基准转换与城市平面控制网若干问题研究
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摘要
目前,坐标系的建立和应用过程中主要出现两方面的问题:首先是地心坐标系已成为目前的发展趋势,而我国的国家坐标系都是参心坐标系。在不同坐标基准间的进行转换时,必须考虑转换参数和椭球参数对高斯平面坐标的影响。其次,我国城市测量规范规定,城市坐标系应满足投影变形不大于2.5cm/km。随着我国城市规模在不断扩大,城市控制网带宽逐渐不足。如何使控制网既满足投影变形和带宽的要求,又兼顾以往的测绘成果,是一个非常棘手的问题。
本文主要研究内容如下:
(1)通过对两种不同基准间转换的莫洛金斯基模型和WGS-84坐标系和1954北京坐标系两种坐标系下的实例数据分析,研究了转换参数中平移参数、尺度参数和旋转参数变化时平面坐标变化计算的函数模型。通过分析得出以下结论:平移参数对坐标转换的影响较显著:当平移参数变化100m时,对控制点的平面坐标y的影响比x的影响大;y坐标的变化随经度和纬度的增大均增大。尺度参数和旋转参数影响较小,在WGS-84坐标系和1954北京坐标系间转换时,由于转换参数差别较大,故尺度参数影响也较大。
对于椭球参数,通过分析推导,得出如下结论:椭球长半径变化与平面坐标x、y的变化存在正比关系;椭球参数中扁率的变化也与平面坐标x、y的变化存在正比关系。长半径变化100m时对平面坐标的影响比扁率变化0.5ppm时的影响要显著得多。长半径和扁率二者同时变化时的影响比单独变化时的影响之和还要显著。
(2)城市控制网带宽不足的相关方案、数据处理和实现方法:
为了解决控制网带宽不足的问题,本文提出了五种方案:1、由高斯投影变为通用横轴墨卡托投影;2、由高斯投影变为双标准经线投影;3、改变中央子午线,采用高斯投影;4、改变中央子午线,采用非标准的横轴墨卡托投影;5、改变中央子午线,采用双标准经线投影。通过实例分析计算,可得出以下结论:方案1、2的优点是实现简单,缺点是新旧城区控制点坐标变化较大;方案3仍有部分边缘地区投影变形超限。方案4、5的原城区坐标变形很小。综合以上可知:方案4和方案5是切实可行的解决方案。其中,方案5为最佳的解决方案。由于我国处于中纬度地区,这一方案对我国城市是一个较可行的解决方案。
本文对以上诸方面作了初步的研究,希望能对实际应用和进一步研究提供一定的实际经验和理论依据。
At present, there are two issues in coordinate's establishment and application: first of all, geocentric coordinate system has become the current trend of development, and all of our national coordinate systems are Reference Centric Coordinate System. Reference Centric Coordinate System will be long-term coexist with Geocentric coordinate system. And then, the Datum Transformation are necessary. In order to resolve this problem, we must consider two Datums' transformation elements and ellipsoid elements.
Secondly, in China's urban measurement standards, the choice of cities coordinate system should meet the projection and deformation length of less than 2.5 cm / km. As Chinese cities ' constantly expanding in size , there has a control network bandwidth shortage problem. And the coordinate system should maintain a certain continuity and stability. Therefore, how to meet the demand of projection deformation will be a very difficult issue while takeing into account the previous surveying results.
This study follows:
(1)By analysising the transformation between two different datums of molodensky model, we study the transformation parameters such as translation parameters,scale parameters or rotation parameters impact on the Gaussian plane coordinates; the ellipsoid parameters such as long radius and flattening impact on the Gaussian plane coordinate. Through above analysis we conclude : translation parameters have more notable effects; When the translation parameters changing 100m, the control points'y coordinates changes larger than x coordinates changes, y coordinates changes are increasing with the increase of latitude and longitude. Parameters of scale or rotation have less effect than the translation parameters, sometimes they can be neglected. Between the WGS-84 coordinates and the 1954 Beijing coordinates' transformation, the ellipsoid parameters have greatly influence.
About the ellipsoid parameters, this paper has a conclusion that long radius and flattening's change existes proportional relationship with change of plane coordinates x, y. One hundred meters' change of long radius have more significant impact on plane coordinates than 0.5ppm's change on flattening. The two aspects'changing at the same time have also more significant impact than separate aspect changing.
(2)relevant programmes of city control network bandwidth shortage problem, data processing and implementation:
In order to solve city control network bandwidth shortage problems, this paper has five programmes :
1, to alter the projection method from Gauss projection to Mecator projection
2, to alter the projection method from Gauss projection to a dual-standard longitude projection
3, to alter the central meridian, using Gaussian projection
4, to alter centric longitude, using non-standard horizontal axis Mecator projection
5, to alter the central meridian, using dual-standard longitude projection From the five programmes, we can see that the advantages of the programme 1,2 are to easily achieve. Their disadvantages are what the original urban control points have large change. Programme 3 still have a large distortion at the edge part of urban. Programme 4,5 have a small deformation in the original urban coordinates. So, we can draw a conclusion that programme 4 and programme 5 are practical solutions. Programme 5 is the best solution because of its maintaining conformal projection, meeting projection distortion's requirements and enabling the old and new urban control point coordinates the smallest change.
This paper has a preliminary study on all of above questions.It is my faithly wish that this paper can provide a few of practical experiences or theoretical bases on practical applications and further studies.
本文主要研究内容如下:
(1)通过对两种不同基准间转换的莫洛金斯基模型和WGS-84坐标系和1954北京坐标系两种坐标系下的实例数据分析,研究了转换参数中平移参数、尺度参数和旋转参数变化时平面坐标变化计算的函数模型。通过分析得出以下结论:平移参数对坐标转换的影响较显著:当平移参数变化100m时,对控制点的平面坐标y的影响比x的影响大;y坐标的变化随经度和纬度的增大均增大。尺度参数和旋转参数影响较小,在WGS-84坐标系和1954北京坐标系间转换时,由于转换参数差别较大,故尺度参数影响也较大。
对于椭球参数,通过分析推导,得出如下结论:椭球长半径变化与平面坐标x、y的变化存在正比关系;椭球参数中扁率的变化也与平面坐标x、y的变化存在正比关系。长半径变化100m时对平面坐标的影响比扁率变化0.5ppm时的影响要显著得多。长半径和扁率二者同时变化时的影响比单独变化时的影响之和还要显著。
(2)城市控制网带宽不足的相关方案、数据处理和实现方法:
为了解决控制网带宽不足的问题,本文提出了五种方案:1、由高斯投影变为通用横轴墨卡托投影;2、由高斯投影变为双标准经线投影;3、改变中央子午线,采用高斯投影;4、改变中央子午线,采用非标准的横轴墨卡托投影;5、改变中央子午线,采用双标准经线投影。通过实例分析计算,可得出以下结论:方案1、2的优点是实现简单,缺点是新旧城区控制点坐标变化较大;方案3仍有部分边缘地区投影变形超限。方案4、5的原城区坐标变形很小。综合以上可知:方案4和方案5是切实可行的解决方案。其中,方案5为最佳的解决方案。由于我国处于中纬度地区,这一方案对我国城市是一个较可行的解决方案。
本文对以上诸方面作了初步的研究,希望能对实际应用和进一步研究提供一定的实际经验和理论依据。
At present, there are two issues in coordinate's establishment and application: first of all, geocentric coordinate system has become the current trend of development, and all of our national coordinate systems are Reference Centric Coordinate System. Reference Centric Coordinate System will be long-term coexist with Geocentric coordinate system. And then, the Datum Transformation are necessary. In order to resolve this problem, we must consider two Datums' transformation elements and ellipsoid elements.
Secondly, in China's urban measurement standards, the choice of cities coordinate system should meet the projection and deformation length of less than 2.5 cm / km. As Chinese cities ' constantly expanding in size , there has a control network bandwidth shortage problem. And the coordinate system should maintain a certain continuity and stability. Therefore, how to meet the demand of projection deformation will be a very difficult issue while takeing into account the previous surveying results.
This study follows:
(1)By analysising the transformation between two different datums of molodensky model, we study the transformation parameters such as translation parameters,scale parameters or rotation parameters impact on the Gaussian plane coordinates; the ellipsoid parameters such as long radius and flattening impact on the Gaussian plane coordinate. Through above analysis we conclude : translation parameters have more notable effects; When the translation parameters changing 100m, the control points'y coordinates changes larger than x coordinates changes, y coordinates changes are increasing with the increase of latitude and longitude. Parameters of scale or rotation have less effect than the translation parameters, sometimes they can be neglected. Between the WGS-84 coordinates and the 1954 Beijing coordinates' transformation, the ellipsoid parameters have greatly influence.
About the ellipsoid parameters, this paper has a conclusion that long radius and flattening's change existes proportional relationship with change of plane coordinates x, y. One hundred meters' change of long radius have more significant impact on plane coordinates than 0.5ppm's change on flattening. The two aspects'changing at the same time have also more significant impact than separate aspect changing.
(2)relevant programmes of city control network bandwidth shortage problem, data processing and implementation:
In order to solve city control network bandwidth shortage problems, this paper has five programmes :
1, to alter the projection method from Gauss projection to Mecator projection
2, to alter the projection method from Gauss projection to a dual-standard longitude projection
3, to alter the central meridian, using Gaussian projection
4, to alter centric longitude, using non-standard horizontal axis Mecator projection
5, to alter the central meridian, using dual-standard longitude projection From the five programmes, we can see that the advantages of the programme 1,2 are to easily achieve. Their disadvantages are what the original urban control points have large change. Programme 3 still have a large distortion at the edge part of urban. Programme 4,5 have a small deformation in the original urban coordinates. So, we can draw a conclusion that programme 4 and programme 5 are practical solutions. Programme 5 is the best solution because of its maintaining conformal projection, meeting projection distortion's requirements and enabling the old and new urban control point coordinates the smallest change.
This paper has a preliminary study on all of above questions.It is my faithly wish that this paper can provide a few of practical experiences or theoretical bases on practical applications and further studies.
引文
[1]李征航,黄劲松.GPS测量与数据处理[M]武汉 武汉大学出版社,2005
[2]孔祥元,郭际明,刘宗泉.大地测量学基础[M]武汉 武汉大学出版社,2005
[3]朱华统.大地坐标系的建立[M]北京 测绘出版社:1986
[4]边少锋,柴洪洲,金际航.大地坐标系与大地基准[M]北京 国防工业出版社 2005
[5]孙祥元,梅是义.控制测量学.[M]武汉 武汉大学出版社 2005
[6]张后苏等.误差理论与测量平差基础[M]长沙 中南工业大学出版社
[7]朱建军,贺跃光,曾卓乔.变形测量的理论与方法[M]长沙 中南大学出版社 2004
[8]陈健,晁定波.椭球大地测量学[M]北京 测绘出版社:1989
[9]黄维彬.近代平差理论及其应用[M]北京 解放军出版社:1992
[10]朱华统.GPS坐标系统变换[M]北京 测绘出版社:1994
[11]徐天河.VLBI.SLR,GPS综合数据处理[硕士学位论文]解放军信息工程大学,2001
[12]朱华统.常用大地坐标系及其变换[M]北京 解放军出版社,1994
[13]刘经南.坐标系统的建立和变换[M]武汉 武汉测绘科技大学出版社,1995
[14]方开泰.实用回归分析[M]北京 科学出版社,1987
[15]王松桂.线性模型的理论及其应用[M]合肥 安徽教育出版社,1987
[16]魏子卿.我国大地坐标系的换代问题[J]武汉大学学报 信息科学版,2003,28(4):138-148
[17]吕志平,朱华统.坐标转换模型的检验及统一表示[J]测绘学报 1993,22(3):161-168
[18]陈俊勇.我国大地测量学的进展和展望[J]测绘科学,2000,25(2):1-4
[19]陈俊勇.我国建立现代大地基准的思考[J]武汉大学学报 信息科学版,2002,27(5):441-444
[20]魏子卿.关于2000中国大地坐标系的建议[J]大地测量与地球动力学,2006,(5)
[21]Yang Yuanxi.Robustifyingcollocation.[J]Manuscripta Geodeatica,1992.17(2):21-28
[22]Merrigan M J,Swift E R,Wong R F,et al.A Refinement to the World Geodetic System 1984 Reference Frame[J]ION GPS-2002,Portland,Oregen,USA,2002.
[23]Appelbaum LT.Geodetic Datum Transformation by Multiple Regression Equations[J]Proceedings of the Third International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Doppler Positioning.Las Cruces,New Mexico,1982
[24]Caspary WF.Concepts of network and deformation analysis[J]School of Syrveying,The University of New South Wales Kensington 97-111,1987
[25]Dong D,Herring T,King R.Estimating Regional Deformation form a Combination of Space and Terrestrial geodetic data[J]Journal of Geodesy,72:200-214,1998
[26]P.N.Misra and R.I.Abbot.SGS85-WGS84 transformation[J]Manuscripta Geodaetica,19:300-308,1994
[27]MORITZ Helmut.Geodetic Reference System[J]Bull.Geoid.,54:394-405,1980
[28]PH.Andersen.Multi-level arc combination with stochastic Parameters[J]Journal of Geodesy,74:531-551,2000
[29]Vermeer M.The precision of geodetic GPS and one way of improving it[J]Journal of Geodesy,71:240-245,1997
[30]Wang J,Stewart M,Tsakid M.Stochastic modeling for static GPSbaseline data processing[J]Journal of Surveying Engineering,124(4):171-182,1998
[31]X Hu,X Liao,C.Huang.Data Weighting and Solution Assessment in Combination[J]Journal of Geodesy,73:391-397,1999
[32]Xiaoli Ding,Michael Stewart,Jason Chao.Determination of stochasticmodels of GPS baselines in GPS network adjustment.Advances in posit ioning and reference frames[J]IAG Scientific Assembly Rio de Janeiro.September 3-9,1997
[33]Yu Zongchou.A universal formula of maximum likelihood estimation of variance-covariance components[J]Journal of Geodesy,70:233-240,1996
[34]施一民.区域椭球元素的最佳确定[J]测绘工程,2000,9(3):27-29
[35]覃辉.某城市独立坐标系与1954北京坐标系转换方案[J]郑州 测绘学院学报,2002,(4):247-250
[36]陈俊勇.关于我国采用三维地心坐标系统和潮汐改正的讨论[J]武汉武汉大学学报 信息科学版,2004,29(11):941-944
[37]杨元喜.中国大地坐标系建设主要进展[J]北京 测绘通报,2005,20(7):6-9
[38]陈俊勇.采用地心三维坐标系统对中国地图的影响[J]北京 测绘通报,2004,20(4):1-5
[39]丁仁军.GPS网与地面网坐标转换参数的可靠性检验[硕士学位论文]昆明理工大学,2004
[40]中华人民共和国建设部 CJ8-99 《城市测量规范》 1999年
[41]胡明城,鲁福.现代大地测量学(下册)[M]北京:测绘出版社,1994
[42]孙达,蒲英霞.地图投影[M]南京 南京大学出版社,2005
[43]吴忠性,胡毓钜.地图投影论文集[M]北京 测绘出版社,1983
[44]胡学联.True BASIC程序设计及应用[M]北京 人民邮电出版社,1996
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[46]田文青.地图制图学概论[M]武汉 中国地质大学出版社,1995
[47]于小平等.现代大地测量参考系统的进展[J]长春 吉林大学学报 地球科学版 2005,35(7):19-22
[48]陈俊勇.永久性潮汐和大地测量基本常数[J]北京 测绘学报,2000,29(3):280-28
[49]胡明城.大地测量有关国际组织和科学规划的最新动态[J]北京 测绘科学,2000,25(2):5-9
[50]顾旦生等.我国大地坐标系发展目标[J]北京 测绘通报,2003(3):1-4
[51]施一民,冯琰.地球椭球面上另一种形式的测地坐标系的建立[J]上海 同济大学学报,2001,29(11):282-285
[52]李朝奎.参心大地坐标系中的几何量算问题[J]武汉 武汉大学学报信息科学版,2003,28(2):149-152
[2]孔祥元,郭际明,刘宗泉.大地测量学基础[M]武汉 武汉大学出版社,2005
[3]朱华统.大地坐标系的建立[M]北京 测绘出版社:1986
[4]边少锋,柴洪洲,金际航.大地坐标系与大地基准[M]北京 国防工业出版社 2005
[5]孙祥元,梅是义.控制测量学.[M]武汉 武汉大学出版社 2005
[6]张后苏等.误差理论与测量平差基础[M]长沙 中南工业大学出版社
[7]朱建军,贺跃光,曾卓乔.变形测量的理论与方法[M]长沙 中南大学出版社 2004
[8]陈健,晁定波.椭球大地测量学[M]北京 测绘出版社:1989
[9]黄维彬.近代平差理论及其应用[M]北京 解放军出版社:1992
[10]朱华统.GPS坐标系统变换[M]北京 测绘出版社:1994
[11]徐天河.VLBI.SLR,GPS综合数据处理[硕士学位论文]解放军信息工程大学,2001
[12]朱华统.常用大地坐标系及其变换[M]北京 解放军出版社,1994
[13]刘经南.坐标系统的建立和变换[M]武汉 武汉测绘科技大学出版社,1995
[14]方开泰.实用回归分析[M]北京 科学出版社,1987
[15]王松桂.线性模型的理论及其应用[M]合肥 安徽教育出版社,1987
[16]魏子卿.我国大地坐标系的换代问题[J]武汉大学学报 信息科学版,2003,28(4):138-148
[17]吕志平,朱华统.坐标转换模型的检验及统一表示[J]测绘学报 1993,22(3):161-168
[18]陈俊勇.我国大地测量学的进展和展望[J]测绘科学,2000,25(2):1-4
[19]陈俊勇.我国建立现代大地基准的思考[J]武汉大学学报 信息科学版,2002,27(5):441-444
[20]魏子卿.关于2000中国大地坐标系的建议[J]大地测量与地球动力学,2006,(5)
[21]Yang Yuanxi.Robustifyingcollocation.[J]Manuscripta Geodeatica,1992.17(2):21-28
[22]Merrigan M J,Swift E R,Wong R F,et al.A Refinement to the World Geodetic System 1984 Reference Frame[J]ION GPS-2002,Portland,Oregen,USA,2002.
[23]Appelbaum LT.Geodetic Datum Transformation by Multiple Regression Equations[J]Proceedings of the Third International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Doppler Positioning.Las Cruces,New Mexico,1982
[24]Caspary WF.Concepts of network and deformation analysis[J]School of Syrveying,The University of New South Wales Kensington 97-111,1987
[25]Dong D,Herring T,King R.Estimating Regional Deformation form a Combination of Space and Terrestrial geodetic data[J]Journal of Geodesy,72:200-214,1998
[26]P.N.Misra and R.I.Abbot.SGS85-WGS84 transformation[J]Manuscripta Geodaetica,19:300-308,1994
[27]MORITZ Helmut.Geodetic Reference System[J]Bull.Geoid.,54:394-405,1980
[28]PH.Andersen.Multi-level arc combination with stochastic Parameters[J]Journal of Geodesy,74:531-551,2000
[29]Vermeer M.The precision of geodetic GPS and one way of improving it[J]Journal of Geodesy,71:240-245,1997
[30]Wang J,Stewart M,Tsakid M.Stochastic modeling for static GPSbaseline data processing[J]Journal of Surveying Engineering,124(4):171-182,1998
[31]X Hu,X Liao,C.Huang.Data Weighting and Solution Assessment in Combination[J]Journal of Geodesy,73:391-397,1999
[32]Xiaoli Ding,Michael Stewart,Jason Chao.Determination of stochasticmodels of GPS baselines in GPS network adjustment.Advances in posit ioning and reference frames[J]IAG Scientific Assembly Rio de Janeiro.September 3-9,1997
[33]Yu Zongchou.A universal formula of maximum likelihood estimation of variance-covariance components[J]Journal of Geodesy,70:233-240,1996
[34]施一民.区域椭球元素的最佳确定[J]测绘工程,2000,9(3):27-29
[35]覃辉.某城市独立坐标系与1954北京坐标系转换方案[J]郑州 测绘学院学报,2002,(4):247-250
[36]陈俊勇.关于我国采用三维地心坐标系统和潮汐改正的讨论[J]武汉武汉大学学报 信息科学版,2004,29(11):941-944
[37]杨元喜.中国大地坐标系建设主要进展[J]北京 测绘通报,2005,20(7):6-9
[38]陈俊勇.采用地心三维坐标系统对中国地图的影响[J]北京 测绘通报,2004,20(4):1-5
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