托尼·莫里森小说《宠儿》中的概念隐喻分析
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摘要
自从莱考夫和约翰逊在他们划时代的书《我们赖以生存的隐喻》中提出概念隐喻理论以来,这个理论已经在整个世界学术界产生了强烈的影响。本理论主张,隐喻是人类的认知机制。隐喻在本质上是一种“跨域映射”,这表明我们人类使用熟悉和具体的概念来描述陌生和抽象的概念。莱考夫和约翰逊从认知角度将隐喻划分为三类:结构隐喻,方位隐喻和本体隐喻。
本文以认知语言学理论为基础,分析了托尼·莫里森小说《宠儿》中的概念隐喻。作者首先阐明了作为人类基本认知和思维方式的概念隐喻具有传统隐喻无法比拟的解释力,同时证明了概念隐喻在小说《宠儿》中是普遍存在的。尽管许多学者已经从传统隐喻角度分析了小说《宠儿》中的隐喻,但是随着语言学的发展,认知的介入,作者认为概念隐喻能够更形象地、更细腻地呈现小说《宠儿》中的内在信息。同时作者运用认知域、意象图式等认知语言学理论来协助分析概念隐喻在小说《宠儿》中的应用与作用。本文在对概念隐喻的本质做出阐释并归纳出其特点的同时,还详细介绍广为学界认可的概念隐喻的定义及其分类方式。在现有研究成果基础之上给出自己的见解,以求对概念隐喻这一认知现象在小说《宠儿》中的表现做出全面分析。在文章的重点部分——第三章,作者主要总结分析了小说《宠儿》中的主要人物、水以及标记这三类概念隐喻。作者将重点放在这三类概念隐喻的主要原因是人物、水和标记是小说《宠儿》中的叙事主线,他们对读者全面理解小说起着画龙点睛的作用。
总之,概念隐喻不仅是日常普遍的语言现象,更是人类的一种基本思维方式。文中阐释的概念隐喻的认知功能进一步证明了概念隐喻在文学创作中起到一定作用。
The Conceptual Metaphor Theory, proposed by Lakoff and Johnson in their landmark book Metaphors We Live by, has exerted a strong influence in the whole academic world since its publication. It advocates that metaphor is human cognitive mechanism. Metaphor in essence is a“cross-domain mapping”, which indicates that we human beings use familiar and specific concepts to describe the unfamiliar and abstract ones. Lakoff and Johnson have categorized metaphor into three types from a cognitive perspective: Structural Metaphors, Orientational Metaphors and Ontological Metaphors.
In this thesis, conceptual metaphors in Toni Morrison novel Beloved will be analyzed based on the theory of cognitive linguistics. The author first explains that conceptual metaphors, as a basic human cognition and way of thinking, embody more powerful interpretability in comparison with that of traditional notion of metaphor, and at the same time proves that the conceptual metaphors in the novel Beloved are widespread. Although many scholars have already analyzed metaphor in the novel Beloved from the rhetorical perspective, however, with the development of linguistics and intervention of cognition, the author believes the conceptual metaphors can more vividly and more delicately present the intrinsic information hidden in the novel Beloved. Meanwhile, the author uses Cognitive Domains, Image Schema and other cognitive linguistic theories to assist in the analysis of the application and function of conceptual metaphors in the novel Beloved. In this thesis, besides the explanation of the essence of the conceptual metaphors and summary of their characteristics, a detailed introduction of widely recognized definition of the conceptual metaphors and their classification will be elaborated, too. On the basis of existing research, the author’s personal insights will be provided so as to comprehensively analyze the conceptual metaphors in the novel Beloved. In Chapter Three–the focus of this thesis, the author summarize and analyze the main characters, water, as well as markings these three kinds of conceptual metaphors in the novel Beloved. The reason of focusing on these three types of conceptual metaphors is that the main characters, water, as well as markings in the novel Beloved are the main line of narration and they play an essential role in enabling readers to have a comprehensive understanding of the content of the novel.
In conclusion, the conceptual metaphor is not only a universal phenomenon; it is also a basic human way of thinking. Cognitive function of conceptual metaphors expounded in the thesis further illustrates that conceptual metaphors play a meaningful role in creating literary works.
本文以认知语言学理论为基础,分析了托尼·莫里森小说《宠儿》中的概念隐喻。作者首先阐明了作为人类基本认知和思维方式的概念隐喻具有传统隐喻无法比拟的解释力,同时证明了概念隐喻在小说《宠儿》中是普遍存在的。尽管许多学者已经从传统隐喻角度分析了小说《宠儿》中的隐喻,但是随着语言学的发展,认知的介入,作者认为概念隐喻能够更形象地、更细腻地呈现小说《宠儿》中的内在信息。同时作者运用认知域、意象图式等认知语言学理论来协助分析概念隐喻在小说《宠儿》中的应用与作用。本文在对概念隐喻的本质做出阐释并归纳出其特点的同时,还详细介绍广为学界认可的概念隐喻的定义及其分类方式。在现有研究成果基础之上给出自己的见解,以求对概念隐喻这一认知现象在小说《宠儿》中的表现做出全面分析。在文章的重点部分——第三章,作者主要总结分析了小说《宠儿》中的主要人物、水以及标记这三类概念隐喻。作者将重点放在这三类概念隐喻的主要原因是人物、水和标记是小说《宠儿》中的叙事主线,他们对读者全面理解小说起着画龙点睛的作用。
总之,概念隐喻不仅是日常普遍的语言现象,更是人类的一种基本思维方式。文中阐释的概念隐喻的认知功能进一步证明了概念隐喻在文学创作中起到一定作用。
The Conceptual Metaphor Theory, proposed by Lakoff and Johnson in their landmark book Metaphors We Live by, has exerted a strong influence in the whole academic world since its publication. It advocates that metaphor is human cognitive mechanism. Metaphor in essence is a“cross-domain mapping”, which indicates that we human beings use familiar and specific concepts to describe the unfamiliar and abstract ones. Lakoff and Johnson have categorized metaphor into three types from a cognitive perspective: Structural Metaphors, Orientational Metaphors and Ontological Metaphors.
In this thesis, conceptual metaphors in Toni Morrison novel Beloved will be analyzed based on the theory of cognitive linguistics. The author first explains that conceptual metaphors, as a basic human cognition and way of thinking, embody more powerful interpretability in comparison with that of traditional notion of metaphor, and at the same time proves that the conceptual metaphors in the novel Beloved are widespread. Although many scholars have already analyzed metaphor in the novel Beloved from the rhetorical perspective, however, with the development of linguistics and intervention of cognition, the author believes the conceptual metaphors can more vividly and more delicately present the intrinsic information hidden in the novel Beloved. Meanwhile, the author uses Cognitive Domains, Image Schema and other cognitive linguistic theories to assist in the analysis of the application and function of conceptual metaphors in the novel Beloved. In this thesis, besides the explanation of the essence of the conceptual metaphors and summary of their characteristics, a detailed introduction of widely recognized definition of the conceptual metaphors and their classification will be elaborated, too. On the basis of existing research, the author’s personal insights will be provided so as to comprehensively analyze the conceptual metaphors in the novel Beloved. In Chapter Three–the focus of this thesis, the author summarize and analyze the main characters, water, as well as markings these three kinds of conceptual metaphors in the novel Beloved. The reason of focusing on these three types of conceptual metaphors is that the main characters, water, as well as markings in the novel Beloved are the main line of narration and they play an essential role in enabling readers to have a comprehensive understanding of the content of the novel.
In conclusion, the conceptual metaphor is not only a universal phenomenon; it is also a basic human way of thinking. Cognitive function of conceptual metaphors expounded in the thesis further illustrates that conceptual metaphors play a meaningful role in creating literary works.
引文
[1] Alverson, H. (1994). Semantics and experience: universal metaphors of time in english, mandarin, hindi and baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
[2] Andrew, G. (1997). The language of metaphors. London: Routledge.
[3] Aristotle. (1958). Poetics. New York: The Modern Library.
[4] Black, M. (1962). Philosophy looks at arts. New York: Temple University Press.
[5] Black, M. (1979). More about metaphor, metaphor and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1979: 19-42.
[6] Caldwell, G. (1993). Morrison awarded nobel writer’s visionary force cited. New York : Temple University Press.
[7] Cameron, L., & Low, G. (1999). Researching and applying metaphor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press..
[8] Carston, R., & Uchida, S. (1998). Relevance theory: Applications and implications. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
[9] Cobb, R., & R. Thomas. (1958). An inquiry into the law of slavery in the united states of america. Philadelphia: The University of Philadelphia Press.
[10] Con, P. ( 1989). Literature in america. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[11] Cooper.T. C. (1986). Metaphor. Basil Blackwell: Oxford University Press.
[12] Chodorow. N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering psychoanalysis and sociology of gender. Bakely: University of California Press.
[13] Davies, C. B. (1994). Black women, writing and identity. New York: The Modern Library.
[14] Furman, J. (1996). Toni morrison’s fiction. Columbia. S.C: University of South Carolina Press.
[15] Gibbs, R. W. (1993). Metaphor and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[16] Grice, P. (2002). Studies in the way of word. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[17] Harris, T. (1997). Fiction and folklore: the novels of toni morrison. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
[18] Johnson, M. (1987). The body in the mind. The University of Chicago Press.
[19] Lakoff, G. (1993). The comtemporary theory of metaphor. Cambridge: CUP.
[20] Lakoff, G. (1987). Woman, fire, and dangerous things. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
[21] Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
[22] Lakoff, G., & Turner, M. (1989). More than cool reason: a field guide to poetic metaphor. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
[23] Levinson, S. C. (2001). Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[24] Mckay, Y. N. (1988). Critical essays on toni morrison. Boston G. K. Hall & CO.
[25] Mobley, S. M. (2000). A different remembering: memory, history and meaning in toni morrison’s beloved . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
[26] Morrison, T. (2000). Beloved. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[27] Ortony, A. (1979). Metaphor and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
[28] Ricoeur, P. (1977). The rule of metaphor. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
[29] Searle, J. R. (1979). Metaphor. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
[30] Steen. G. (1994). Understanding metaphor in literature: an impirical approach. Longman.
[31]冯平(2002).过去与现在的交织互动—析《爱娃》的碎片式叙述.《解放军外国语学院学报》第5期:86-89.
[32]胡壮麟(2004).《认知隐喻学》.北京:北京大学出版社.
[33]黄新如(2004).论《宠儿》中的心理分析与叙述话语.《盐城师范学院学报》第4期:71-77.
[34]林书武(1997).“愤怒”的概念隐喻.《外语与外语教学》第2期:8-12.
[35]莫里森(1990).《娇女》(美).托尼·莫里森著.王友轩译.长沙:湖南文艺出版社.
[36]潘惠霞(2007).解读《宠儿》中黑人姓名的隐喻意义.《外语教学》第2期:65-67.
[37]钱程(2005).不可言而言之—解构莫里森《爱娃》中“树”的意象.《四川外国语学院学报》第3期:51-55.
[38]屈婉玲(2005).黑人女性的凝聚之力—对《宠儿》中塞丝的女性主义解读.《四川外国语学院学报》第5期: 54-58.
[39]束定芳(2000).《隐喻学研究》.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
[40]苏立昌(2007).《认知语言学与意义理论》(英文版).天津:天津南开大学出版社.
[41]孙薇(2002).打开记忆的闸门——记莫里森宠儿中水的意向和象征.《西南民族学院学报》第4期:97-100.
[42]孙银娣(2006).析托尼·莫里森小说中的隐喻的运用.《内江师范学院学报》第1期:103-106.
[43]托尼·莫里森(2000).《宠儿》(Beloved).北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
[44]王丽丽(2004).时间与叙事—解读托尼·莫里森的长篇小说《宠儿》.《中南民族大学学报》第3期:159-162.
[45]王守仁,吴新云(1999).《性别·种族·文化·托尼·莫里森的小说创作》.北京:北京大学出版社.
[46]汪顺来(2006).《宠儿》中的象征和隐喻意义.《常州工学院学报》第1期:23-28.
[47]翁德修,都岚岚(2000).《美国黑人女性文学》.长春:吉林大学出版社.
[48]谢之君(2007).《隐喻认知功能探索》.上海:上海复旦大学出版社.
[49]邢利娜(2005).破碎的时间,破碎的心灵—托尼·莫里森《宠儿》的时间技巧.《安徽师范大学学报》第1期:99-104.
[50]曾梅(2000).歌中之歌——评莫里森小说中的隐喻.《山东师范大学学报》第2期:50-62.
[51]郑辉(2006).解读托尼·莫里森《宠儿》中的神话原型.《东北大学学报》第1期:15-16.
[52]赵艳芳(2001).《认知语言学概论》.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
[53]章汝雯,周群(2005).托尼·莫里森小说《宠儿》语言与权力现象分析.《外语与外语教学》第12期:28-31.
[2] Andrew, G. (1997). The language of metaphors. London: Routledge.
[3] Aristotle. (1958). Poetics. New York: The Modern Library.
[4] Black, M. (1962). Philosophy looks at arts. New York: Temple University Press.
[5] Black, M. (1979). More about metaphor, metaphor and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1979: 19-42.
[6] Caldwell, G. (1993). Morrison awarded nobel writer’s visionary force cited. New York : Temple University Press.
[7] Cameron, L., & Low, G. (1999). Researching and applying metaphor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press..
[8] Carston, R., & Uchida, S. (1998). Relevance theory: Applications and implications. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
[9] Cobb, R., & R. Thomas. (1958). An inquiry into the law of slavery in the united states of america. Philadelphia: The University of Philadelphia Press.
[10] Con, P. ( 1989). Literature in america. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[11] Cooper.T. C. (1986). Metaphor. Basil Blackwell: Oxford University Press.
[12] Chodorow. N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering psychoanalysis and sociology of gender. Bakely: University of California Press.
[13] Davies, C. B. (1994). Black women, writing and identity. New York: The Modern Library.
[14] Furman, J. (1996). Toni morrison’s fiction. Columbia. S.C: University of South Carolina Press.
[15] Gibbs, R. W. (1993). Metaphor and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[16] Grice, P. (2002). Studies in the way of word. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[17] Harris, T. (1997). Fiction and folklore: the novels of toni morrison. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
[18] Johnson, M. (1987). The body in the mind. The University of Chicago Press.
[19] Lakoff, G. (1993). The comtemporary theory of metaphor. Cambridge: CUP.
[20] Lakoff, G. (1987). Woman, fire, and dangerous things. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
[21] Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
[22] Lakoff, G., & Turner, M. (1989). More than cool reason: a field guide to poetic metaphor. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
[23] Levinson, S. C. (2001). Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[24] Mckay, Y. N. (1988). Critical essays on toni morrison. Boston G. K. Hall & CO.
[25] Mobley, S. M. (2000). A different remembering: memory, history and meaning in toni morrison’s beloved . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
[26] Morrison, T. (2000). Beloved. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[27] Ortony, A. (1979). Metaphor and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
[28] Ricoeur, P. (1977). The rule of metaphor. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
[29] Searle, J. R. (1979). Metaphor. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
[30] Steen. G. (1994). Understanding metaphor in literature: an impirical approach. Longman.
[31]冯平(2002).过去与现在的交织互动—析《爱娃》的碎片式叙述.《解放军外国语学院学报》第5期:86-89.
[32]胡壮麟(2004).《认知隐喻学》.北京:北京大学出版社.
[33]黄新如(2004).论《宠儿》中的心理分析与叙述话语.《盐城师范学院学报》第4期:71-77.
[34]林书武(1997).“愤怒”的概念隐喻.《外语与外语教学》第2期:8-12.
[35]莫里森(1990).《娇女》(美).托尼·莫里森著.王友轩译.长沙:湖南文艺出版社.
[36]潘惠霞(2007).解读《宠儿》中黑人姓名的隐喻意义.《外语教学》第2期:65-67.
[37]钱程(2005).不可言而言之—解构莫里森《爱娃》中“树”的意象.《四川外国语学院学报》第3期:51-55.
[38]屈婉玲(2005).黑人女性的凝聚之力—对《宠儿》中塞丝的女性主义解读.《四川外国语学院学报》第5期: 54-58.
[39]束定芳(2000).《隐喻学研究》.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
[40]苏立昌(2007).《认知语言学与意义理论》(英文版).天津:天津南开大学出版社.
[41]孙薇(2002).打开记忆的闸门——记莫里森宠儿中水的意向和象征.《西南民族学院学报》第4期:97-100.
[42]孙银娣(2006).析托尼·莫里森小说中的隐喻的运用.《内江师范学院学报》第1期:103-106.
[43]托尼·莫里森(2000).《宠儿》(Beloved).北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
[44]王丽丽(2004).时间与叙事—解读托尼·莫里森的长篇小说《宠儿》.《中南民族大学学报》第3期:159-162.
[45]王守仁,吴新云(1999).《性别·种族·文化·托尼·莫里森的小说创作》.北京:北京大学出版社.
[46]汪顺来(2006).《宠儿》中的象征和隐喻意义.《常州工学院学报》第1期:23-28.
[47]翁德修,都岚岚(2000).《美国黑人女性文学》.长春:吉林大学出版社.
[48]谢之君(2007).《隐喻认知功能探索》.上海:上海复旦大学出版社.
[49]邢利娜(2005).破碎的时间,破碎的心灵—托尼·莫里森《宠儿》的时间技巧.《安徽师范大学学报》第1期:99-104.
[50]曾梅(2000).歌中之歌——评莫里森小说中的隐喻.《山东师范大学学报》第2期:50-62.
[51]郑辉(2006).解读托尼·莫里森《宠儿》中的神话原型.《东北大学学报》第1期:15-16.
[52]赵艳芳(2001).《认知语言学概论》.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
[53]章汝雯,周群(2005).托尼·莫里森小说《宠儿》语言与权力现象分析.《外语与外语教学》第12期:28-31.