高分子/炭黑复合材料流变行为—导电功能的相关性研究
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摘要
与金属材料相比较，高分子基导电复合材料不仅具备独特的电学和力学性质，还具有质量轻、成本低、易加工、耐腐蚀等特点，在静电屏蔽、自限温发热带、自恢复保险丝等一系列领域具有重要的应用。通常，聚合物基导电复合材料的导电行为源于导电粒子所形成的、贯穿基体的三维渗流网。现有研究尚不能清晰地揭示导电网络的形成及其对温度、机械作用等外界刺激的响应机制。
本论文以炭黑(CB)为填充物，以乙烯四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、等规聚丙烯(iPP)和溶液聚合丁苯橡胶(SSBR)为基体，研究相应填充物体系流变行为-导电功能的相关性。首次建立了熔体基于储能模量(G′)、损耗模量(G″)的动态流变-导电行为同步测试方法和基于法向应力(F_N)的静态流变-导电行为同步测试方法。以流变-导电行为同步测试为主要研究手段，结合差示扫描量热分析(DSC)等手段，系统考察CB填充高聚物复合材料熔融态电阻(R)与G′、G″和动态损耗正切tanδ随时间、剪切作用的变化以及基体等温与非等温结晶所造成的电阻与流变学参数变化，试图建立复合材料熔体导电性能与粘弹特征间的关联，揭示高分子基体结晶对复合材料导电与粘弹性能的影响，探索温度与剪切场下复合材料聚集态结构形成与演化的微观机制。
研究结果表明，ETFE／CB导电复合材料的渗流区间对应CB体积分数((?)_(CB))=0．05～0．11，PTC强度随(?)_(CB)增加而降低。当(?)_(CB)=0．11时，复合体系具有良好的PTC循环稳定性，而(?)_(CB)=0．15时，复合体系PTC循环稳定性较差。室温下，电阻率ρ-储能模量G′关系曲线图也呈逾渗现象，逾渗区间为G′=676～876MPa。
动态流变-导电性能同步测试表明，除本征电阻松弛外，剪切应变(γ)作用可造成渗流网络的破坏，R在临界应变以上大幅度增大。随γ增大，G′与R分别在G′由线性到非线性转变时的临界应变(γ_(CG))与R由导电到绝缘转变时临界应变(γ_(CR))处发生突变。对于熔融态的ETFE／CB与HDPE／CB复合材料以及未交联的SSBR／CB体系，γ_(CR)>γ_(CG)。随(?)_(CB)增加，γ_(CR)降低，γ_(CG)增大。对于SSBR／CB交联体系而言，γ_(CR)<γ_(CG)，二者均与(?)_(CB)无关。对于熔融态HDPE／CB体系，γ_(CR)与γ_(CG)均随温度升高而增大。
在HDPE／CB复合材料等温结晶过程中，流变参数与R均在特征时间值处发生了突变。动态方法得到的特征时间(t_(G′))小于静态方法得到的特征时间(t_F)，二者均随(?)_(CB)增加及结晶温度T_c降低而缩短。由于剪切诱导结晶，t_(G′)随γ及频率(ω)增大逐渐减小。在低ω区域，物理凝胶时间(t_c)与t_(G′)一致。流变仪平行板夹具表面粗糙度显著影响HDPE／CB复合材料的t_(G′)与t_F，从而影响成核与晶体生长。
与HDPE／CB复合材料类似，iPP／CB复合材料等温结晶的动态特征时间t_(G′)小于静态特征时间t_F。与HDPE／CB复合材料不同，流变仪平行板夹具表面粗糙度对iPP／CB复合材料的特征时间t_(G′)与t_F无明显影响。
在HDPE／CB与iPP／CB复合材料非等温结晶过程中，随温度降低流变参数与R均在特征温度处发生突变。λ较低时，动态测试方法得到的T_(G′)非常接近DSC曲线结晶峰温度(T_p)，而静态方法得到的特征温度T_F低于T_(G′)。
研究发现，高分子基体结晶首先造成渗流网络破坏。当结晶程度达到一定值后，CB粒子在无定形区聚集，进而形成渗流网络。基体结晶以及由此所引起CB粒子分散状态的变化共同决定了动态流变参数。由于动态与静态方法测试原理的不同，在电阻与流变参数发生突变的临界时间、临界温度处，高分子基体的相对结晶度不同。动态方法所得临界变量处基体相对结晶度低于静态方法。
Conductive polymer composites not only have unique electrical and mechanical properties, but also possess the characteristics of light weight, low cost, easier processing, and corrosion resistance, in comparison with metal materials. They have been widely used in the areas of electrostatic shielding, temperature self-limiting heater and self-repairing fuse. The conductive behavior of conductive polymer composites is related to the three-dimensional percolation network of conductive particles throughout the matrix. However, the previous studies could not distinctly disclose the formation mechanism of conductive network in the polymer matrix and the response of the conductive network to the thermal and the mechanical actions.
In this thesis, the carbon black (CB) filled polymer composites are selected as the research objects. Methods for simultaneous measurement of rheological and conductive properties of conductive polymer composites in the melt state and during the crystallization are developed for the first time. The dynamical method is based on measurement of storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) while static method is based on measurement of normal force (F_n). By applying simultaneous measurement, resistance (R) and dynamical rheological parameters of the composites at the melt state are discussed in relation to time and shearing action in order to establish the relationship between conduction and viscoelasticity. Influences of isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization of the polymer matrix to variations of R and dynamical rheological parameters are investigated in order to disclose the effect of crystallization of matrix to the conduction and viscoelasticity of composites. The study is helpful for exploring the mechanism for the formation and the evolvement of the aggregated structure in the composites under the actions of shear and thermal fields.
Conductive behavior of ethylene-tetrafluorothylene copolymer (ETFE) / CB composites was investigated. The percolation of conduction takes place at CB volume fraction ((?)_(CB)) from 0.05 to 0.11. The PTC intensity decreases with increasing In case of (?)_(CB) above 0.11. The composite with (?)_(CB)= 0.11 shows a highly reproducible PTC switching characteristic during thermal cycles. However, the thermal stability becomes poor at (?)_(CB)=0.15. At room temperature, volume resistivity (ρ) as a function of G′reveals a percolation-like phenomena at G′from 676 MPa to 876 MPa.
The simultaneous measurement of dynamical rheological and conductive behavior shows that shear may destroy the percolation network besides the intrinsic resistance relaxation, resulting in a sharp increase in R above a critical strain. Both G′and R take sudden changes at critical strainsγ_(CG) andγ_(CR), respectively, with increasing strain (γ). A relationγ_(CR)>γ_(CG) is revealed in ETFE/CB and high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/CB composites at temperatures above the melting point and also in the unvulcanized solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR)/CB composite increasing (?)_(CB) leadsγ_(CR) to reduce whileγ_(CG) to increase. On the other hand,γ_(CR) andγ_(CG) remains unvariable with varying (?)_(CB) andγ_(CR) <γ_(CG) is revealed in the vulcanized SSBR/CB composite. Furthermore,γ_(CR) andγ_(CG) increase with raising temperature for the HDPE/CB composite in the melt.
The simultaneous measurement during the isothermal crystallization of HDPE/CB composite shows that rheological parameters and R occurs sudden changes simultaneously at a characteristic time. The dynamic characteristic time (t_G′) is less than the static characteristic time (t_F) and both reduce with increasing (?)_(CB) and reducing crystallization temperature (T_c). During the dynamic crystallizing, t_G′reduces with increasing y and frequencyωdue to shear induced crystallization.In low-frequency area, physical gel time (t_C) is consistent with t_G′. The roughness of rheometer parallel plate surface may influence the nucleation and growth of crystal in HDPE/CB composites, as viewed from the great changes in t_G′and t_F detected from two rheometer parallel plate with different roughness.
Similar to HDPE/CB composites, t_G′of isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/CB composites is less than t_F. The roughness of rheometer parallel plate surface does not influence t_G′and t_F of iPP/CB composite significantly, which is different to HDPE/CB composite.
The simultaneous measurement during the nonisothermal crystallization of HDPE/CB and iPP/CB composites shows that the rheological parameters and R occur sudden changes simultaneously at a characteristic temperature. When X is small, the dynamic characteristic temperature (T_G′) is closed to the crystallization peak temperature (T_p) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while the static characteristic temperature (T_F) is lower than T_G′.
The simultaneous measurement of rheological and conductive behavior reveals that the crystallization of the matrix destroys the percolation network firstly. When the crystallinity is up to a certain value, CB particles gather in the amorphous region to form the percolation network. The dynamic rheological properties of the composites are related to the matrix crystallization and the resultant change of CB particle distribution. Due to the different testing principles, the dynamical and static measurements detect different crystallinity in polymer matrix at the critical time and the critical temperature where R and rheological parameters change rapidly. The critical crystallinity from the dynamical method is lower than that from the static method.
本论文以炭黑(CB)为填充物，以乙烯四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、等规聚丙烯(iPP)和溶液聚合丁苯橡胶(SSBR)为基体，研究相应填充物体系流变行为-导电功能的相关性。首次建立了熔体基于储能模量(G′)、损耗模量(G″)的动态流变-导电行为同步测试方法和基于法向应力(F_N)的静态流变-导电行为同步测试方法。以流变-导电行为同步测试为主要研究手段，结合差示扫描量热分析(DSC)等手段，系统考察CB填充高聚物复合材料熔融态电阻(R)与G′、G″和动态损耗正切tanδ随时间、剪切作用的变化以及基体等温与非等温结晶所造成的电阻与流变学参数变化，试图建立复合材料熔体导电性能与粘弹特征间的关联，揭示高分子基体结晶对复合材料导电与粘弹性能的影响，探索温度与剪切场下复合材料聚集态结构形成与演化的微观机制。
研究结果表明，ETFE／CB导电复合材料的渗流区间对应CB体积分数((?)_(CB))=0．05～0．11，PTC强度随(?)_(CB)增加而降低。当(?)_(CB)=0．11时，复合体系具有良好的PTC循环稳定性，而(?)_(CB)=0．15时，复合体系PTC循环稳定性较差。室温下，电阻率ρ-储能模量G′关系曲线图也呈逾渗现象，逾渗区间为G′=676～876MPa。
动态流变-导电性能同步测试表明，除本征电阻松弛外，剪切应变(γ)作用可造成渗流网络的破坏，R在临界应变以上大幅度增大。随γ增大，G′与R分别在G′由线性到非线性转变时的临界应变(γ_(CG))与R由导电到绝缘转变时临界应变(γ_(CR))处发生突变。对于熔融态的ETFE／CB与HDPE／CB复合材料以及未交联的SSBR／CB体系，γ_(CR)>γ_(CG)。随(?)_(CB)增加，γ_(CR)降低，γ_(CG)增大。对于SSBR／CB交联体系而言，γ_(CR)<γ_(CG)，二者均与(?)_(CB)无关。对于熔融态HDPE／CB体系，γ_(CR)与γ_(CG)均随温度升高而增大。
在HDPE／CB复合材料等温结晶过程中，流变参数与R均在特征时间值处发生了突变。动态方法得到的特征时间(t_(G′))小于静态方法得到的特征时间(t_F)，二者均随(?)_(CB)增加及结晶温度T_c降低而缩短。由于剪切诱导结晶，t_(G′)随γ及频率(ω)增大逐渐减小。在低ω区域，物理凝胶时间(t_c)与t_(G′)一致。流变仪平行板夹具表面粗糙度显著影响HDPE／CB复合材料的t_(G′)与t_F，从而影响成核与晶体生长。
与HDPE／CB复合材料类似，iPP／CB复合材料等温结晶的动态特征时间t_(G′)小于静态特征时间t_F。与HDPE／CB复合材料不同，流变仪平行板夹具表面粗糙度对iPP／CB复合材料的特征时间t_(G′)与t_F无明显影响。
在HDPE／CB与iPP／CB复合材料非等温结晶过程中，随温度降低流变参数与R均在特征温度处发生突变。λ较低时，动态测试方法得到的T_(G′)非常接近DSC曲线结晶峰温度(T_p)，而静态方法得到的特征温度T_F低于T_(G′)。
研究发现，高分子基体结晶首先造成渗流网络破坏。当结晶程度达到一定值后，CB粒子在无定形区聚集，进而形成渗流网络。基体结晶以及由此所引起CB粒子分散状态的变化共同决定了动态流变参数。由于动态与静态方法测试原理的不同，在电阻与流变参数发生突变的临界时间、临界温度处，高分子基体的相对结晶度不同。动态方法所得临界变量处基体相对结晶度低于静态方法。
Conductive polymer composites not only have unique electrical and mechanical properties, but also possess the characteristics of light weight, low cost, easier processing, and corrosion resistance, in comparison with metal materials. They have been widely used in the areas of electrostatic shielding, temperature self-limiting heater and self-repairing fuse. The conductive behavior of conductive polymer composites is related to the three-dimensional percolation network of conductive particles throughout the matrix. However, the previous studies could not distinctly disclose the formation mechanism of conductive network in the polymer matrix and the response of the conductive network to the thermal and the mechanical actions.
In this thesis, the carbon black (CB) filled polymer composites are selected as the research objects. Methods for simultaneous measurement of rheological and conductive properties of conductive polymer composites in the melt state and during the crystallization are developed for the first time. The dynamical method is based on measurement of storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) while static method is based on measurement of normal force (F_n). By applying simultaneous measurement, resistance (R) and dynamical rheological parameters of the composites at the melt state are discussed in relation to time and shearing action in order to establish the relationship between conduction and viscoelasticity. Influences of isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization of the polymer matrix to variations of R and dynamical rheological parameters are investigated in order to disclose the effect of crystallization of matrix to the conduction and viscoelasticity of composites. The study is helpful for exploring the mechanism for the formation and the evolvement of the aggregated structure in the composites under the actions of shear and thermal fields.
Conductive behavior of ethylene-tetrafluorothylene copolymer (ETFE) / CB composites was investigated. The percolation of conduction takes place at CB volume fraction ((?)_(CB)) from 0.05 to 0.11. The PTC intensity decreases with increasing In case of (?)_(CB) above 0.11. The composite with (?)_(CB)= 0.11 shows a highly reproducible PTC switching characteristic during thermal cycles. However, the thermal stability becomes poor at (?)_(CB)=0.15. At room temperature, volume resistivity (ρ) as a function of G′reveals a percolation-like phenomena at G′from 676 MPa to 876 MPa.
The simultaneous measurement of dynamical rheological and conductive behavior shows that shear may destroy the percolation network besides the intrinsic resistance relaxation, resulting in a sharp increase in R above a critical strain. Both G′and R take sudden changes at critical strainsγ_(CG) andγ_(CR), respectively, with increasing strain (γ). A relationγ_(CR)>γ_(CG) is revealed in ETFE/CB and high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/CB composites at temperatures above the melting point and also in the unvulcanized solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR)/CB composite increasing (?)_(CB) leadsγ_(CR) to reduce whileγ_(CG) to increase. On the other hand,γ_(CR) andγ_(CG) remains unvariable with varying (?)_(CB) andγ_(CR) <γ_(CG) is revealed in the vulcanized SSBR/CB composite. Furthermore,γ_(CR) andγ_(CG) increase with raising temperature for the HDPE/CB composite in the melt.
The simultaneous measurement during the isothermal crystallization of HDPE/CB composite shows that rheological parameters and R occurs sudden changes simultaneously at a characteristic time. The dynamic characteristic time (t_G′) is less than the static characteristic time (t_F) and both reduce with increasing (?)_(CB) and reducing crystallization temperature (T_c). During the dynamic crystallizing, t_G′reduces with increasing y and frequencyωdue to shear induced crystallization.In low-frequency area, physical gel time (t_C) is consistent with t_G′. The roughness of rheometer parallel plate surface may influence the nucleation and growth of crystal in HDPE/CB composites, as viewed from the great changes in t_G′and t_F detected from two rheometer parallel plate with different roughness.
Similar to HDPE/CB composites, t_G′of isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/CB composites is less than t_F. The roughness of rheometer parallel plate surface does not influence t_G′and t_F of iPP/CB composite significantly, which is different to HDPE/CB composite.
The simultaneous measurement during the nonisothermal crystallization of HDPE/CB and iPP/CB composites shows that the rheological parameters and R occur sudden changes simultaneously at a characteristic temperature. When X is small, the dynamic characteristic temperature (T_G′) is closed to the crystallization peak temperature (T_p) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while the static characteristic temperature (T_F) is lower than T_G′.
The simultaneous measurement of rheological and conductive behavior reveals that the crystallization of the matrix destroys the percolation network firstly. When the crystallinity is up to a certain value, CB particles gather in the amorphous region to form the percolation network. The dynamic rheological properties of the composites are related to the matrix crystallization and the resultant change of CB particle distribution. Due to the different testing principles, the dynamical and static measurements detect different crystallinity in polymer matrix at the critical time and the critical temperature where R and rheological parameters change rapidly. The critical crystallinity from the dynamical method is lower than that from the static method.
引文
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