三维火焰仿真模型的研究与实现
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摘要
自然景物模拟在计算机图形学占有非常重要的地位,而且自然景观的三维模拟在电脑游戏、电影特效、虚拟现实等领域中使用得越来越频繁。虚拟模拟常用的方法有分形几何方法、纹理映射方法、粒子系统方法。
火焰模拟是自然景物模拟的重要研究内容之一。本文从视频纹理、粒子系统两种方法来实现真实火焰的模拟,提出怎样从几段火焰视频合成视频纹理,怎样从火焰视频纹理来构建三维火焰模型;同时对火焰粒子系统的粒子做了运动分析,简化粒子受力状态,建立火焰粒子数据结构,并初始化粒子属性。最后对两种方法的仿真效果进行比较和总结。
视频纹理是近几年提出的介于图像与视频之间的新型媒体,既具有图像的真实性,又有视频的动态性。本文应用视频纹理的思想,对一个真实火焰场景从八个不同角度同时拍摄视频样本,对这些样本进行分析和处理,合成八段无限连续的火焰视频纹理,然后将这些视频纹理映射到柱体上,实现三维效果。
粒子系统是模拟复杂的、运动的、不规则物体非常有效的仿真技术。本文通过对火焰外观运动的分析,简化火焰粒子的受力作用,只考虑火焰颜色变化和摇曳摆动,建立火焰粒子数据结构,初始化火焰粒子属性,然后根据每帧火焰粒子运动状态属性,进行绘制。
最后两种建模方法的仿真实验结果分析,从真实感、实时性、交互性方面进行比较。
The simulation of the natural scenery in computer graphics occupies a very important position, and the use of the three-dimensional simulation of the natural landscape in arears such as computer games, film special effects, virtual reality may become more and more frequently. The virtual simulation methods commonly used fractal geometry method, texture mapping method, particle systems.
Fire simulation is a important research aspect of natural scene simulation. This article realize the simulation of the reality flame from video textures,particle system two ways, and put forward how to synthesis video textures from a few flame video paragraphs,how to build 3D flame model from video textures. The particle motion of the flame particle system was analyzed, with simplified particles force analysis, established the flame particle data structure,initialized the particle properties. Finally, comparing and summaring the two simulation methods.
Video textures made in recent years, which is between kinds of images and video between the new media, has both the advantages of the image, another dynamic video scene. In this paper, video textures of thought, a real fire on the same scene shot from different angles, eight out of eight video samples of these samples for further analysis, and associated processing synthesized eight out of the flames of an infinite continuous video textures, then this 8 Duan video texture on the texture mapped to a sphere. Due to the continuous movement of the flame shape, as well as three-dimensional scene in perspective constantly changing, the need for the relevant texture synthesis. At the same time and we are the flame of the main paragraphs of video modeling to simulate the spread of fire effects to achieve real material to meet the special effects to change the interaction.
火焰模拟是自然景物模拟的重要研究内容之一。本文从视频纹理、粒子系统两种方法来实现真实火焰的模拟,提出怎样从几段火焰视频合成视频纹理,怎样从火焰视频纹理来构建三维火焰模型;同时对火焰粒子系统的粒子做了运动分析,简化粒子受力状态,建立火焰粒子数据结构,并初始化粒子属性。最后对两种方法的仿真效果进行比较和总结。
视频纹理是近几年提出的介于图像与视频之间的新型媒体,既具有图像的真实性,又有视频的动态性。本文应用视频纹理的思想,对一个真实火焰场景从八个不同角度同时拍摄视频样本,对这些样本进行分析和处理,合成八段无限连续的火焰视频纹理,然后将这些视频纹理映射到柱体上,实现三维效果。
粒子系统是模拟复杂的、运动的、不规则物体非常有效的仿真技术。本文通过对火焰外观运动的分析,简化火焰粒子的受力作用,只考虑火焰颜色变化和摇曳摆动,建立火焰粒子数据结构,初始化火焰粒子属性,然后根据每帧火焰粒子运动状态属性,进行绘制。
最后两种建模方法的仿真实验结果分析,从真实感、实时性、交互性方面进行比较。
The simulation of the natural scenery in computer graphics occupies a very important position, and the use of the three-dimensional simulation of the natural landscape in arears such as computer games, film special effects, virtual reality may become more and more frequently. The virtual simulation methods commonly used fractal geometry method, texture mapping method, particle systems.
Fire simulation is a important research aspect of natural scene simulation. This article realize the simulation of the reality flame from video textures,particle system two ways, and put forward how to synthesis video textures from a few flame video paragraphs,how to build 3D flame model from video textures. The particle motion of the flame particle system was analyzed, with simplified particles force analysis, established the flame particle data structure,initialized the particle properties. Finally, comparing and summaring the two simulation methods.
Video textures made in recent years, which is between kinds of images and video between the new media, has both the advantages of the image, another dynamic video scene. In this paper, video textures of thought, a real fire on the same scene shot from different angles, eight out of eight video samples of these samples for further analysis, and associated processing synthesized eight out of the flames of an infinite continuous video textures, then this 8 Duan video texture on the texture mapped to a sphere. Due to the continuous movement of the flame shape, as well as three-dimensional scene in perspective constantly changing, the need for the relevant texture synthesis. At the same time and we are the flame of the main paragraphs of video modeling to simulate the spread of fire effects to achieve real material to meet the special effects to change the interaction.
引文
[1]Schodl A,Szeliski R,Salesin D H,et al.Video textures[C].In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2000.New Orleans.2000:489-498.
[2]W.T.Reeves.Particle System-A Technique for Modeling a Class of Fuzzy Objects ACM Trans.On Graphics,Vol.2,No.2,1983.
[3]Stam Jos,Fiune Eugene.Depicting Fire and Other Gaseous Phenomena Using Diffusion Processes.Computer Graphics,1994,29(4):129-135
[4]Philippe Beaudoin,Sebastien Paguet,Pierre Poulin.Realistic and Controllable Simulation.Proceeding Graphics Interface 2001,June 2001.
[5]Amauld Lamorlette,Nick Foster,Structural Modeling of Flames for Production Environment.Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2002.
[6]Duc Quang Nguyen,Ronald Fedkiw,Henrik Wann Jensen,Physically Based Modeling and Animation of Fire.ACM Transaction on Graphics 21(3):721-728(2002).
[7]K.Perlin,An Image Synthesizer.In SIGGRAPH 1985 Conference Proceedings[C],1985,7(19):287-296.
[8]Agui Pakeshi,Kohno Yuzo.Generating 2-Dimensional Flame images in Computer Graphics[J].IEICE Transactions,1991,74(2):457-464.
[9]C.H.Perry,R.W.Picard,Synthesizing flames and their spreading.In Fifth Eurographics Workshop on Animation and Simulation,pp.105-117,September 1994.
[10]Mandelbrot B.B.The Fractal Geometry of Nature.W.H.Freeman,New York,1982.
[11]M.F.Barnslev.Fractals Everywhere.Academic Press Ins.1988.
[12]孙炜,陈锦吕.应用迭代函数系统获得分形图形的简易方法.工程图学学报.2001,3.
[13]梁俊,王琪,刘坤良.基于随机中点位移法的三维地形模拟[J].计算机仿真,2005,22(1):213-215.
[14]D.J.Heeger,J.R.Bergen.Pyram id-based texture analysis/synthesis.Computer-Graphics Proceedings Annual Conference Series.1995:229-238.
[15]朱旭阳.视频纹理研究与实现,国防科学技术大学硕士毕业论文,2002.
[16]Kwatra V,Schodl A,Essa I,et al.Graphcut textures:Image and Video synthesis using graph cuts[A].In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2003[C].San Diego California.2003:22(3),277-286.
[17]T.E.Nielsen.Modelling,Animation,and Visualization of Fire:Master's thesis.Denmark:University of Copenhagen,1999.4,20-39.
[18]D.J.Tritton.Physical Fluid Dynamics.2 nd editon.London:Oxford University Press,1977,215-242.
[19]张芹,吴慧中,基于粒子系统的火焰模型及其生成方法研究.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2001,13(1);79-82.
[20]D.R.Peachey.Solid texturing of complex surfaces.In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH.Los Angeles:ACM Press,1985.279-286.
[21]S.Worley.A cellular texture basis function.In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH.
New Orleans:ACM Press,1996.291-294.
[22]A Witkin,M.Kass.Reaction-diffusion textures.In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH.Los Angeles:ACM Press,1991.299-308.
[23]F.Neyret,M.P.Cani.Pattern-based texturing revisited.In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH.Los Angeles:ACM Press,1999.235-242.
[24]G.Turk.Generating textures on arbitrary surfaces using reaction-diffusion.In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH.Los Angeles:ACM Press,1991.289-298.
[25]K.Fleischer,D.Laidlaw,B.Currin.et.al.Cellular texture generation.In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRA PH.Los Angeles:ACM Press,1995.239-248.
[26]F.H.Harlow,J.E.Welch.Numerical Calculation of Time-dependent Viscous Incompressible Flow of Fluid with Free Surfaee.Physics of Fluids,1965,8:2182-2189.
[27]潘云鹤,董金祥,陈德人.计算机图形学:原理、方法及应用(第二版)。北京:高等教育出版社,2003.
[28]M.Szummer and R.T.Picard.Temporal texture modeling.In IEEE International Conference on Image Processing,Lausanne,Switzerland,volume 3,Sept 1996.
[29]S.Soatto,G..Doretto,Y.Wu.Dynamic textures.Intl.Conf.on Computer Vision,July 2001(in press).
[2]W.T.Reeves.Particle System-A Technique for Modeling a Class of Fuzzy Objects ACM Trans.On Graphics,Vol.2,No.2,1983.
[3]Stam Jos,Fiune Eugene.Depicting Fire and Other Gaseous Phenomena Using Diffusion Processes.Computer Graphics,1994,29(4):129-135
[4]Philippe Beaudoin,Sebastien Paguet,Pierre Poulin.Realistic and Controllable Simulation.Proceeding Graphics Interface 2001,June 2001.
[5]Amauld Lamorlette,Nick Foster,Structural Modeling of Flames for Production Environment.Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2002.
[6]Duc Quang Nguyen,Ronald Fedkiw,Henrik Wann Jensen,Physically Based Modeling and Animation of Fire.ACM Transaction on Graphics 21(3):721-728(2002).
[7]K.Perlin,An Image Synthesizer.In SIGGRAPH 1985 Conference Proceedings[C],1985,7(19):287-296.
[8]Agui Pakeshi,Kohno Yuzo.Generating 2-Dimensional Flame images in Computer Graphics[J].IEICE Transactions,1991,74(2):457-464.
[9]C.H.Perry,R.W.Picard,Synthesizing flames and their spreading.In Fifth Eurographics Workshop on Animation and Simulation,pp.105-117,September 1994.
[10]Mandelbrot B.B.The Fractal Geometry of Nature.W.H.Freeman,New York,1982.
[11]M.F.Barnslev.Fractals Everywhere.Academic Press Ins.1988.
[12]孙炜,陈锦吕.应用迭代函数系统获得分形图形的简易方法.工程图学学报.2001,3.
[13]梁俊,王琪,刘坤良.基于随机中点位移法的三维地形模拟[J].计算机仿真,2005,22(1):213-215.
[14]D.J.Heeger,J.R.Bergen.Pyram id-based texture analysis/synthesis.Computer-Graphics Proceedings Annual Conference Series.1995:229-238.
[15]朱旭阳.视频纹理研究与实现,国防科学技术大学硕士毕业论文,2002.
[16]Kwatra V,Schodl A,Essa I,et al.Graphcut textures:Image and Video synthesis using graph cuts[A].In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2003[C].San Diego California.2003:22(3),277-286.
[17]T.E.Nielsen.Modelling,Animation,and Visualization of Fire:Master's thesis.Denmark:University of Copenhagen,1999.4,20-39.
[18]D.J.Tritton.Physical Fluid Dynamics.2 nd editon.London:Oxford University Press,1977,215-242.
[19]张芹,吴慧中,基于粒子系统的火焰模型及其生成方法研究.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2001,13(1);79-82.
[20]D.R.Peachey.Solid texturing of complex surfaces.In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH.Los Angeles:ACM Press,1985.279-286.
[21]S.Worley.A cellular texture basis function.In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH.
New Orleans:ACM Press,1996.291-294.
[22]A Witkin,M.Kass.Reaction-diffusion textures.In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH.Los Angeles:ACM Press,1991.299-308.
[23]F.Neyret,M.P.Cani.Pattern-based texturing revisited.In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH.Los Angeles:ACM Press,1999.235-242.
[24]G.Turk.Generating textures on arbitrary surfaces using reaction-diffusion.In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH.Los Angeles:ACM Press,1991.289-298.
[25]K.Fleischer,D.Laidlaw,B.Currin.et.al.Cellular texture generation.In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRA PH.Los Angeles:ACM Press,1995.239-248.
[26]F.H.Harlow,J.E.Welch.Numerical Calculation of Time-dependent Viscous Incompressible Flow of Fluid with Free Surfaee.Physics of Fluids,1965,8:2182-2189.
[27]潘云鹤,董金祥,陈德人.计算机图形学:原理、方法及应用(第二版)。北京:高等教育出版社,2003.
[28]M.Szummer and R.T.Picard.Temporal texture modeling.In IEEE International Conference on Image Processing,Lausanne,Switzerland,volume 3,Sept 1996.
[29]S.Soatto,G..Doretto,Y.Wu.Dynamic textures.Intl.Conf.on Computer Vision,July 2001(in press).