再生稻高产稳产形成的生理生态特性及比较蛋白组学分析
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摘要
再生稻是利用水稻的再生特性,采用一定的栽培管理措施,在头季稻收割后利用稻桩上的休眠芽萌发生长成穗而收割的一季水稻,具有生育期短、日产量高、省种、省工、节水、调节劳力、生产成本低和经济效益高等优点,近几年来种植面积逐年扩大,单产逐年提高,成为南方稻区水稻种植的一种重要的轻简化耕作制度,在保障我国粮食安全中发挥着越来越重要的作用。但目前在不同地区再生稻产量水平差异悬殊,就是在光温分布不存在差异的同一地区不同田块间其产量水平也相差较大,可见,再生稻产量高低与栽培技术体系密切相关,因此,进一步阐明再生稻高产稳产的栽培调控机制,从而实现再生稻的高产稳产就成为当前发展和推广再生稻亟待研究解决的问题。本研究从生理水平探讨不同栽培模式下再生稻高产形成的生理机制及头季不同氮肥运筹方式对再生稻增产的影响机制;在此基础上应用差异蛋白质组学、生物信息学方法,研究不同促芽肥水平调控再生芽萌发的机理以及不同促芽肥水平调控头季稻籽粒灌浆的分子生理与级联因果,探讨不同栽培和农艺调控技术对再生稻产量的影响,主要结果如下:
1、不同栽培模式早稻-再生稻高产形成的生理生态特性
通过对超高产栽培模式和常规栽培模式秧苗、头季、再生季稻株生理生态特性的研究,结果表明:与常规栽培模式相比,超高产栽培模式的旱育秧苗具有矮壮、抗逆、吸收和同化力强四大优势,形成的带蘖壮秧有利于早稻的早播抗寒抗旱抗衰老和秧苗移栽后的返青发根;移栽后,在整个早稻-再生稻生育期内超高产栽培模式稻株的细胞膜过氧化程度低,抗逆性强,生育后期叶片不早衰,碳、氮代谢和物能转化与运转旺盛,具有更强的干物质、能量积累能力和更高的能量运转效率,群体能流更顺畅,保持着明显的生理生化优势,从而其头季稻株表现出分蘖早、分蘖节位低、有效分蘖期短、有效穗多、穗粒重的特性,再生季腋芽表现出萌发早、萌发快、前期萌发量大、茎蘖数高峰出现早、有效腋芽萌发期短、腋芽起始数量高、总茎蘖数和有效穗多的特性,为超高产栽培模式最终实现头季和再生季高产奠定了重要的生理生态基础;但超高产栽培模式头季、再生季稻株的N素生产效率较低。
2、头季不同氮肥运筹对早稻-再生稻产量和氮素利用率影响的生理生态机制
在头季施氮总量固定(225.00 kg·hm-2)的基础上,通过分析超高产栽培模式下头季基蘖肥与穗肥不同配比对再生稻光合生产、干物质积累运转及氮素利用率的影响,结果表明:适当减少再生稻头季基蘖肥施N比例,增加穗肥施N比例,显著提高了再生稻头季生长中、后期的叶片硝酸还原酶活性、叶绿素含量、净光合速率,也提高了能反映根系综合机能的伤流量,特别是在再生稻头季孕穗期,这为硝态N还原为铵态N,进一步合成为氨基酸提供了酶促条件,并确保了水分、养分的吸收和氨基酸及根源激素的合成,保证了分蘖盛期～孕穗期和头季穗发育期间的营养供应,减少了头季无效分蘖,优化了群体结构,提高了头季中、后期的净同化率和群体生长率,从而提高了头季中、后期的干物质积累,显著增加了每m2颖花数、每穗粒数及库容量,加上显著增加的库藏物质生产量,从而穗大粒多,提高了氮肥利用率,为高产、增产、高效生产奠定了基础,但对再生季产量和氮肥利用率的影响不显著。
3、不同促芽肥水平对头季稻强弱势粒灌浆影响的比较蛋白组学分析
采用比较蛋白质组学的方法和技术,并结合生物信息学技术及相关生理指标,研究不同促芽肥水平影响头季稻强弱势粒灌浆后期叶片蛋白质组差异表达的特性及相应的生理特性,结果表明,头季稻功能叶片中与光合作用和抗性抗衰老相关的蛋白在再生季施用促芽肥后发生了显著的变化,施用促芽肥能明显减缓头季稻后期剑叶中与光合作用相关蛋白的下调幅度,且能在施肥后不同时期明显提高头季稻后期剑叶中与抗性相关蛋白的表达量,从而提高了头季灌浆后期稻株的抗逆性,降低了功能叶片细胞膜的过氧化程度,延缓了灌浆后期剑叶的衰老速率,相对提高了头季稻灌浆后期水稻叶片的叶绿素含量和光合速率,延长了头季稻剑叶的功能期,增加了头季稻灌浆后期的源供应能力和干物质积累,提高了头季稻灌浆后期弱势粒的最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率,从而提高了头季稻弱势粒的灌浆强度,增加了弱势粒不同灌浆时期籽粒粒重的积累,从而显著提高了头季稻的结实率和产量。
4、不同促芽肥水平调控再生芽萌发生长的比较蛋白组学研究
采用比较蛋白质组学的方法和技术,并结合生物信息学技术及相关生理指标,研究不同促芽肥水平影响再生芽蛋白质组差异表达的特性及相应的生理特性,结果表明,再生芽中与能量代谢相关蛋白、生长相关蛋白和抗性相关蛋白在再生季施用促芽肥后不同时期及不同促芽肥处理不同时期发生了显著的变化,施用促芽肥能有效的降低再生芽中能量代谢相关蛋白核苷二磷酸激酶蛋白表达量的下调幅度,提高光系统Ⅱ放氧复合体和细胞色素b6/f复合体蛋白表达量上调幅度,从而使再生芽具有相对较强的能量合成能力和较强光合自养能力,更有利形成大量的光合能量用于碳同化,更好的满足再生芽分化生长对能量和物质的需求;还能相对降低再生芽中生长相关蛋白肌动蛋白解聚因子、脱落酸诱导蛋白和再生芽分化生长前期类萌发素蛋白的表达量,相对提高翻译控制肿瘤蛋白、再生芽萌发生长后期类萌发素蛋白的表达量,从而抑制了再生芽分化生长前期细胞壁的形成和加固,提高了再生芽内肌动蛋白含量,促进了再生芽分化过程的细胞分裂和伸长;此外,施用促芽肥还能提高再生芽中抗性相关蛋白的表达量,增强再生芽抵御外界生物和非生物胁迫的能力,提高对各种不良环境的适应性,因而其倒二茎至倒五茎各节位再生芽的活芽率和芽长显著高于未施用促芽肥的处理,从而显著提高了再生季的单位面积有效穗数、结实率和产量,实现了再生季的高产增产。
Ratooning rice is the reharvested crop from the first cropping plants, which is generated from sprouted dormancy buds and grows to produce effective panicles at rice stake after the first crop was harvested with the aid of a certain cultivation management. Because it has the advantages of short growth period, high output, saving labour and cost, the technology has become an important part of light and simplified farming system in rice planting region of Southern China. In recent years, the area of ratooning rice has been expanded and the yields of rationing rice have been improved year after year. So it is playing an increasingly important role in protecting our country food security. However, the production levels of ratooning rice in different regions are in great disparity. Even though under the condition without differences in light and temperature distribution in the same area, the large difference in the production levels can be observed . All these show that ratooning rice yields are closely related to cultivation technique system. Therefore, further to clarify the mechanisms of high and stable yield formation and its regulation has became an urgent problem for the development and promotion of ratooning rice. In this study, eco-physiological characteristics of high yield formation under different cultivation modes and different nitrogen application strategies for the first cropping rice and its nitrogen utilization efficiency were investigated. Accordingly, comparative proteomics and bioinformatics were applied to study the molecular physiological mechanisms of ratooning bud sprout and its growth at different levels of fertilizer applciation for ratooning bud development and grain filling of the first cropping rice at different levels of fertilizer application for rationing bud development, aiming at further understanding the effect of different cultivation and regulation technology on the graing yield of ratoon rice. The main results were summarized as follows:
1. Eco-physiological characteristics of high yielding formation of early rice and its ratooning crop under different cultivation modes
The result showed that compared with traditional cultivation mode, the dry-raising seedlings of super high-yielding cultivation patterns were more healthy and dwarf, higher resisttant ablity, greater absorptive and assimilative capacity. The strong tillering seedlings were helpful to improve the ablity resistant to cold stress and senescence in favor of early sowing, turning green and root germination earlier after transplanted. During the entire period of early rice and its ratooning crop growth, the rice crop under super high-yield cultivation mode possessed the obvious physiological biochemistry superiority, exhibiting its lower cell membrane peroxidation, stronger resistance to any stresses, longer duration of leaf function, more active metabolism of carbon and nitrogen, stronger ability of dry matter production and energy accumulation, higher energy operating efficiency, smoother energy flow than those under traditional cultivation mode. So the rice plants under super high-yield cultivation mode had the advantages as follows, early tillering, lower tillering node , shorter productive tiller stage, more productive panicles, heavier 1000-grain weight in the first cropping rice , and sprouting early and quckly, shortening productive axillary buds stage significantly, increasing the number of tiller and productive panicles in ratoon rice. All these had laid the important physiological ecological foundation for achieving high yield in the first cropping rice and its ratooning plants But the N production efficiency of super high-yield cultivation mode was lower than that of traditional cultivation mode.
2.Eco-physiological machinery in terms of effects of different nitrogen application strategies on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency in the first cropping rice and its ratooning plants
To furter understand the effects of different fertilizer application regime on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of ratoon rice, photosynthetic production,dry matter accumulation and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency( NUE )in early rice and its ratooning crop were studied at different nitrogen rates but in the same total nitrogen supply (225.00kg.hm-2 N-fertilizer ) applied in basal dressing, tiller dressing and panicle dressing respectively in the first cropping rice . The result indicated that nitrogen reductase (NR) activity and chlorophyll contents as well as net photosynthetic rate of leaf in the first cropping rice at the middle and late growth stage were significantly improved with properly increasing the proportion of N supplies in the same stage. At the same time, the rate of phloem sap was also enhanced, especially at the booting stage of the first cropping rice. These in turn resulted in improved enzymatic condition for nitric nitrogen to be deoxidized into ammonium one and synthesis of amino-acid, insured the absorption of moisture and nutrient,synthesis of amino-acid and rootstock hormone, and also ensured the nutrition supply from full-tillering stage to ripening stage.Thereby, properly decreasing the proportion of N supplies in the early growth stage and increasing the proportion of N supplies in the middle and late growth stages were favorable to decreasing the ineffective tillers, optimizing the population structure and significantly improving the net assimilation rate (NAR) and crop growth rate (CGR) in the middle and late growth stage of the first crop for ratoon rice.These in turn led to increased net dry matter accumulation and significantly increased spikelet number per m2, spikelet number per panicle and sink sizes. As a result, these factors engendered large sink size and plentiful source and made the yield and NUE(Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency)of the first crop significantly enhanced. But, to the NUE(Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency)and the yield of the ratoon crop, the effect is not significant.
3.Compararive proteomic analysis of effects of different nitrogen application strategies on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency in the first cropping rice and its ratooning plants
The effects of different fertilizer treatments for ratooning bud development on differentially expressed proteins and the corresponding physiological characteristics of rice functional leaves in the late grain filling of early rice were studied by using comparative proteomics combined with bioinformatics and related physiological indicators. The results indicated that the proteins of early rice leaves related to photosynthesis and resistance showed obvious changes after the fertilizer treatment for rationing bud development. Fertilizer treatments for the bud development can not only significantly slow down the decreased amplitude of photosynthesis-related proteins in expression abundance, but also significantly increase the expression abundance of resistance-related protein. These in turn improved the resistance of first cropping rice, and reduced the membrane peroxidation of rice functional leaves, consequently delayed the senescence rate of flag leaf, relatively enhanced the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of rice functional leaf, prolonged the function duration of rice flag leaf, thereby increased the source supply ability , dry matter accumulation, the largest and the averaged grain filling rate of inferior grains in the late filling phase of early rice. As a result, the dry matter accumulation of inferior grains was sigificantly increased at different grain filling phases of early rice, consequently, significantly enhanced the seed-setting rate and yield of early rice.
4.Comparative proteomic analysis of the effect of different fertilizer treatments on sprout and growth of ratooning buds
The effects of different fertilizer treatments for the promotion of ratooning bud development on differentially expressed proteins and the corresponding physiological characteristics of rationing rice were studied by using comparative proteomics combined with bioinformatics and related physiological indicators. The results indicated that the proteins of ratooning buds related to energy metabolism, germination and growth, resistance showed obvious changes after the fertilizer treatment for rationing bud development. Fertilizer treatment for rationing bud development can significantly slow down the decreased amplitude of NDPK proteins in expression abundance, and significantly improve the expression abundance of oxygen-evolving photosystemⅡcomplex protein and cytochrome b6 / F Complex protein. So that ratooning buds mediated by fertilizer treatment had relatively stronger energy synthesis and photolithoautotrophic capabilities, which were favorable to the formation of photosynthetic energy for carbon assimilation and better meet the energy and material needs of ratooning bud growth and differentiation. Fertilizer treatment for rationing bud development can also relatively reduced the expression abundance of actin-depolymerizing factor protein, abscisic acid-inducible protein and germin-like protein in the early germination and growth of ratooning buds, and relatively increased the expression abundance of translationally-controlled tumor protein homolog protein and germin-like protein in the late germination and growth of ratooning buds, which inhibited the cell wall formation and reinforcement in the early sprout and growth of ratooning buds, improved the actin content of ratooning buds and promoted cell division and elongation of ratooning buds. In addition,Fertilizer treatment for bud development can still improve the expression abundance of resistance-related protein, which enhanced the ability to resist external biotic and abiotic stress and the adaptability to adverse environment. Therefore, compared with non-fertilizer treatment for rationing bud development, the percentage of alive bud and the length of ratooning buds in fertilizer treatment for the promotion of bud development were significantly higher from the 2nd bud accounted from the top to the 5th bud from the top. As a result, fertilizer treatment for the promotion of bud development significantly improved effective panicle, seed setting rate and grain yield of rationing rice, aiming to get high yielding and large increment in rationing rice production.
1、不同栽培模式早稻-再生稻高产形成的生理生态特性
通过对超高产栽培模式和常规栽培模式秧苗、头季、再生季稻株生理生态特性的研究,结果表明:与常规栽培模式相比,超高产栽培模式的旱育秧苗具有矮壮、抗逆、吸收和同化力强四大优势,形成的带蘖壮秧有利于早稻的早播抗寒抗旱抗衰老和秧苗移栽后的返青发根;移栽后,在整个早稻-再生稻生育期内超高产栽培模式稻株的细胞膜过氧化程度低,抗逆性强,生育后期叶片不早衰,碳、氮代谢和物能转化与运转旺盛,具有更强的干物质、能量积累能力和更高的能量运转效率,群体能流更顺畅,保持着明显的生理生化优势,从而其头季稻株表现出分蘖早、分蘖节位低、有效分蘖期短、有效穗多、穗粒重的特性,再生季腋芽表现出萌发早、萌发快、前期萌发量大、茎蘖数高峰出现早、有效腋芽萌发期短、腋芽起始数量高、总茎蘖数和有效穗多的特性,为超高产栽培模式最终实现头季和再生季高产奠定了重要的生理生态基础;但超高产栽培模式头季、再生季稻株的N素生产效率较低。
2、头季不同氮肥运筹对早稻-再生稻产量和氮素利用率影响的生理生态机制
在头季施氮总量固定(225.00 kg·hm-2)的基础上,通过分析超高产栽培模式下头季基蘖肥与穗肥不同配比对再生稻光合生产、干物质积累运转及氮素利用率的影响,结果表明:适当减少再生稻头季基蘖肥施N比例,增加穗肥施N比例,显著提高了再生稻头季生长中、后期的叶片硝酸还原酶活性、叶绿素含量、净光合速率,也提高了能反映根系综合机能的伤流量,特别是在再生稻头季孕穗期,这为硝态N还原为铵态N,进一步合成为氨基酸提供了酶促条件,并确保了水分、养分的吸收和氨基酸及根源激素的合成,保证了分蘖盛期～孕穗期和头季穗发育期间的营养供应,减少了头季无效分蘖,优化了群体结构,提高了头季中、后期的净同化率和群体生长率,从而提高了头季中、后期的干物质积累,显著增加了每m2颖花数、每穗粒数及库容量,加上显著增加的库藏物质生产量,从而穗大粒多,提高了氮肥利用率,为高产、增产、高效生产奠定了基础,但对再生季产量和氮肥利用率的影响不显著。
3、不同促芽肥水平对头季稻强弱势粒灌浆影响的比较蛋白组学分析
采用比较蛋白质组学的方法和技术,并结合生物信息学技术及相关生理指标,研究不同促芽肥水平影响头季稻强弱势粒灌浆后期叶片蛋白质组差异表达的特性及相应的生理特性,结果表明,头季稻功能叶片中与光合作用和抗性抗衰老相关的蛋白在再生季施用促芽肥后发生了显著的变化,施用促芽肥能明显减缓头季稻后期剑叶中与光合作用相关蛋白的下调幅度,且能在施肥后不同时期明显提高头季稻后期剑叶中与抗性相关蛋白的表达量,从而提高了头季灌浆后期稻株的抗逆性,降低了功能叶片细胞膜的过氧化程度,延缓了灌浆后期剑叶的衰老速率,相对提高了头季稻灌浆后期水稻叶片的叶绿素含量和光合速率,延长了头季稻剑叶的功能期,增加了头季稻灌浆后期的源供应能力和干物质积累,提高了头季稻灌浆后期弱势粒的最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率,从而提高了头季稻弱势粒的灌浆强度,增加了弱势粒不同灌浆时期籽粒粒重的积累,从而显著提高了头季稻的结实率和产量。
4、不同促芽肥水平调控再生芽萌发生长的比较蛋白组学研究
采用比较蛋白质组学的方法和技术,并结合生物信息学技术及相关生理指标,研究不同促芽肥水平影响再生芽蛋白质组差异表达的特性及相应的生理特性,结果表明,再生芽中与能量代谢相关蛋白、生长相关蛋白和抗性相关蛋白在再生季施用促芽肥后不同时期及不同促芽肥处理不同时期发生了显著的变化,施用促芽肥能有效的降低再生芽中能量代谢相关蛋白核苷二磷酸激酶蛋白表达量的下调幅度,提高光系统Ⅱ放氧复合体和细胞色素b6/f复合体蛋白表达量上调幅度,从而使再生芽具有相对较强的能量合成能力和较强光合自养能力,更有利形成大量的光合能量用于碳同化,更好的满足再生芽分化生长对能量和物质的需求;还能相对降低再生芽中生长相关蛋白肌动蛋白解聚因子、脱落酸诱导蛋白和再生芽分化生长前期类萌发素蛋白的表达量,相对提高翻译控制肿瘤蛋白、再生芽萌发生长后期类萌发素蛋白的表达量,从而抑制了再生芽分化生长前期细胞壁的形成和加固,提高了再生芽内肌动蛋白含量,促进了再生芽分化过程的细胞分裂和伸长;此外,施用促芽肥还能提高再生芽中抗性相关蛋白的表达量,增强再生芽抵御外界生物和非生物胁迫的能力,提高对各种不良环境的适应性,因而其倒二茎至倒五茎各节位再生芽的活芽率和芽长显著高于未施用促芽肥的处理,从而显著提高了再生季的单位面积有效穗数、结实率和产量,实现了再生季的高产增产。
Ratooning rice is the reharvested crop from the first cropping plants, which is generated from sprouted dormancy buds and grows to produce effective panicles at rice stake after the first crop was harvested with the aid of a certain cultivation management. Because it has the advantages of short growth period, high output, saving labour and cost, the technology has become an important part of light and simplified farming system in rice planting region of Southern China. In recent years, the area of ratooning rice has been expanded and the yields of rationing rice have been improved year after year. So it is playing an increasingly important role in protecting our country food security. However, the production levels of ratooning rice in different regions are in great disparity. Even though under the condition without differences in light and temperature distribution in the same area, the large difference in the production levels can be observed . All these show that ratooning rice yields are closely related to cultivation technique system. Therefore, further to clarify the mechanisms of high and stable yield formation and its regulation has became an urgent problem for the development and promotion of ratooning rice. In this study, eco-physiological characteristics of high yield formation under different cultivation modes and different nitrogen application strategies for the first cropping rice and its nitrogen utilization efficiency were investigated. Accordingly, comparative proteomics and bioinformatics were applied to study the molecular physiological mechanisms of ratooning bud sprout and its growth at different levels of fertilizer applciation for ratooning bud development and grain filling of the first cropping rice at different levels of fertilizer application for rationing bud development, aiming at further understanding the effect of different cultivation and regulation technology on the graing yield of ratoon rice. The main results were summarized as follows:
1. Eco-physiological characteristics of high yielding formation of early rice and its ratooning crop under different cultivation modes
The result showed that compared with traditional cultivation mode, the dry-raising seedlings of super high-yielding cultivation patterns were more healthy and dwarf, higher resisttant ablity, greater absorptive and assimilative capacity. The strong tillering seedlings were helpful to improve the ablity resistant to cold stress and senescence in favor of early sowing, turning green and root germination earlier after transplanted. During the entire period of early rice and its ratooning crop growth, the rice crop under super high-yield cultivation mode possessed the obvious physiological biochemistry superiority, exhibiting its lower cell membrane peroxidation, stronger resistance to any stresses, longer duration of leaf function, more active metabolism of carbon and nitrogen, stronger ability of dry matter production and energy accumulation, higher energy operating efficiency, smoother energy flow than those under traditional cultivation mode. So the rice plants under super high-yield cultivation mode had the advantages as follows, early tillering, lower tillering node , shorter productive tiller stage, more productive panicles, heavier 1000-grain weight in the first cropping rice , and sprouting early and quckly, shortening productive axillary buds stage significantly, increasing the number of tiller and productive panicles in ratoon rice. All these had laid the important physiological ecological foundation for achieving high yield in the first cropping rice and its ratooning plants But the N production efficiency of super high-yield cultivation mode was lower than that of traditional cultivation mode.
2.Eco-physiological machinery in terms of effects of different nitrogen application strategies on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency in the first cropping rice and its ratooning plants
To furter understand the effects of different fertilizer application regime on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of ratoon rice, photosynthetic production,dry matter accumulation and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency( NUE )in early rice and its ratooning crop were studied at different nitrogen rates but in the same total nitrogen supply (225.00kg.hm-2 N-fertilizer ) applied in basal dressing, tiller dressing and panicle dressing respectively in the first cropping rice . The result indicated that nitrogen reductase (NR) activity and chlorophyll contents as well as net photosynthetic rate of leaf in the first cropping rice at the middle and late growth stage were significantly improved with properly increasing the proportion of N supplies in the same stage. At the same time, the rate of phloem sap was also enhanced, especially at the booting stage of the first cropping rice. These in turn resulted in improved enzymatic condition for nitric nitrogen to be deoxidized into ammonium one and synthesis of amino-acid, insured the absorption of moisture and nutrient,synthesis of amino-acid and rootstock hormone, and also ensured the nutrition supply from full-tillering stage to ripening stage.Thereby, properly decreasing the proportion of N supplies in the early growth stage and increasing the proportion of N supplies in the middle and late growth stages were favorable to decreasing the ineffective tillers, optimizing the population structure and significantly improving the net assimilation rate (NAR) and crop growth rate (CGR) in the middle and late growth stage of the first crop for ratoon rice.These in turn led to increased net dry matter accumulation and significantly increased spikelet number per m2, spikelet number per panicle and sink sizes. As a result, these factors engendered large sink size and plentiful source and made the yield and NUE(Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency)of the first crop significantly enhanced. But, to the NUE(Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency)and the yield of the ratoon crop, the effect is not significant.
3.Compararive proteomic analysis of effects of different nitrogen application strategies on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency in the first cropping rice and its ratooning plants
The effects of different fertilizer treatments for ratooning bud development on differentially expressed proteins and the corresponding physiological characteristics of rice functional leaves in the late grain filling of early rice were studied by using comparative proteomics combined with bioinformatics and related physiological indicators. The results indicated that the proteins of early rice leaves related to photosynthesis and resistance showed obvious changes after the fertilizer treatment for rationing bud development. Fertilizer treatments for the bud development can not only significantly slow down the decreased amplitude of photosynthesis-related proteins in expression abundance, but also significantly increase the expression abundance of resistance-related protein. These in turn improved the resistance of first cropping rice, and reduced the membrane peroxidation of rice functional leaves, consequently delayed the senescence rate of flag leaf, relatively enhanced the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of rice functional leaf, prolonged the function duration of rice flag leaf, thereby increased the source supply ability , dry matter accumulation, the largest and the averaged grain filling rate of inferior grains in the late filling phase of early rice. As a result, the dry matter accumulation of inferior grains was sigificantly increased at different grain filling phases of early rice, consequently, significantly enhanced the seed-setting rate and yield of early rice.
4.Comparative proteomic analysis of the effect of different fertilizer treatments on sprout and growth of ratooning buds
The effects of different fertilizer treatments for the promotion of ratooning bud development on differentially expressed proteins and the corresponding physiological characteristics of rationing rice were studied by using comparative proteomics combined with bioinformatics and related physiological indicators. The results indicated that the proteins of ratooning buds related to energy metabolism, germination and growth, resistance showed obvious changes after the fertilizer treatment for rationing bud development. Fertilizer treatment for rationing bud development can significantly slow down the decreased amplitude of NDPK proteins in expression abundance, and significantly improve the expression abundance of oxygen-evolving photosystemⅡcomplex protein and cytochrome b6 / F Complex protein. So that ratooning buds mediated by fertilizer treatment had relatively stronger energy synthesis and photolithoautotrophic capabilities, which were favorable to the formation of photosynthetic energy for carbon assimilation and better meet the energy and material needs of ratooning bud growth and differentiation. Fertilizer treatment for rationing bud development can also relatively reduced the expression abundance of actin-depolymerizing factor protein, abscisic acid-inducible protein and germin-like protein in the early germination and growth of ratooning buds, and relatively increased the expression abundance of translationally-controlled tumor protein homolog protein and germin-like protein in the late germination and growth of ratooning buds, which inhibited the cell wall formation and reinforcement in the early sprout and growth of ratooning buds, improved the actin content of ratooning buds and promoted cell division and elongation of ratooning buds. In addition,Fertilizer treatment for bud development can still improve the expression abundance of resistance-related protein, which enhanced the ability to resist external biotic and abiotic stress and the adaptability to adverse environment. Therefore, compared with non-fertilizer treatment for rationing bud development, the percentage of alive bud and the length of ratooning buds in fertilizer treatment for the promotion of bud development were significantly higher from the 2nd bud accounted from the top to the 5th bud from the top. As a result, fertilizer treatment for the promotion of bud development significantly improved effective panicle, seed setting rate and grain yield of rationing rice, aiming to get high yielding and large increment in rationing rice production.
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