same species in different months is different. The ANOVA analysis and F-test which is with plant kind as the variable to grouping,to study the day change of sap flow , F (3,572) =58.411,P=0.0000<0.01,the result showed,the day change of sap flow of different plants were mighty different. In the whole fast growing season, the sap flow change of the four kinds of plants represented difference between species, the size and the range of cycle displayed discordantly. The differences of change of sap flow between every a period of ten days were all tarnal marked.The shapes of day after day change curves of sap flow day-by-day were radical sameness,but the peaks were very different. The startup time,reach peak time, tranquilization time of sap flow were different too. Sensitivity of the plants which were studied to every environmental factor was inconsistent.Wind speed was not marked correlation with sap flow of all plants that were studied other than Platycladus orientalis(Linn.) Franco.Air humidity was marked minus correlation with sap flow of all plants that were studied.Leaf temperature and air temperature were marked correlation with sap flow of all plants that were studied. Solar radiation was marked correlation with sap flow of all plants that were studied besides Robinia pseudoacacia Linn, and Amorpha fruticosa Linn.The correlation between soil moisture and plants was complex,it was different between different plants,which was exclusive,correlation and minus correlation, correlation of distinct and inapparent were all exist. At last,the analyse of step by step multiple regression between plants that were studied and entironmental factors was carried through,and set up corresponding regression equation:
Platycladus orientalis(Linn.) Franco:Sf=0.765+0.00089*Sr-0.0059*Ah-0.033*Lt+0.0052*Sm+0.016*At
Armeniaca sihirica (Linn.) Lam.:Sf=-0.202+0.0013*Sr-0.0107*Ah+0.028*Sm-0.051*Lt+0.0339*At
Gleditsia sinensis Lam:Sf=-0.815+0.00091*Sr+0.0152*Sm-0.0025*Ah+0.0247*At-0.020*Lt-0.0058* Ws
Diospyros lotus Linn.:Sf=-2.951+0.0014*Sr+0.086*At-0.0458*Lt+0.00413*Ah+0.036*Sm
In the equations: Sr is solar radiation、At is air temperature、Ah is air humidity、Ws is wind speed、Sm is soil moisture、Sf is sap flow.
引文
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6．孙慧珍，孙龙，王传宽，周晓峰．东北东部山区主要树种树干液流研究．林业科学，2005，41(3)：36-42．
7．王瑞辉，奚如春，徐军亮，马履一．用热扩散式茎流计测定园林树木蒸腾耗水量．中南林学院学报，2006，26(2)：7-12．
8．王华田，张光灿，刘霞．论黄土丘陵区造林树种选择的原则．世界林业研究， 2001，14(5)：74-78．
9．常学向， 赵文智．荒漠绿洲农田防护树种二白杨生长季节树干液流的变化．生态学报，2004，24(7)：1436-1441．
10．张光灿，刘霞，贺康宁，王百田．金矮生苹果叶片气体交换参数对土壤水分的响应．植物生态学报， 2004， 28(1)66-72．
11．马福生，康绍忠，胡笑涛，王密侠，李志军，龚道枝，申孝军．不同阶段亏水处理对温室栽培梨枣树茎液流变化影响的研究．农业工程学报，2006，22(4)：6-14．
12．马履一，王华田，林平．北京地区几个造林树种耗水性比较研究．北京林业大学学报， 2003，25(2)：1-7．
13．王华田．林木耗水性研究述评．世界林业研究，2003，16(2)：23-27．
14．彭致功．日光温室滴灌条件下小气候变化和植株蒸腾规律的研究．??中国农业科学研究院硕士学位论文，2002，6-7．
15．张劲松，孟平，尹昌君．植物蒸散耗水量计算方法综述．世界林业研究，2001，14(2)：24-28．
16．魏天兴，朱金兆，张学培．林分蒸散耗水量测定方法述评．北京林业大学学报，1999，21(3)：85-91．
17．王安志，裴铁．森林蒸散测算方法研究进展与展望[J]．应用生态学报，2001，12(6)：933-937．
18．包俊江，刘芳．植物群落蒸散耗水量研究进展．内蒙古环境保护．2005，17(1)：57-60．
19．马玲，赵平，饶兴权，等．乔木蒸腾作用的主要测定方法．生态学杂志， 2005，24(1)：88-96．
20．黄子琛，蒲锦春，高征税．河西地区农作物的蒸发蒸腾试验研究[J]．中国沙漠，1998，8(2)：54-64．
21．郑海雷，黄子琛．绿洲生态条件下春小麦蒸发蒸腾特征及其影响因子[J]．植物生态学报，1994，18(4)：362-371．
22. Howell, Steiner, Schneider, Evett. Evapotranspiration of irrigation winter wheat southern high plains. American Society Engineers, Transaction of the ASAE. 1995, 38 (3) :745-759.
23. Howell, Steiner, Schneider, Evett, Tolk. Seasonal and maximum daily evapotranspiration of irrigated winter wheat, sorghum, and corn in southern high plains. 1996, 40 (3) :623-634.
24. Pratap, Ranvir. Evapotranspiration from wheat under a semi-arid climate and a shallow water table. Agricultural Waer Management. 1993, 23:91-108.
25. Steiner, Howell, Schneider. Lysimetric evolution of daily potential evapotranspiration model for grain sorghum. Agron. J. 1991, 83:240-247.
26. Allen, Prueger, Hill. Evapotranspiration from islanded stands of hydrophytes: Cattail and bulrush. American Society of??Agricultural Engineers, 1992, 35 (4) : 1191-1198. 60
27. Terry, Judy, Arland, Steven. Evapotranspiration Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Corn Hybrids Differing in Maturity. Agron. J. 1998, 90:3-9.
28. Judy, Terry, Howell, Steven. Evapotranspiration and yield of corn grow on three high plains soils. Agronomy Journal. 1998, 90:447-454.
29. Tyagi, Sharma, Luthra. Determination of evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of rice and sunflower with lysimeter. Agricultural Waer Management. 2000, 45:41 - 54.
30．赵明，郭志中，王耀琳等．民勤绿洲沙地西瓜、白兰瓜蒸腾蒸发试验研究[J]．干旱地区农业研究，1996，14(4)：67-72．
31．柯晓新，林日暖，徐国昌等．大型称重式蒸渗仪的研制[J]．应用气象学报，1994，5(2)：151-157．
32．柯晓新，张旭东等．旱作春小麦农田蒸散与能量平衡[J]．气象学报，1996，54(3)：348-356．
33．冯金朝，黄子琛．春小麦蒸发蒸腾的调控[J]．作物学报，1995，21(5)：544-550．
34．王会肖，刘昌明．农田蒸散、土壤蒸发与水分有效利用[J]．地理学报，1997，52(5)：447-454．
35．刘昌明，张喜英，由懋正．大型蒸渗仪与小型颗间蒸发器结合测定冬小麦蒸散的研究[J]．水力学报，1998，(10)：36-39．
36．陈建耀，刘昌明，吴凯．利用大型蒸渗仪模拟土壤-植物-大气连续体水分蒸散应用[J]．生态学报，1999，10(1)：45-48．
37．孙宏勇，张喜英，张永强等．用Micro-Lysimeters和大型蒸渗仪测定夏玉米蒸散的研究[J]．干旱地区农业研究，2002，20(4)：72-75．
38．胡继超，张佳宝，冯杰．蒸散的测定和模拟计算研究进展．土壤，2004，36(5)：492-49．
39．王华田，马履一．利用热扩式边材液流探针(TDP)测定树木整株蒸??腾耗水量的研究．植物生态学报，2002，26(6)：661-667．
40．牛丽丽，张学培，曹奇光．植物蒸腾耗水研究．水土保持研究．2007，14(2)：158-160．
41．奚如春，马履一，王瑞辉等．林木耗水调控机理研究进展．生态学杂志，2006，25(6)：692-697．
42．李小文．定量遥感的发展与创新．河南大学学报(自然科学版)，2005，35(4)：49-56．
43．孙卫国，申双和．农田蒸散量计算方法的比较研究．南京气象学院学报，2000，23(1)：101-105．
44．巨关升，刘奉觉，郑世锴．选择树木蒸腾耗水测定方法的研究[J]．林业科技通讯，1998，10：12-14．
45．巨关升，刘奉觉，郑世锴等．稳态气孔计与其它三种方法蒸腾测值的比较研究[J]．林业科学研究．2000， 13(4)：360-365．
46. Wullschleger S , Meinzer FC , Vertessy RA. A review ofwhole2plant water use studies in trees [J ] . Tree Physiol . 1998, 18 :499-512.
47．刘奉觉，郑世锴，巨关升，等．树木蒸腾耗水测算技术的比较研究[J]．林业科学．1997，33(2)：117-126．
48．段华平，谢小立，王凯荣．红壤坡地茶园蒸腾及其影响因子研究[J]．农村生态环境．2000，18(2)：19-23．
49．程维新，胡朝炳，张兴权．农田蒸发与作物耗水量研究．北京：气象出版社．1994，42-73．
50．郭晓寅，程国栋．遥感技术应用于地表面蒸散发的研究进展．地球科学进展．2004，19(1)：107-114．
51. Douglas J. Hunsaker, Paul J. Pinter, Edward H. Barnes, et al. Estimating cottonevapotransp iration crop coefficients with a multispectral vegetation index (J ) .Irrigation Science.2003, 22 (2) : 95 - 104.
52．孙慧珍，周晓峰，康绍忠．应用热技术研究树干液流进展．应用生态学报．2004，15(6)：1074-1078．
53. Grimes VL , Morrison J IL , Simmonds L P. Including the heatstorage term in sap flow measurements with the stem heat balancemethod. A gric For Meteorol .1995, 74 :1-25.
54. Weibel FP , Boersma K. An improved stem heat balance method using analog heat control. A gric For Meteorol .1995, 75 : 191-208.
55. Wiltshire JJJ , Wright CJJ , Colls JJ, et al . Effects of heat ballance stem flow gauges and associated silicone compound on ashtrees. A gric For Meteorol .1995, 73 :135-142.
56．刘海军，Shabtai COHEN，Josef TANNY．应用热扩散法测定香蕉树蒸腾速率．应用生态学报．2007，18(1)：35-40．
57. Cermak J , Deml M , Penka M. A new method of sap flow ratedetermination in trees.Biol Plant .1993, 15 :171-178.
2．马达，李吉跃，聂立水，姜金璞．不同坡向对栓皮栎耗水规律的影响．河北林果研究，2005，20(4)：323-327．
3．王华田，马履一，孙鹏森．油松、侧柏深秋边材木质部液流变化规律的研究．林业科学，2002，38(5)：31-37．
4．孙龙，王传宽，杨国亭，孙慧珍，周晓峰．生长季红松树干液流密度的特征．东北林业大学学报，2006，34(1)：12-14．
5．曹云，黄志刚，欧阳志云，郑华，王效科，苗鸿．南方红壤区杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)树干液流动态．生态学报，2006，26(9)：2887-2895．
6．孙慧珍，孙龙，王传宽，周晓峰．东北东部山区主要树种树干液流研究．林业科学，2005，41(3)：36-42．
7．王瑞辉，奚如春，徐军亮，马履一．用热扩散式茎流计测定园林树木蒸腾耗水量．中南林学院学报，2006，26(2)：7-12．
8．王华田，张光灿，刘霞．论黄土丘陵区造林树种选择的原则．世界林业研究， 2001，14(5)：74-78．
9．常学向， 赵文智．荒漠绿洲农田防护树种二白杨生长季节树干液流的变化．生态学报，2004，24(7)：1436-1441．
10．张光灿，刘霞，贺康宁，王百田．金矮生苹果叶片气体交换参数对土壤水分的响应．植物生态学报， 2004， 28(1)66-72．
11．马福生，康绍忠，胡笑涛，王密侠，李志军，龚道枝，申孝军．不同阶段亏水处理对温室栽培梨枣树茎液流变化影响的研究．农业工程学报，2006，22(4)：6-14．
12．马履一，王华田，林平．北京地区几个造林树种耗水性比较研究．北京林业大学学报， 2003，25(2)：1-7．
13．王华田．林木耗水性研究述评．世界林业研究，2003，16(2)：23-27．
14．彭致功．日光温室滴灌条件下小气候变化和植株蒸腾规律的研究．??中国农业科学研究院硕士学位论文，2002，6-7．
15．张劲松，孟平，尹昌君．植物蒸散耗水量计算方法综述．世界林业研究，2001，14(2)：24-28．
16．魏天兴，朱金兆，张学培．林分蒸散耗水量测定方法述评．北京林业大学学报，1999，21(3)：85-91．
17．王安志，裴铁．森林蒸散测算方法研究进展与展望[J]．应用生态学报，2001，12(6)：933-937．
18．包俊江，刘芳．植物群落蒸散耗水量研究进展．内蒙古环境保护．2005，17(1)：57-60．
19．马玲，赵平，饶兴权，等．乔木蒸腾作用的主要测定方法．生态学杂志， 2005，24(1)：88-96．
20．黄子琛，蒲锦春，高征税．河西地区农作物的蒸发蒸腾试验研究[J]．中国沙漠，1998，8(2)：54-64．
21．郑海雷，黄子琛．绿洲生态条件下春小麦蒸发蒸腾特征及其影响因子[J]．植物生态学报，1994，18(4)：362-371．
22. Howell, Steiner, Schneider, Evett. Evapotranspiration of irrigation winter wheat southern high plains. American Society Engineers, Transaction of the ASAE. 1995, 38 (3) :745-759.
23. Howell, Steiner, Schneider, Evett, Tolk. Seasonal and maximum daily evapotranspiration of irrigated winter wheat, sorghum, and corn in southern high plains. 1996, 40 (3) :623-634.
24. Pratap, Ranvir. Evapotranspiration from wheat under a semi-arid climate and a shallow water table. Agricultural Waer Management. 1993, 23:91-108.
25. Steiner, Howell, Schneider. Lysimetric evolution of daily potential evapotranspiration model for grain sorghum. Agron. J. 1991, 83:240-247.
26. Allen, Prueger, Hill. Evapotranspiration from islanded stands of hydrophytes: Cattail and bulrush. American Society of??Agricultural Engineers, 1992, 35 (4) : 1191-1198. 60
27. Terry, Judy, Arland, Steven. Evapotranspiration Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Corn Hybrids Differing in Maturity. Agron. J. 1998, 90:3-9.
28. Judy, Terry, Howell, Steven. Evapotranspiration and yield of corn grow on three high plains soils. Agronomy Journal. 1998, 90:447-454.
29. Tyagi, Sharma, Luthra. Determination of evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of rice and sunflower with lysimeter. Agricultural Waer Management. 2000, 45:41 - 54.
30．赵明，郭志中，王耀琳等．民勤绿洲沙地西瓜、白兰瓜蒸腾蒸发试验研究[J]．干旱地区农业研究，1996，14(4)：67-72．
31．柯晓新，林日暖，徐国昌等．大型称重式蒸渗仪的研制[J]．应用气象学报，1994，5(2)：151-157．
32．柯晓新，张旭东等．旱作春小麦农田蒸散与能量平衡[J]．气象学报，1996，54(3)：348-356．
33．冯金朝，黄子琛．春小麦蒸发蒸腾的调控[J]．作物学报，1995，21(5)：544-550．
34．王会肖，刘昌明．农田蒸散、土壤蒸发与水分有效利用[J]．地理学报，1997，52(5)：447-454．
35．刘昌明，张喜英，由懋正．大型蒸渗仪与小型颗间蒸发器结合测定冬小麦蒸散的研究[J]．水力学报，1998，(10)：36-39．
36．陈建耀，刘昌明，吴凯．利用大型蒸渗仪模拟土壤-植物-大气连续体水分蒸散应用[J]．生态学报，1999，10(1)：45-48．
37．孙宏勇，张喜英，张永强等．用Micro-Lysimeters和大型蒸渗仪测定夏玉米蒸散的研究[J]．干旱地区农业研究，2002，20(4)：72-75．
38．胡继超，张佳宝，冯杰．蒸散的测定和模拟计算研究进展．土壤，2004，36(5)：492-49．
39．王华田，马履一．利用热扩式边材液流探针(TDP)测定树木整株蒸??腾耗水量的研究．植物生态学报，2002，26(6)：661-667．
40．牛丽丽，张学培，曹奇光．植物蒸腾耗水研究．水土保持研究．2007，14(2)：158-160．
41．奚如春，马履一，王瑞辉等．林木耗水调控机理研究进展．生态学杂志，2006，25(6)：692-697．
42．李小文．定量遥感的发展与创新．河南大学学报(自然科学版)，2005，35(4)：49-56．
43．孙卫国，申双和．农田蒸散量计算方法的比较研究．南京气象学院学报，2000，23(1)：101-105．
44．巨关升，刘奉觉，郑世锴．选择树木蒸腾耗水测定方法的研究[J]．林业科技通讯，1998，10：12-14．
45．巨关升，刘奉觉，郑世锴等．稳态气孔计与其它三种方法蒸腾测值的比较研究[J]．林业科学研究．2000， 13(4)：360-365．
46. Wullschleger S , Meinzer FC , Vertessy RA. A review ofwhole2plant water use studies in trees [J ] . Tree Physiol . 1998, 18 :499-512.
47．刘奉觉，郑世锴，巨关升，等．树木蒸腾耗水测算技术的比较研究[J]．林业科学．1997，33(2)：117-126．
48．段华平，谢小立，王凯荣．红壤坡地茶园蒸腾及其影响因子研究[J]．农村生态环境．2000，18(2)：19-23．
49．程维新，胡朝炳，张兴权．农田蒸发与作物耗水量研究．北京：气象出版社．1994，42-73．
50．郭晓寅，程国栋．遥感技术应用于地表面蒸散发的研究进展．地球科学进展．2004，19(1)：107-114．
51. Douglas J. Hunsaker, Paul J. Pinter, Edward H. Barnes, et al. Estimating cottonevapotransp iration crop coefficients with a multispectral vegetation index (J ) .Irrigation Science.2003, 22 (2) : 95 - 104.
52．孙慧珍，周晓峰，康绍忠．应用热技术研究树干液流进展．应用生态学报．2004，15(6)：1074-1078．
53. Grimes VL , Morrison J IL , Simmonds L P. Including the heatstorage term in sap flow measurements with the stem heat balancemethod. A gric For Meteorol .1995, 74 :1-25.
54. Weibel FP , Boersma K. An improved stem heat balance method using analog heat control. A gric For Meteorol .1995, 75 : 191-208.
55. Wiltshire JJJ , Wright CJJ , Colls JJ, et al . Effects of heat ballance stem flow gauges and associated silicone compound on ashtrees. A gric For Meteorol .1995, 73 :135-142.
56．刘海军，Shabtai COHEN，Josef TANNY．应用热扩散法测定香蕉树蒸腾速率．应用生态学报．2007，18(1)：35-40．
57. Cermak J , Deml M , Penka M. A new method of sap flow ratedetermination in trees.Biol Plant .1993, 15 :171-178.