海潮引起的临海地区低渗透性覆盖层下包气带中的气压波动
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摘要
本文研究了临海包气带中由海潮波动引起的一维气流.所考察的包气带系统由三层构成:上层和中间层为非饱和半渗透层,且上层很薄,渗透性比中间层低;下层具有良好的透水性,潜水面位于其中.我们建立了描述此系统的非线性气水两相流模型,然后通过对模型的线性化假设,推导出地下一维垂直气流气压波动的解析解,并且论证了该解析解的正确性和适用性.利用该解析解,分析解释了香港国际机场沥青路面下由海潮引起的气压波动,并且说明了雨水入渗会使表层路面空气渗透系数减小,从而会产生异常大的气压,导致沥青路面的拱起和破坏.
This paper investigated one-dimensional subsurface vertical airflow induced by the sea tide fluctuation in a coastal unsaturated zone. The system consists of three layers. The upper and the middle layers are unsaturated and semi-permeable. The upper layer is thin and much less permeable than the middle layer, while the lower layer is very permeable. Water table is located in the lower layer. The original nonlinear model of air-water two-phase flow was built firstly. Then model was linearized based on some reasonable assumptions, and finally the analytical solution to the model was derived to describe the air pressure fluctuation. The analytical solution was used to analyze the relation between the tide-induced air pressure fluctuation and the hydraulic head fluctuation below the asphalt pavement at Hong Kong International Airport. It was found that abnormally high air pressure can be caused beneath the surface pavement when its air permeability decreases due to rainfall infiltration, which may lead to heaving problem.
This paper investigated one-dimensional subsurface vertical airflow induced by the sea tide fluctuation in a coastal unsaturated zone. The system consists of three layers. The upper and the middle layers are unsaturated and semi-permeable. The upper layer is thin and much less permeable than the middle layer, while the lower layer is very permeable. Water table is located in the lower layer. The original nonlinear model of air-water two-phase flow was built firstly. Then model was linearized based on some reasonable assumptions, and finally the analytical solution to the model was derived to describe the air pressure fluctuation. The analytical solution was used to analyze the relation between the tide-induced air pressure fluctuation and the hydraulic head fluctuation below the asphalt pavement at Hong Kong International Airport. It was found that abnormally high air pressure can be caused beneath the surface pavement when its air permeability decreases due to rainfall infiltration, which may lead to heaving problem.
引文
[1] Baehr, A. L., and M. F. Hult (1991), Evaluation of unsaturated zone air permeability through pneumatic tests, Water Resour. Res., 27, 2605-2617.
[2] Barry, D. A., J. Y. Parlange, R. Haverkamp, and P. J. Ross (1995), Infiltration under ponded conditions, An explicit predictive infiltration formula, Soil Sci., 160, 8– 17.
[3] Corey A. T. (1954), The interrelations between gas and oil relative permeabilities. Prod. Mon., 19(1), 38-41.
[4] Elberling, B., F. Larsen, S. Christensen, and D. Postma (1998), Gas transport in a confined unsaturated zone during atmospheric pressure cycles, Water Resour Res, 34, 2855-2862.
[5] Guo, H. and J. J. Jiao (2008), Numerical study of the airflow in the unsaturated zone induced by sea tides, Water Resour. Res., 44, W06402, doi:10.1029/2007WR006532.
[6] Jacob, C. E. (1950), Flow of groundwater, in Engineering Hydraulics, edited by H.Rouse, pp. 321-386, John Wiley, New York.
[7] Jiao, J. J., and Z. H. Tang (1999), An analytical solution of groundwater response to tidal fluctuation in a leaky confined aquifer, Water Resour Res, 35, 747-751.
[8] Jiao, J. J., and H. L. Li (2004), Breathing of coastal vadose zone induced by sea level fluctuations, Geophys Res Lett, 31, L11502, doi:10.1029/2004GL019572.
[9]李海龙,焦赳赳(2003),海潮引起的滨海地区包气带气压周期性变化的数值模拟,地球科学——中国地质大学学报:28(5):505-510.
[10] Li,H. L., Jiao , J. J., 2003. Numerical simulation of tide-induced periodic air pressure fluctuations in coastal vadose zone, Earth Sci.J.China Univ.Geosci., 28(5): 505-510.
[11] Leung, W. K., C. H. Li, and A. R. Pickles (2007), Heaving of airfield pavement at Hong Kong International Airport, 2007 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer Conference, Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA.
[12] Li, H. L., and J. J. Jiao (2005), One-dimensional airflow in unsaturated zone induced by periodic water table fluctuation, Water Resour Res, 41, W04007,doi:10.1029/2004WR003916.
[13] McWhorter, D. B. (1990), Unsteady radial flow of gas in the vadose zone, J. Contam. Hydrol., 5,297-314.
[14] Morelseytoux, H. J., and J. A. Billica (1985a), A 2-Phase Numerical-Model for Prediction of Infiltration - Applications to a Semi-Infinite Soil Column, Water Resour Res, 21, 607-615.
[15] Morelseytoux, H. J., and J. A. Billica (1985b), A 2-Phase Numerical-Model for Prediction of Infiltration - Case of an Impervious Bottom, Water Resour Res, 21,1389-1396.
[16] Nielsen, P., 1990. Tidal dynamics of the water table in beaches. Water Resour. Res., 26(9), 2127-2134.
[17] Nilson, R. H., E. W. Peterson, K. H. Lie et al. (1991), Atmospheric pumping:A mechanism causing vertical transport of contaminated gases through fractured permeable media, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 21,933–21,948.
[18] Nielsen, P., J. D. Fenton, R. A. Aseervatham, and P. Perrochet (1997), Groundwater waves in aquifers of intermediate depths, Advances in Water Resources, 20,37-43.
[19] Pruess, K., C. Oldenburg, and G. Moridis (1999), TOUGH2 user's guide, version 2.0,Earth Sci. Div. Lawrence Berkeley Natl. Lab. Univ. of Calif., Berkeley.
[20] Ricky, W. K., David, C. H., and Andy, R. (2007), Heaving of airfield pavement at Hong Kong International Airport, presented for the 2007 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer Conference Atlantic City, New Jersey.
[21] Shan, C. (1995), Analytical solutions for determining vertical air perme-ability in unsaturated soils, Water Resour. Res., 31, 2193– 2200.
[22] Shan, C. (2006), An analytical solution for transient gas flow in a multiwell system, Water Resour. Res., 42, W10401, doi:10.1029/2005WR004737.
[23] Stallman, R. W., 1967. Flow in the zone of aeration, Adv. Hydrosci., 4, 151-195.
[24] Touma, J., G. Vachaud, and J. Y. Parlange (1984), Air and water-flow in a sealed, ponded vertical soil column—Experiment and model, Soil Sci.,137, 181– 187.
[25] Townley, L. R. (1995), The Response of Aquifers to Periodic Forcing, Advances in Water Resources, 18, 125-146.
[26] Weir, G. J. and W. M. Kissling, 1992. The influence of airflow on the vertical infiltration of water into soil. Water Resour. Res., 28(10), 2765-2772. 18
[2] Barry, D. A., J. Y. Parlange, R. Haverkamp, and P. J. Ross (1995), Infiltration under ponded conditions, An explicit predictive infiltration formula, Soil Sci., 160, 8– 17.
[3] Corey A. T. (1954), The interrelations between gas and oil relative permeabilities. Prod. Mon., 19(1), 38-41.
[4] Elberling, B., F. Larsen, S. Christensen, and D. Postma (1998), Gas transport in a confined unsaturated zone during atmospheric pressure cycles, Water Resour Res, 34, 2855-2862.
[5] Guo, H. and J. J. Jiao (2008), Numerical study of the airflow in the unsaturated zone induced by sea tides, Water Resour. Res., 44, W06402, doi:10.1029/2007WR006532.
[6] Jacob, C. E. (1950), Flow of groundwater, in Engineering Hydraulics, edited by H.Rouse, pp. 321-386, John Wiley, New York.
[7] Jiao, J. J., and Z. H. Tang (1999), An analytical solution of groundwater response to tidal fluctuation in a leaky confined aquifer, Water Resour Res, 35, 747-751.
[8] Jiao, J. J., and H. L. Li (2004), Breathing of coastal vadose zone induced by sea level fluctuations, Geophys Res Lett, 31, L11502, doi:10.1029/2004GL019572.
[9]李海龙,焦赳赳(2003),海潮引起的滨海地区包气带气压周期性变化的数值模拟,地球科学——中国地质大学学报:28(5):505-510.
[10] Li,H. L., Jiao , J. J., 2003. Numerical simulation of tide-induced periodic air pressure fluctuations in coastal vadose zone, Earth Sci.J.China Univ.Geosci., 28(5): 505-510.
[11] Leung, W. K., C. H. Li, and A. R. Pickles (2007), Heaving of airfield pavement at Hong Kong International Airport, 2007 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer Conference, Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA.
[12] Li, H. L., and J. J. Jiao (2005), One-dimensional airflow in unsaturated zone induced by periodic water table fluctuation, Water Resour Res, 41, W04007,doi:10.1029/2004WR003916.
[13] McWhorter, D. B. (1990), Unsteady radial flow of gas in the vadose zone, J. Contam. Hydrol., 5,297-314.
[14] Morelseytoux, H. J., and J. A. Billica (1985a), A 2-Phase Numerical-Model for Prediction of Infiltration - Applications to a Semi-Infinite Soil Column, Water Resour Res, 21, 607-615.
[15] Morelseytoux, H. J., and J. A. Billica (1985b), A 2-Phase Numerical-Model for Prediction of Infiltration - Case of an Impervious Bottom, Water Resour Res, 21,1389-1396.
[16] Nielsen, P., 1990. Tidal dynamics of the water table in beaches. Water Resour. Res., 26(9), 2127-2134.
[17] Nilson, R. H., E. W. Peterson, K. H. Lie et al. (1991), Atmospheric pumping:A mechanism causing vertical transport of contaminated gases through fractured permeable media, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 21,933–21,948.
[18] Nielsen, P., J. D. Fenton, R. A. Aseervatham, and P. Perrochet (1997), Groundwater waves in aquifers of intermediate depths, Advances in Water Resources, 20,37-43.
[19] Pruess, K., C. Oldenburg, and G. Moridis (1999), TOUGH2 user's guide, version 2.0,Earth Sci. Div. Lawrence Berkeley Natl. Lab. Univ. of Calif., Berkeley.
[20] Ricky, W. K., David, C. H., and Andy, R. (2007), Heaving of airfield pavement at Hong Kong International Airport, presented for the 2007 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer Conference Atlantic City, New Jersey.
[21] Shan, C. (1995), Analytical solutions for determining vertical air perme-ability in unsaturated soils, Water Resour. Res., 31, 2193– 2200.
[22] Shan, C. (2006), An analytical solution for transient gas flow in a multiwell system, Water Resour. Res., 42, W10401, doi:10.1029/2005WR004737.
[23] Stallman, R. W., 1967. Flow in the zone of aeration, Adv. Hydrosci., 4, 151-195.
[24] Touma, J., G. Vachaud, and J. Y. Parlange (1984), Air and water-flow in a sealed, ponded vertical soil column—Experiment and model, Soil Sci.,137, 181– 187.
[25] Townley, L. R. (1995), The Response of Aquifers to Periodic Forcing, Advances in Water Resources, 18, 125-146.
[26] Weir, G. J. and W. M. Kissling, 1992. The influence of airflow on the vertical infiltration of water into soil. Water Resour. Res., 28(10), 2765-2772. 18