大学生就业能力及其开发路径研究
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摘要
随着我国的高等教育进入大众化阶段,如何提升人才培养质量成为现阶段我国高等学校值得关注的理论和现实问题之一。高校进行大学生就业能力开发是提升人才培养质量的重要途径之一,但自高校扩招来,大学毕业生就业能力不足问题日益突出。基于此背景,本文将大学生就业能力及其开发作为本文的研究主题。
本文通过对就业能力研究文献的回溯,借助于能力结构理论、胜任力理论,较清晰地界定了大学生就业能力的内涵和就业能力结构。在此基础上,依据能力开发相关理论,构建了大学生就业能力影响因素模型,并使用访谈法、德尔菲法、问卷调查法等方法收集数据,运用隶属度分析、效度和信度分析、因子分析、回归分析等方法对数据进行了定量分析,验证了大学生就业能力影响因素模型,得出了基于高校视角对大学生就业能力的关键影响因素,最后本文提出了高校大学生就业能力的开发路径及其实施措施。
本文主要解答了三个问题,即大学生就业能力结构、大学生就业能力的影响因素、高校大学生就业能力开发路径,得出了具有一定新意的结论：
首先,得出了大学生就业能力内涵及能力结构和就业能力的影响因素。大学生就业能力是大学生个人与其毕业后的职业选择、保持职业和促进职业发展相关的知识、技能和态度的整合。大学生就业能力结构由以下四个要素构成：专业能力、通用技能、个人品质、职业规划能力。基于对就业能力研究文献述评和能力开发理论,通过专家访谈,美国、英国和日本三个国家高校大学生就业能力开发实践的案例分析,本文得出高校大学生就业能力的影响要素包括：大学生就业能力开发的目标与战略、专业设置、课程体系、培养途径、师资水平、职业选择与发展规划指导机制、与雇主的互动机制、培养评价机制等。
其次,本文在理论演绎的基础上,运用德尔菲法,设计了调查问卷,通过对581份问卷的分析,发现：培养途径和与雇主的互动机制对就业能力结构的四个要素都产生极其显著的正向影响。师资水平对专业能力、通用技能和个人品质产生极其显著的正向影响。职业指导对通用技能、个人品质和职业规划能力有显著的正向影响。专业设置机制对个人品质和专业能力产生显著正向影响。课程体系对专业能力产生显著正向影响。学校制定明确的大学生就业能力开发的目标与战略,培养评价机制对就业能力没有显著的正向影响,究其原因是目标与战略、培养评价两个因子对就业能力的影响是间接的。在上述分析的基础上,构建和修正了大学生就业能力影响因素模型。
最后,依据就业能力影响因素模型,提出了高校应该实施一条动态的就业能力开发路径,动态的开发路径包括三个阶段,即设定大学生就业能力开发目标之阶段、实施就业能力开发之阶段和就业能力开发结果评估阶段。这一动态路径的实施需要高校通过目标创新、管理创新、人员创新和制度创新等来实现。在上述分析基础上,进一步深入探析了高校如何进行目标创新、如何进行管理创新、如何进行人员创新、如何进行制度创新的具体措施来进行大学生就业能力开发。
本文的主要贡献在于构建了大学生就业能力影响因素模型,包括确定了大学生就业能力结构,影响大学生就业能力结构的关键因素识别,以及关键因素与能力结构的影响关系；并提出了高校大学生就业能力开发路径与实施措施。这些结论丰富了大学生就业能力的理论研究,也对高校内部组织变革有一定的指导作用。
As Chinese high educaiton entered the stage of popularization, how to improve the quality of talents training in colleges and universities become worthy of attention at present. To develop undergraduates employability is an important way of improving the quality of talents training. Since the expansion of high educaiton, the lack of employability had become increasingly prominent. Based on this background, the paper would focus on what employability and its development approach.
Through backtracking research papers related to employability, on the basis of ability and competence theory, the paper defined the undergraduates employability and analysis its structure. According to theory of capacity development,the paper construct the undergraduates employability development factor model. And using the interview, Delphi method, questionnaire survey method and other methods to collect data, the paper utilize the quantitative analysis, such as the membership analysis, validity and reliability analysis, factor analysis, regression analysis, to verify the factor model. Finally, the paper build up the undergraduates employability development appoach and measures.
This paper had mainly explained three questions, namely the employability structure, the key influence factor about employability promotion, how the university development undergraduates employability.
Based on the research, the following innovative conclusions have been produced in the paper:
First of all, employability is not a simple capacity which just to match the need of employer, but should also be a proactive capacity, including the capacity of personal career choices and maintaining the development of career. The structure of udergraduate employability consists of the following four elements:subjects capacity, generic skills, personal qualities, career planning capacity. Based on literature review on employability promotion and capacity development theory, through expert interview, combined with case analysis about the employability development practice in United States, United Kingdom and Japanese university, the paper conclude the elements of employability development, which are target and strategy, the specialized subject set mechanism, curricum system, training way, teachers ability, career select and development planning guidance mechanism, mechanism of interaction with the employer, and training evaluation mechanism.
Second, through the theory deductive and Delphi method, this paper eventually designed the investigation questionnaire.According to analysis of 581 sampling questionnaires, the paper found that traning way and mechanism of interaction with the employer produced significantly positive effect on four dimension of employability. Teacher's teaching level and research ability had the extremely remarkable forward influence on the specialized ability, the general skill and individual quality. Career select and development planning guidance mechanism had significant positive effects on general skills, personal qualities and professional planning capability. The specialized subject set mechanism had significant positive effect on personal qualities and the specialized ability. Curricum system had a significant positive impact on the specialized ability. University established clear employability training objectives and strategy, training evaluation mechanism had no significant positive effect on employability,because of the effects on employalbility may be indirect. Based above analysis,the paper concluded the mechanism model.
Finally, the paper proposed that the university should build a dynamic approach of undergraduates employalbility development. The dynamic approach had three phase, including set target, implemention process and result assessment. It also includes goals innovation, personnel innovation, management innovation and institution innovation, and so on. On the basis of the above analysis, the paper explained how to carry out targeted innovation, how to implement manage innovation, how to personnel innovation, how to gain feedback information about the employability.
The main contribution of this paper is to construct a factor model of undergraduates employability development and put forward suggestions on how to development the employability in colleges and universities. These findings enrich theoretical research on undergraduates employability, and have some guidance on employability development in colleges and universities.
本文通过对就业能力研究文献的回溯,借助于能力结构理论、胜任力理论,较清晰地界定了大学生就业能力的内涵和就业能力结构。在此基础上,依据能力开发相关理论,构建了大学生就业能力影响因素模型,并使用访谈法、德尔菲法、问卷调查法等方法收集数据,运用隶属度分析、效度和信度分析、因子分析、回归分析等方法对数据进行了定量分析,验证了大学生就业能力影响因素模型,得出了基于高校视角对大学生就业能力的关键影响因素,最后本文提出了高校大学生就业能力的开发路径及其实施措施。
本文主要解答了三个问题,即大学生就业能力结构、大学生就业能力的影响因素、高校大学生就业能力开发路径,得出了具有一定新意的结论：
首先,得出了大学生就业能力内涵及能力结构和就业能力的影响因素。大学生就业能力是大学生个人与其毕业后的职业选择、保持职业和促进职业发展相关的知识、技能和态度的整合。大学生就业能力结构由以下四个要素构成：专业能力、通用技能、个人品质、职业规划能力。基于对就业能力研究文献述评和能力开发理论,通过专家访谈,美国、英国和日本三个国家高校大学生就业能力开发实践的案例分析,本文得出高校大学生就业能力的影响要素包括：大学生就业能力开发的目标与战略、专业设置、课程体系、培养途径、师资水平、职业选择与发展规划指导机制、与雇主的互动机制、培养评价机制等。
其次,本文在理论演绎的基础上,运用德尔菲法,设计了调查问卷,通过对581份问卷的分析,发现：培养途径和与雇主的互动机制对就业能力结构的四个要素都产生极其显著的正向影响。师资水平对专业能力、通用技能和个人品质产生极其显著的正向影响。职业指导对通用技能、个人品质和职业规划能力有显著的正向影响。专业设置机制对个人品质和专业能力产生显著正向影响。课程体系对专业能力产生显著正向影响。学校制定明确的大学生就业能力开发的目标与战略,培养评价机制对就业能力没有显著的正向影响,究其原因是目标与战略、培养评价两个因子对就业能力的影响是间接的。在上述分析的基础上,构建和修正了大学生就业能力影响因素模型。
最后,依据就业能力影响因素模型,提出了高校应该实施一条动态的就业能力开发路径,动态的开发路径包括三个阶段,即设定大学生就业能力开发目标之阶段、实施就业能力开发之阶段和就业能力开发结果评估阶段。这一动态路径的实施需要高校通过目标创新、管理创新、人员创新和制度创新等来实现。在上述分析基础上,进一步深入探析了高校如何进行目标创新、如何进行管理创新、如何进行人员创新、如何进行制度创新的具体措施来进行大学生就业能力开发。
本文的主要贡献在于构建了大学生就业能力影响因素模型,包括确定了大学生就业能力结构,影响大学生就业能力结构的关键因素识别,以及关键因素与能力结构的影响关系；并提出了高校大学生就业能力开发路径与实施措施。这些结论丰富了大学生就业能力的理论研究,也对高校内部组织变革有一定的指导作用。
As Chinese high educaiton entered the stage of popularization, how to improve the quality of talents training in colleges and universities become worthy of attention at present. To develop undergraduates employability is an important way of improving the quality of talents training. Since the expansion of high educaiton, the lack of employability had become increasingly prominent. Based on this background, the paper would focus on what employability and its development approach.
Through backtracking research papers related to employability, on the basis of ability and competence theory, the paper defined the undergraduates employability and analysis its structure. According to theory of capacity development,the paper construct the undergraduates employability development factor model. And using the interview, Delphi method, questionnaire survey method and other methods to collect data, the paper utilize the quantitative analysis, such as the membership analysis, validity and reliability analysis, factor analysis, regression analysis, to verify the factor model. Finally, the paper build up the undergraduates employability development appoach and measures.
This paper had mainly explained three questions, namely the employability structure, the key influence factor about employability promotion, how the university development undergraduates employability.
Based on the research, the following innovative conclusions have been produced in the paper:
First of all, employability is not a simple capacity which just to match the need of employer, but should also be a proactive capacity, including the capacity of personal career choices and maintaining the development of career. The structure of udergraduate employability consists of the following four elements:subjects capacity, generic skills, personal qualities, career planning capacity. Based on literature review on employability promotion and capacity development theory, through expert interview, combined with case analysis about the employability development practice in United States, United Kingdom and Japanese university, the paper conclude the elements of employability development, which are target and strategy, the specialized subject set mechanism, curricum system, training way, teachers ability, career select and development planning guidance mechanism, mechanism of interaction with the employer, and training evaluation mechanism.
Second, through the theory deductive and Delphi method, this paper eventually designed the investigation questionnaire.According to analysis of 581 sampling questionnaires, the paper found that traning way and mechanism of interaction with the employer produced significantly positive effect on four dimension of employability. Teacher's teaching level and research ability had the extremely remarkable forward influence on the specialized ability, the general skill and individual quality. Career select and development planning guidance mechanism had significant positive effects on general skills, personal qualities and professional planning capability. The specialized subject set mechanism had significant positive effect on personal qualities and the specialized ability. Curricum system had a significant positive impact on the specialized ability. University established clear employability training objectives and strategy, training evaluation mechanism had no significant positive effect on employability,because of the effects on employalbility may be indirect. Based above analysis,the paper concluded the mechanism model.
Finally, the paper proposed that the university should build a dynamic approach of undergraduates employalbility development. The dynamic approach had three phase, including set target, implemention process and result assessment. It also includes goals innovation, personnel innovation, management innovation and institution innovation, and so on. On the basis of the above analysis, the paper explained how to carry out targeted innovation, how to implement manage innovation, how to personnel innovation, how to gain feedback information about the employability.
The main contribution of this paper is to construct a factor model of undergraduates employability development and put forward suggestions on how to development the employability in colleges and universities. These findings enrich theoretical research on undergraduates employability, and have some guidance on employability development in colleges and universities.
引文
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