乙醇辉光放电等离子体电解制氢及动力学模拟
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摘要
氢气是清洁的新能源,有着广泛的应用,用辉光等离子体电解乙醇制氢,等离子体所含的高能粒子可以引发各种化学反应,使产物的产量高于常规电解的产量,出现了非法拉弟的特性。由于等离子体内部反应的复杂性和难探测性,本文采用实验分析、光发射光谱诊断、动力学模拟三种手段相结合,研究乙醇在放电等离子体层中和等离子体与溶液两相界面处的反应转化,以及各种放电因素对过程的影响。
实验表明,乙醇溶液辉光放电等离子体电解(GDPE)过程中电子是引发等离子体化学反应的主要因素,乙醇GDPE过程中各种键断裂的机率由键能和数量来决定。生成的各种活性粒子相互发生作用,最后生成氢气、一氧化碳、甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、甲醛、乙醛、甲酸、乙酸等。乙醇溶液GDPE过程中产生大量氢气,相同条件下,阴极产氢量高于阳极,而单位能耗低于阳极;同一极性下,电压越高,电导率越大,氢气产量越大,单位体积能耗越小。
利用光发射光谱技术测量乙醇GDPE过程中各种活性粒子的发射光谱,主要观察到H自由基的三条巴尔末线(434 nm,486 nm,656 nm)、CH+(395.3 nm)、C2(469.8 nm)、OH(513.5 nm)、C2(560.1 nm)、Na(589.0 nm)、K(769.9 nm)、O+(819.2 nm)的发射光谱。计算得到99.5 %乙醇GDPE过程中的电子温度为7700 K到11600 K之间,GDPE过程中等离子体场内核心区的电子密度为8.2×1015 cm-3。
在实验分析和光谱诊断的基础上,进行乙醇辉光放电分解的动力学分析,建立合理的动力学模型,选择最符合实验结果的乙醇分解的反应路径,利用Matlab编程求解。模拟结果氢气的含量,产物的生成情况与实验相符合。各自由基的反应时间都少于或等于10-10s,加上反应逸出时间,接近分子脱离放电通道的时间10-9s,符合等离子体反应的规律。模拟结果进一步分析了乙醇GDPE过程中两个区域的不同反应过程,电子能量强的放电区域,生成的是小分子产物,电子能量弱的反应区域,生成的是相对大的分子产物。H、CH2、HCO自由基含量的增加,CH3、CH含量的减少,有利于氢气的生成。
Hydrogen is a kind of clean energy source, which has been widely used. Anew hydrogenproduction technique, hydrogen generation from glow discharge plasma electrolysis ofethanol conversion was introduced in this paper. Glow discharge electrolysis (GDPE) isregarded as an unconventional electrolysis where electrochemical processes occur in glowdischarges and at the interface between plasma and electrolyte. The remarkable feature ofGDPE is that its chemical yields produced by the glow discharge electrode are much higherthan the Faraday law value and the products are novel for conventional electrolysis. Becausechemical reactions in plasma are complex and unpredictable, it’s a good way to research thispaper bymeans of experimental analysis, spectral diagnostics and dynamic simulation.
Electrons were proved to be the most important radicals to trigger the plasma chemicalreactions on ethanol during GDPE. Molecules of ethanol were bombed and excited in glowdischarge plasmas and at the interface between plasmas and solutions, producing a lot ofactive radicals. Hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, propane, butane, formaldehyde,acetaldehyde, formic acid and acetic acid were the main products of GDPE on ethanolsolutions. The yields of hydrogen and energy consumption were affected by dischargedpolarity, discharged voltage and conductivity. Under the same reaction conditions, the amountof hydrogen yield in cathode was higher than that in anode, while the energy consumptionwas lower than that in anode. In the same polarity, the higher the voltage, the greater theyields of hydrogen becomes, and the energyconsumption.
Optical emission speetroseopy (OES) is a powerful diagnostie tool—a simple methodwithout disturbing thereactions. In the paper, the distributions of different radicals such as H,CH+, C2, OH, C2, Na, K, O+ which were detected in the spectra range of 300 nm to 900 nmwere studied. After calculating, the electron temperature in plasma center ranger from 7700 Kto 11600 K, and the electron densityis 8.2×1015cm-3.
Based on the combination of the experimental analysis and spectral diagnostics, amathematical model was proposed subsequently to describe the behavior of radicals in theglow discharges center and at the interface between plasma and electrolyte. The result ofsimulation was in good agreement with that of the experiment. The kinetic analysis indicatedthat in the region of glow discharges center, the products were small molecules and in theregion of the interface between plasmas and solutions, the products were relatively largemolecules. The increasing of H, CH2, HCO radical content, the reducing of CH3 and CHradical content, which is advantageous to the hydrogen production.
实验表明,乙醇溶液辉光放电等离子体电解(GDPE)过程中电子是引发等离子体化学反应的主要因素,乙醇GDPE过程中各种键断裂的机率由键能和数量来决定。生成的各种活性粒子相互发生作用,最后生成氢气、一氧化碳、甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、甲醛、乙醛、甲酸、乙酸等。乙醇溶液GDPE过程中产生大量氢气,相同条件下,阴极产氢量高于阳极,而单位能耗低于阳极;同一极性下,电压越高,电导率越大,氢气产量越大,单位体积能耗越小。
利用光发射光谱技术测量乙醇GDPE过程中各种活性粒子的发射光谱,主要观察到H自由基的三条巴尔末线(434 nm,486 nm,656 nm)、CH+(395.3 nm)、C2(469.8 nm)、OH(513.5 nm)、C2(560.1 nm)、Na(589.0 nm)、K(769.9 nm)、O+(819.2 nm)的发射光谱。计算得到99.5 %乙醇GDPE过程中的电子温度为7700 K到11600 K之间,GDPE过程中等离子体场内核心区的电子密度为8.2×1015 cm-3。
在实验分析和光谱诊断的基础上,进行乙醇辉光放电分解的动力学分析,建立合理的动力学模型,选择最符合实验结果的乙醇分解的反应路径,利用Matlab编程求解。模拟结果氢气的含量,产物的生成情况与实验相符合。各自由基的反应时间都少于或等于10-10s,加上反应逸出时间,接近分子脱离放电通道的时间10-9s,符合等离子体反应的规律。模拟结果进一步分析了乙醇GDPE过程中两个区域的不同反应过程,电子能量强的放电区域,生成的是小分子产物,电子能量弱的反应区域,生成的是相对大的分子产物。H、CH2、HCO自由基含量的增加,CH3、CH含量的减少,有利于氢气的生成。
Hydrogen is a kind of clean energy source, which has been widely used. Anew hydrogenproduction technique, hydrogen generation from glow discharge plasma electrolysis ofethanol conversion was introduced in this paper. Glow discharge electrolysis (GDPE) isregarded as an unconventional electrolysis where electrochemical processes occur in glowdischarges and at the interface between plasma and electrolyte. The remarkable feature ofGDPE is that its chemical yields produced by the glow discharge electrode are much higherthan the Faraday law value and the products are novel for conventional electrolysis. Becausechemical reactions in plasma are complex and unpredictable, it’s a good way to research thispaper bymeans of experimental analysis, spectral diagnostics and dynamic simulation.
Electrons were proved to be the most important radicals to trigger the plasma chemicalreactions on ethanol during GDPE. Molecules of ethanol were bombed and excited in glowdischarge plasmas and at the interface between plasmas and solutions, producing a lot ofactive radicals. Hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, propane, butane, formaldehyde,acetaldehyde, formic acid and acetic acid were the main products of GDPE on ethanolsolutions. The yields of hydrogen and energy consumption were affected by dischargedpolarity, discharged voltage and conductivity. Under the same reaction conditions, the amountof hydrogen yield in cathode was higher than that in anode, while the energy consumptionwas lower than that in anode. In the same polarity, the higher the voltage, the greater theyields of hydrogen becomes, and the energyconsumption.
Optical emission speetroseopy (OES) is a powerful diagnostie tool—a simple methodwithout disturbing thereactions. In the paper, the distributions of different radicals such as H,CH+, C2, OH, C2, Na, K, O+ which were detected in the spectra range of 300 nm to 900 nmwere studied. After calculating, the electron temperature in plasma center ranger from 7700 Kto 11600 K, and the electron densityis 8.2×1015cm-3.
Based on the combination of the experimental analysis and spectral diagnostics, amathematical model was proposed subsequently to describe the behavior of radicals in theglow discharges center and at the interface between plasma and electrolyte. The result ofsimulation was in good agreement with that of the experiment. The kinetic analysis indicatedthat in the region of glow discharges center, the products were small molecules and in theregion of the interface between plasmas and solutions, the products were relatively largemolecules. The increasing of H, CH2, HCO radical content, the reducing of CH3 and CHradical content, which is advantageous to the hydrogen production.
引文
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