辽河盆地精细三维地震采集技术研究与应用
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摘要
辽河坳陷常规三维地震资料特征主要表现为:资料分辨率低,满足不了复杂断块和岩性勘探的需求;深层成像效果差,构造形态不清楚;断层位置、地层接触关系不清;火山岩发育区信噪比低,下部反射能量弱;局部资料缺失。论文在分析以往的地震资料品质和地震采集方法基础上,研究并论述了精细三维采集技术,其主要体现在“精细”二字。不同于传统的高分辨率地震,如“四小”(小排列、小道距、小组合距、小药量)、“三高”(高频检波器、高覆盖次数、高时间采样率)、“双井下”(井下激发、井下接收),而是以得到一个较宽频带,并且每个频率分量特别是高频应有较高信噪比的地震记录为指导思想。此项技术在辽河盆地的大民屯凹陷和西部凹陷等区块进行了实际应用,论文取得的成果如下:
1、基于目标的观测系统设计技术。精细三维地震采集设计以达到地质目的要求为第一要素,科学优选观测系统。特别是利用计算机硬、软件的技术的发展,可以充分利用现在的地震资料和地质研究成果,模拟地下构造,针对不同目的层,在室内进行模拟实验,使采集方法的设计更加科学、合理和符合实际。
2、精细表层结构调查。基于表层岩性、结构特征的激发技术,寻找最佳激发岩性、激发井深和激发点,从而可激发出频带宽、主频高的地震信号。以组合激发为指导,建立了辽河盆地组合激发的基本思路。
3、进行了大量的药量类型试验对比,对不同的爆速和密度的炸药进行分析对比试验,优选最适合采集区块的炸药类型。针对辽河盆地特殊的地震地质条件,优选激发和接收因素。
4、采用大道数、宽方位的观测系统。由常规三维的“正交”观测系统研究变为精细三维的“斜交”观测系统,减小了采集“足印”,压制假频。利用先进的分析软件,实时分析研究资料品质,并及时提出最佳的施工方法和措施。为此精细三维地震资料品质有了质的飞跃,满足了老油田二次勘探开发对地震资料的要求。
The characteristic of normal 3D seismic data in Liaohe oilfield is as below: the data resolution is lower, could not be applied for exploration of complicate faults and lithology. The depth imaging is bad, contraction form is unclear. It is difficult to distinguish fault location and connection of layers. S/N in lava area is lower, reflection energy in deepest layer is weak. The data in part areas is imperfect.
The dissertation studies and discusses fine 3D seismic acquisition technique on the basis of analyzed normal seismic data and the methods of seismic acquisition. The fine seismic is different with traditional high resolution seismic, such as: "four small"(small layout, small receiver interval, small array distance, and small dynamite), "three high"(high frequency geophone, high fold number, high sampling interval), "double down holes "(down hole explosive and receiving). The guidance of fine seismic acquisition technique is that the seismic data has wider frequency band, also the seismic data of each frequency and higher frequency in specially has higher resolution.
The technique was actually applied in Damingtun sag , west part sag of Liaohe oilfield, and other oilfields. The result is as below:
1. Geometry design focused to the target. The first step of the design of fine 3D seismic acquisition technique is reached to the request of geological target, select the geometry scientifically. In developing time of computer hardware and software technology, the construction of different layers in underground is modeled in room with own seismic data and geological research production. The acquisition method is much scientific, reasonable and actual.
2. Fine investigation for lower velocity layer. The best exploded lithology, source hole depth, and source point is searched on the basis of exploded technology of lithology and construction in lower velocity layer. Consequently seismic data with wide frequency band and higher main frequency is exploded. The basis way of pattern source points is found in Liaohe basin according to pattern holes exploded technology.
3. Large numbers of dynamite types, different speed and density of dynamite are tested and analyzed; therefore the best type of dynamite is selected for seismic operation area. The parameter of source and receiver are excellently selected.
4. The geometry system with large numbers of receiver channels and wide azimuth is applied. Upright geometry of normal 3D seismic is replaced by gradient geometry of fine 3D seismic, acquisition "foot image" is reduced, and artificial frequency is suppressed. The seismic data quality is studied and analyzed in real time by advanced analyses software and the best acquisition technology and methods are adapted in time. Therefore the fine 3D seismic quality is awfully improved, and satisfied for the request of second explosive and developing in aged oilfield.
1、基于目标的观测系统设计技术。精细三维地震采集设计以达到地质目的要求为第一要素,科学优选观测系统。特别是利用计算机硬、软件的技术的发展,可以充分利用现在的地震资料和地质研究成果,模拟地下构造,针对不同目的层,在室内进行模拟实验,使采集方法的设计更加科学、合理和符合实际。
2、精细表层结构调查。基于表层岩性、结构特征的激发技术,寻找最佳激发岩性、激发井深和激发点,从而可激发出频带宽、主频高的地震信号。以组合激发为指导,建立了辽河盆地组合激发的基本思路。
3、进行了大量的药量类型试验对比,对不同的爆速和密度的炸药进行分析对比试验,优选最适合采集区块的炸药类型。针对辽河盆地特殊的地震地质条件,优选激发和接收因素。
4、采用大道数、宽方位的观测系统。由常规三维的“正交”观测系统研究变为精细三维的“斜交”观测系统,减小了采集“足印”,压制假频。利用先进的分析软件,实时分析研究资料品质,并及时提出最佳的施工方法和措施。为此精细三维地震资料品质有了质的飞跃,满足了老油田二次勘探开发对地震资料的要求。
The characteristic of normal 3D seismic data in Liaohe oilfield is as below: the data resolution is lower, could not be applied for exploration of complicate faults and lithology. The depth imaging is bad, contraction form is unclear. It is difficult to distinguish fault location and connection of layers. S/N in lava area is lower, reflection energy in deepest layer is weak. The data in part areas is imperfect.
The dissertation studies and discusses fine 3D seismic acquisition technique on the basis of analyzed normal seismic data and the methods of seismic acquisition. The fine seismic is different with traditional high resolution seismic, such as: "four small"(small layout, small receiver interval, small array distance, and small dynamite), "three high"(high frequency geophone, high fold number, high sampling interval), "double down holes "(down hole explosive and receiving). The guidance of fine seismic acquisition technique is that the seismic data has wider frequency band, also the seismic data of each frequency and higher frequency in specially has higher resolution.
The technique was actually applied in Damingtun sag , west part sag of Liaohe oilfield, and other oilfields. The result is as below:
1. Geometry design focused to the target. The first step of the design of fine 3D seismic acquisition technique is reached to the request of geological target, select the geometry scientifically. In developing time of computer hardware and software technology, the construction of different layers in underground is modeled in room with own seismic data and geological research production. The acquisition method is much scientific, reasonable and actual.
2. Fine investigation for lower velocity layer. The best exploded lithology, source hole depth, and source point is searched on the basis of exploded technology of lithology and construction in lower velocity layer. Consequently seismic data with wide frequency band and higher main frequency is exploded. The basis way of pattern source points is found in Liaohe basin according to pattern holes exploded technology.
3. Large numbers of dynamite types, different speed and density of dynamite are tested and analyzed; therefore the best type of dynamite is selected for seismic operation area. The parameter of source and receiver are excellently selected.
4. The geometry system with large numbers of receiver channels and wide azimuth is applied. Upright geometry of normal 3D seismic is replaced by gradient geometry of fine 3D seismic, acquisition "foot image" is reduced, and artificial frequency is suppressed. The seismic data quality is studied and analyzed in real time by advanced analyses software and the best acquisition technology and methods are adapted in time. Therefore the fine 3D seismic quality is awfully improved, and satisfied for the request of second explosive and developing in aged oilfield.
引文
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