基于太阳能和低谷电的混合采暖系统研究
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摘要
能源问题是世界和中国经济社会发展面临的最严重的问题之一。全球人口的急剧增加和经济的快速发展导致能源消耗的不断提高,使人类面临着日益严重的能源危机和由于能源消耗带来的环境问题。节能和开发利用新型的绿色、可再生能源已成为世界各国解决能源危机和环保问题的重要途径。利用相变储热通过相变材料相变时需要吸收(或放出)大量热量的性质实现能量存储,可以解决太阳能与建筑负荷在供求时间上的不一致问题,实现电力的“移峰填谷”。
提出了一种新型的采暖系统——太阳能和低谷电混合采暖系统。开发了以石蜡作为相变材料的螺旋盘管式相变储热装置将太阳能与低谷电力结合的混合采暖系统。系统热源由太阳能集热器、电加热器、相变储热装置组成。利用能耗模拟软件计算了青岛地区一栋建筑的供暖季日总负荷和典型日逐时负荷;根据太阳辐射的规律,得出了青岛地区典型日太阳辐射量的逐时变化。在确定建筑负荷、太阳能集热器集热量逐时变化曲线的基础上,结合电网分时计价曲线,确定了优化运行的采暖模式,实现太阳能供给、低谷电和建筑热负荷在时域上的匹配。
通过对建筑负荷、太阳能集热器集热量和相变装置储热能力的分析计算,证实了太阳能—低谷电混合采暖系统在节能和环境保护方面的优越性。通过对此系统的可行性进行研究,为其在我国的推广和应用提供一些有实用价值的参考依据。论文的研究结论可以为太阳能—低谷电混合采暖系统的实际设计及运行管理提供参考。
Energy is one of the most serious problems shortage which the world and Chinese socio-economic development facing. The situation of the earth in which the humankind lives is deteriorated increasingly with the increase of the energy consumption that results from population rising and economy development. Energy saving and low energy application are the key ways to solve this problem. phase change thermal energy storage can storage energy by change the phases of phase change materials, which can be used to solve the nonconformity problem on supply and demand time of solar energy and building load. At the same time, it can be used in shifting the peak heating and cooling loads off-peak hours.
A hybrid heating system is proposed, which consists of solar absorber, thermal energy storage and electrical heater. The phase change heat storage unit in the system can reserve the energy from both solar energy and off-peak electricity. It has relatively simple structure, a cylindrical shell covering a set of helical coil pipe. The shell is filled with paraffin as phase change material and the helical coil pipe is filled with water to conduct the heat exchange. The heat source for heating system is consisted of three parts: solar collector, electric heater, phase change heat storage. The daily heat load and hourly heating load of building of Qingdao in heating season is conducted with the usage of DeST-H energy consumption simulation software. The typical day hourly value of solar radiation of Qingdao is calculated based on the solar radiation law. In order to match the building heat load, an optimal operating mode is suggested considering the curve of time-sharing price and solar energy. The experiment results show a low energy consumption and good economic property comparing to that of the traditional heating system.
Through analyzing heating load demand, solar energy collection and thermal storage performance of phase change thermal storage, the advantage of the hybrid heating system based on solar energy and off-peak electricity in energy saving and circumstance protecting is obvious. The related research will offer some useful references and be of benefit to popularize low energy application by system feasibility study. The conclusion of this thesis could provide reference for practical design work and operation management of the hybrid heating system based on solar energy and off-peak electricity.
提出了一种新型的采暖系统——太阳能和低谷电混合采暖系统。开发了以石蜡作为相变材料的螺旋盘管式相变储热装置将太阳能与低谷电力结合的混合采暖系统。系统热源由太阳能集热器、电加热器、相变储热装置组成。利用能耗模拟软件计算了青岛地区一栋建筑的供暖季日总负荷和典型日逐时负荷;根据太阳辐射的规律,得出了青岛地区典型日太阳辐射量的逐时变化。在确定建筑负荷、太阳能集热器集热量逐时变化曲线的基础上,结合电网分时计价曲线,确定了优化运行的采暖模式,实现太阳能供给、低谷电和建筑热负荷在时域上的匹配。
通过对建筑负荷、太阳能集热器集热量和相变装置储热能力的分析计算,证实了太阳能—低谷电混合采暖系统在节能和环境保护方面的优越性。通过对此系统的可行性进行研究,为其在我国的推广和应用提供一些有实用价值的参考依据。论文的研究结论可以为太阳能—低谷电混合采暖系统的实际设计及运行管理提供参考。
Energy is one of the most serious problems shortage which the world and Chinese socio-economic development facing. The situation of the earth in which the humankind lives is deteriorated increasingly with the increase of the energy consumption that results from population rising and economy development. Energy saving and low energy application are the key ways to solve this problem. phase change thermal energy storage can storage energy by change the phases of phase change materials, which can be used to solve the nonconformity problem on supply and demand time of solar energy and building load. At the same time, it can be used in shifting the peak heating and cooling loads off-peak hours.
A hybrid heating system is proposed, which consists of solar absorber, thermal energy storage and electrical heater. The phase change heat storage unit in the system can reserve the energy from both solar energy and off-peak electricity. It has relatively simple structure, a cylindrical shell covering a set of helical coil pipe. The shell is filled with paraffin as phase change material and the helical coil pipe is filled with water to conduct the heat exchange. The heat source for heating system is consisted of three parts: solar collector, electric heater, phase change heat storage. The daily heat load and hourly heating load of building of Qingdao in heating season is conducted with the usage of DeST-H energy consumption simulation software. The typical day hourly value of solar radiation of Qingdao is calculated based on the solar radiation law. In order to match the building heat load, an optimal operating mode is suggested considering the curve of time-sharing price and solar energy. The experiment results show a low energy consumption and good economic property comparing to that of the traditional heating system.
Through analyzing heating load demand, solar energy collection and thermal storage performance of phase change thermal storage, the advantage of the hybrid heating system based on solar energy and off-peak electricity in energy saving and circumstance protecting is obvious. The related research will offer some useful references and be of benefit to popularize low energy application by system feasibility study. The conclusion of this thesis could provide reference for practical design work and operation management of the hybrid heating system based on solar energy and off-peak electricity.
引文
[1]姚建勋,王刚.建筑节能中的太阳能利用.节能技术,2004(2):37-38
[2]Lane,G.A.,Solar Heat Storage:Latent Heat Materials Volume Ⅰ:Background and Scientific Principles.Vol.1.1983,Florida:CRC Press lnc.
[3]Zouhair Ait Hammou,Marcel Lacroix.A hybrid thermal energy storage system for managing simultaneously solar and electric[J].Energy Energy Conversion and Management,2006,(47):273-288
[4]G.Hed,Bellander R.Mathematical modeling of PCM air heat changer[J].Energy and Building,2006,38:82-89
[5]Sauer E.Eenrgie transport-speicherung and verteilung Technischer Verlag Resch.Koln[J].Verlag Tuv Rheinland,1982
[6]Andreas K,Athienities,Numerical Study of Thermostat Set Point Profiles for Floor Radiant Heating and the Effect of Thermal Mass.AS11ITAE transactions 1997:939-948
[7]M.A.HAMDAN and F.A.ELWERR.Thermal energy,storage using a phase change Material Solar Energy 1996 Vol.56,No.2,83-189
[8]D.W.Hawes,D.Banu and D.Feldmaa.The Stability of Phase Change Materials in Concrete Solar Energy Materials and solar Calls2 7.1992.103-118
[9]M.N.A.Mawlader.M.S.Uddin and H.J.Zhu.Encapsulated phase change material for Thermal Energy Storage:Experiments and Simulation In t.J.Energy Res.2002(26):159-17
[10]刘华斌,马有才,周珣树,姜毅 太阳能供暖空调系统设计探讨 暖通空调2009年3月
[11]王永川,陈光明,张海峰,洪峰 可转移电力峰值负荷的双向蓄能系统 热力发电2004年9月
[12]郭占军,余才锐,杨晓亚 太阳能热泵-低谷电与地板辐射采暖系统联合运营方式探讨 建筑节能 2007年第10期
[13]韩宗伟,郑茂余,孔凡红,刘威 太阳能-土壤源热泵相变蓄热供暖系统运行模式可再生能源2007年第8期
[14]顾晓燕 太阳能制冷与采暖综合系统研究 南京理工大学2005年硕士学位论 文
[15]赵荣义,范存养,薛殿华,钱以明.空气调节[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[16]Clarke J A.Energy Simulation in Building Design.Brisol and Boston:Adam Hilger Ltd,1985
[17]新一代的建筑全能耗分析软件—EnergyPlus及其应用 潘毅群吴刚Volker Hartkopf
[18]清华大学建筑技术科学系DeST开发小组DeST用户使用手册.2004:1-15
[19]H Tianzhenong,Jiang Yi.A new multimode model for the simulation of building thermal performance.Building and Environment,1997,(32):123-128
[20]Jiang Y.State-space Method for Analysis of the Thermal Behavior of Room and Calculation of Air Condition Load.In:ASHRAE Trans.1982,88:122-132
[21]JGJ134-2001,夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准[s]
[22]王崇杰,薛一冰《太阳能建筑设计》中国建筑工业出版社
[23]田中俊六.太阳能供冷与供暖.第1版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1982
[24]赵树兴采暖用平板式太阳能集热器的最佳倾角和最佳方位角中国建设动态(阳光能源);2005年02期
[25]何梓年等,热管式真空管集热器的热性能研究,太阳能学报,1994,15(1):73-82
[26]李怀瑾,朱超群.我国最佳倾面上日射时总量和日总量分布特征.南京大学学报(自然科学版)B辑,1992,(2):550-561
[27]Willmott C.J.On the climatic optimum of the tilt and azimuth of flat-plate solar collectors·Solar Energy 1982,28(3):205-216
[28]Gopinathan K.K.Solar radiation on variously oriented sloping surfaces.Solar Energy,1991,47(3):177-179
[29]杨金焕 固定式光状方阵最佳倾角的分析.太阳能学报,1992,13(1)86-92
[30]Manes A,Ianctg A.On the optimum exposure of flat-plate fixed solar collectors.Solar Energy.1982.31(1) 21-27
[31]傅抱璞、虞静明、卢其尧.山地气候资源与开发利用南京:南京大学出版社.1996.31-39
[32]Adnan SHariah,M-Ali Al-Akhras LA.Al-Omari.Optimizing the tilt angle of solar collectors.Renewable Energy 2002(26):587-598
[33]薛德强,高靖平等 山东省太阳能集热器最佳倾角的研究
[34]李申生 等编著.太阳能热利用导论[M].高教出版社,1989
[35]旷玉辉 太阳能热泵(SAHP)供热系统的研究与开发.青岛建筑工程学院硕士论文.2001
[36]林宏佐,王薇,刘宝丽,陈永昌.沸石开式循环储能实验装置动态特性实验研究.工程热物理学报.1999.20(1):22-25
[37]张玉文,陈钟硕,董志锋.潜热蓄热系统的热力学分析.甘肃科学学报.1993.(3)
[38]姜勇,丁恩勇,黎国康.相变储能材料的研究进展.广州化学.1999.(3)
[39]李晶.相变蓄热材料及其相变特性的研究.北京工业大学硕士学位论文.200
[40]胡军,董华等,螺旋盘管式相变储热单元储热性能 太阳能学报2006年4月
[41]王永川,陈光明,洪峰,张海峰组合相变储热材料应用于太阳能供暖系统,热力发电2004.2
[42]丁国华编著,太阳能建筑一体化研究应用及实例,中国建筑工业出版社,2007年
[2]Lane,G.A.,Solar Heat Storage:Latent Heat Materials Volume Ⅰ:Background and Scientific Principles.Vol.1.1983,Florida:CRC Press lnc.
[3]Zouhair Ait Hammou,Marcel Lacroix.A hybrid thermal energy storage system for managing simultaneously solar and electric[J].Energy Energy Conversion and Management,2006,(47):273-288
[4]G.Hed,Bellander R.Mathematical modeling of PCM air heat changer[J].Energy and Building,2006,38:82-89
[5]Sauer E.Eenrgie transport-speicherung and verteilung Technischer Verlag Resch.Koln[J].Verlag Tuv Rheinland,1982
[6]Andreas K,Athienities,Numerical Study of Thermostat Set Point Profiles for Floor Radiant Heating and the Effect of Thermal Mass.AS11ITAE transactions 1997:939-948
[7]M.A.HAMDAN and F.A.ELWERR.Thermal energy,storage using a phase change Material Solar Energy 1996 Vol.56,No.2,83-189
[8]D.W.Hawes,D.Banu and D.Feldmaa.The Stability of Phase Change Materials in Concrete Solar Energy Materials and solar Calls2 7.1992.103-118
[9]M.N.A.Mawlader.M.S.Uddin and H.J.Zhu.Encapsulated phase change material for Thermal Energy Storage:Experiments and Simulation In t.J.Energy Res.2002(26):159-17
[10]刘华斌,马有才,周珣树,姜毅 太阳能供暖空调系统设计探讨 暖通空调2009年3月
[11]王永川,陈光明,张海峰,洪峰 可转移电力峰值负荷的双向蓄能系统 热力发电2004年9月
[12]郭占军,余才锐,杨晓亚 太阳能热泵-低谷电与地板辐射采暖系统联合运营方式探讨 建筑节能 2007年第10期
[13]韩宗伟,郑茂余,孔凡红,刘威 太阳能-土壤源热泵相变蓄热供暖系统运行模式可再生能源2007年第8期
[14]顾晓燕 太阳能制冷与采暖综合系统研究 南京理工大学2005年硕士学位论 文
[15]赵荣义,范存养,薛殿华,钱以明.空气调节[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[16]Clarke J A.Energy Simulation in Building Design.Brisol and Boston:Adam Hilger Ltd,1985
[17]新一代的建筑全能耗分析软件—EnergyPlus及其应用 潘毅群吴刚Volker Hartkopf
[18]清华大学建筑技术科学系DeST开发小组DeST用户使用手册.2004:1-15
[19]H Tianzhenong,Jiang Yi.A new multimode model for the simulation of building thermal performance.Building and Environment,1997,(32):123-128
[20]Jiang Y.State-space Method for Analysis of the Thermal Behavior of Room and Calculation of Air Condition Load.In:ASHRAE Trans.1982,88:122-132
[21]JGJ134-2001,夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准[s]
[22]王崇杰,薛一冰《太阳能建筑设计》中国建筑工业出版社
[23]田中俊六.太阳能供冷与供暖.第1版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1982
[24]赵树兴采暖用平板式太阳能集热器的最佳倾角和最佳方位角中国建设动态(阳光能源);2005年02期
[25]何梓年等,热管式真空管集热器的热性能研究,太阳能学报,1994,15(1):73-82
[26]李怀瑾,朱超群.我国最佳倾面上日射时总量和日总量分布特征.南京大学学报(自然科学版)B辑,1992,(2):550-561
[27]Willmott C.J.On the climatic optimum of the tilt and azimuth of flat-plate solar collectors·Solar Energy 1982,28(3):205-216
[28]Gopinathan K.K.Solar radiation on variously oriented sloping surfaces.Solar Energy,1991,47(3):177-179
[29]杨金焕 固定式光状方阵最佳倾角的分析.太阳能学报,1992,13(1)86-92
[30]Manes A,Ianctg A.On the optimum exposure of flat-plate fixed solar collectors.Solar Energy.1982.31(1) 21-27
[31]傅抱璞、虞静明、卢其尧.山地气候资源与开发利用南京:南京大学出版社.1996.31-39
[32]Adnan SHariah,M-Ali Al-Akhras LA.Al-Omari.Optimizing the tilt angle of solar collectors.Renewable Energy 2002(26):587-598
[33]薛德强,高靖平等 山东省太阳能集热器最佳倾角的研究
[34]李申生 等编著.太阳能热利用导论[M].高教出版社,1989
[35]旷玉辉 太阳能热泵(SAHP)供热系统的研究与开发.青岛建筑工程学院硕士论文.2001
[36]林宏佐,王薇,刘宝丽,陈永昌.沸石开式循环储能实验装置动态特性实验研究.工程热物理学报.1999.20(1):22-25
[37]张玉文,陈钟硕,董志锋.潜热蓄热系统的热力学分析.甘肃科学学报.1993.(3)
[38]姜勇,丁恩勇,黎国康.相变储能材料的研究进展.广州化学.1999.(3)
[39]李晶.相变蓄热材料及其相变特性的研究.北京工业大学硕士学位论文.200
[40]胡军,董华等,螺旋盘管式相变储热单元储热性能 太阳能学报2006年4月
[41]王永川,陈光明,洪峰,张海峰组合相变储热材料应用于太阳能供暖系统,热力发电2004.2
[42]丁国华编著,太阳能建筑一体化研究应用及实例,中国建筑工业出版社,2007年