超高产夏玉米叶片保绿特性及氮素调控研究
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摘要
本试验于2009-2010年在山东登海种业股份有限公司第16试验场超高产试验田和作物生物学国家重点实验室进行。2009年选择登海661、金海5号、振杰2号和浚单20为供试品种,设0、207、310.5、414 kg N·hm~(-2) 4个氮素处理。2010年以筛选出的保绿性玉米品种登海661和非保绿性玉米品种振杰2号为试验材料,并确定0、207、414、621kg N·hm~(-2) 4个氮素处理,在超高产条件下以不同保绿性玉米杂交品种为试验材料,研究叶片保绿特性的生理基础及氮素调控对不同保绿性玉米的影响。主要研究结果如下:
1超高产夏玉米产量品质特性及氮素调控
1.1超高产夏玉米产量品质特性
保绿性玉米与非保绿性玉米相比,在同样氮素施用量下(0-621kg N·hm~(-2)),保绿性玉米产量较高,登海661和振杰2号平均产量分别为12296.33、10899.72 kg·hm~(-2),前者为后者的1.13倍。穗粒数的增加对产量贡献作用显著,穗粒数的增加主要是穗长和行粒数的增加。
产量高的保绿性品种必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、粗脂肪和游离氨基酸平均含量均高于非保绿性玉米品种,两不同保绿性玉米品种间淀粉和可溶性糖平均含量无差异。
1.2氮素对不同超高产夏玉米产量品质的调控
氮素调控对不同保绿性玉米产量影响不同。保绿性品种登海661和非保绿性品种振杰2号产量均在414 kg N·hm~(-2)时产量最高(13548.91、11902.45 kg·hm~(-2))。计算得到登海661、振杰2号分别在施用443、427 kg N·hm~(-2)时产量达到13727、12317 kg·hm~(-2)。
保绿性玉米蛋白质含量随着施氮量的增加逐渐提高;非保绿性品种玉米在414 kg N·hm~(-2)处理下蛋白质含量最高;非保绿玉米粗脂肪含量随着施氮量的增加逐渐提高,保绿性玉米规律基本相反;两品种必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、游离氨基酸含量均随着氮素施用量的增加而提高;两品种淀粉、可溶性糖含量呈现先增大后减小的趋势。
2超高产夏玉米叶片保绿特性及氮素调控
2.1超高产夏玉米叶片保绿特性
保绿性玉米同非保绿性玉米相比,叶绿体数在开花期至乳熟期维持较高数目,叶绿素含量生育后期下降速率较缓慢,主要体现为叶绿体(a+b)含量在开花后下降缓慢;穗位叶净光合速率下降缓慢,最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)花后15-45d数值较高,具有较强的光合势;叶片具有较强抗衰老能力,活性氧代谢能力强,膜脂过氧化程度低,表现为登海661花后叶片SOD、POD、APX等活性较振杰2号下降缓慢,且MDA含量各个时期均低于振杰2号;其氮代谢酶活性高,表现为登海661花后叶片NR、GS、GOGAT、GDH活性较振杰2号高。
2.2氮素对不同超高产夏玉米叶片保绿特性的调控
受氮素调控后,非保绿性玉米在光合势、叶片光合特性、抗衰老及氮代谢酶方面,向利于产量的变化较保绿性玉米显著。乳熟期叶绿体细胞器结构膜在不施肥处理下,叶绿体膜和基粒片层等细胞器结构膜不完整,嗜锇颗粒体积大且数量显著多于施肥处理;过量施肥处理,叶绿体结构发生畸形,叶绿体膜凹凸不平且开始溶解,不施肥或过量施肥均不利于叶片功能的维持。
综上,保绿性玉米同非保绿性玉米相比,在叶片功能维持方面具有优势,具备较高的产量潜力。同保绿性玉米相比,非保绿性玉米受到氮素调控后,不同氮素处理间叶片特性差异显著,但不施肥和过量施肥同样不利于叶绿体功能的维持。建议在试验所在地区种植保绿性玉米品种,按照玉米籽粒1.8元·kg~(-1)、尿素1.6元·kg~(-1),刨除其他成本后计算,施用310-395 kg N·hm~(-2),收益可得23000-23250元·hm~(-2)。
A field experiment was conducted in the super-high-yield experiment plot in 16th proving ground of Shandong Denghai seed industry Co., LTD and State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University in 2009-2010. DengHai661(DH661), JingHai5 (JH5), ZhengJie2(ZJ2) and XunDan20(XD20) were selected as test varieties, under four nitrogen treatments of 0, 207, 310.5 and 414kg N·hm~(-2). In 2010, stay-green maize variety DH661, and ZJ2 was selected as test materials, and four nitrogen treatments of 0, 207, 310.5 and 414 kg N·hm~(-2) were confirmed., the physiological basis of leaves stay-green characteristics and the impact of nitrogen regulation to various stay-green hybrids were evaluated using various stay-green hybrids as materials in super-high yield conditions. The main conclusions were as follows.
1 Yield and quality characteristic of super-high-yield summer maize and nitrogen regulation
1.1 Yield and quality characteristic of super-high-yield summer maize
Under the same nitrogen application amount(0-621kg N·hm~(-2)), the yield of stay-green maize was higher than that of non-stay-green maize. The average yields of DH661 and ZJ2 were 12296.33, 10899.72 kg·hm~(-2), respectively, and the former was 1.13 times of the latter. The increase of rows ear played, the results of the increasing of ear length and kernels row a significantly contribution to yield.
The average contents of essential amino-acid, non-essential amino acid, crude fat and free amino-acid of high-yield stay-green variety were higher than that of the non-stay-green variety. There was no variance in average contents of starch and soluble sugar in the two varieties.
1.2 Nitrogen regulation on yield and quality of different super-high-yield summer maize
The effect of nitrogen regulation to yield differed with different stay-green maize varieties. Both the yield of stay-green maize DH661 and non-stay-green ZJ2 reached their maximum value under 414 kg N·hm~(-2) condition(13548.91, 11902.45 kg·hm~(-2), respectively). From the fitting formulae, we can calculated the yield of DH661 and ZJ2 will reach 13727, 12317 kg·hm~(-2) when the nitrogen application amount were 443, 427 kg N·hm~(-2).
The protein content of stay-green maize increased with the nitrogen amount. Under the treatment of applying 414 kg N·hm~(-2), non-stay-green maize reached the highest protein content. As the increase of nitrogen, crude fat content of stay-green maize improved gradually. However, pattern of non-stay-green maize was the opposite. Essential amino acid, non-essential amino acid and free amino acid of the base stay-green maize and non-stay-green maize increased as the nitrogen application increased. Along with increase of nitrogen, amino acid content also increased. The content of starch and soluble sugar showed a trend first increase and then decrease.
2 Leaf stay-green characteristics of super-high-yield summer maize and nitrogen regulation
2.1 Leaf stay-green characteristics of super-high-yield summer maize
Compared to non-stay-green maize, chloroplast number of stay-green maize maintained higher in flowering to milk stage, and chlorophyll content decreased slowly in the later period. Moreover, the net photosynthetic rate of ear leaf of stay-green maize dropped slowly, and owned higher photosynthesis potential, maximum photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm) and the actual photochemical efficiency(ΦPSⅡ) during 15-45 days after flowering stage. The activity of the SOD, POD, APX in leaves of DH661 was decreased slowly than ZJ2, and the MDA activity of DH661 was lower than ZJ2 during the whole growing stage, so we can concluded that leaves of stay-green maize owned higher anti-aging ability, stronger reactive oxygen species metabolism ability and higher activity of nitrogen metabolism enzyme, but lower MDA degree. The activities of nitrogen metabolism enzymes in leaves of DH661 including NR, GS, GOGAT, GDH was performed much better than ZJ2. 2.2 Nitrogen regulation on leaf stay-green characteristics of different super-high-yield summer maize
After nitrogen regulation, the changes of photosynthesis potential, photosynthetic characteristics, lodging resistance and nitrogen metabolic enzymes of non-stay-green maize were significant greater than that of the non-stay-green maize. Under no fertilizer condition, organelles like chloroplast envelope and chloroplast grana were incomplete, and volumes and the amounts of the osmiophilic granules were more than the fertilizer treatments. Chloroplast structure grow deformity and chloroplast membranes uneven and begin to dissolve. That was all unfavorable for the maintenance of leaf function for no fertilizer and excessive fertilizer.
In conclusion, contract to non-stay-green maize, the stay-green maize with higher yield potential have advantage in maintenance leaf function. There were significantly difference in different treatment of leaf characteristic after applying nitrogen fertilization, but no fertilizer and excessive nitrogen fertilizer were bad to maintenance leaf function. Planting the stay-green maize in testing area and applying 310-395 kg N·hm~(-2), income can be achieved 23000-23250 yuan·hm~(-2) if only consider corn grain(1.8 yuan·kg~(-1)) and urea(1.6 yuan·kg~(-1)).
1超高产夏玉米产量品质特性及氮素调控
1.1超高产夏玉米产量品质特性
保绿性玉米与非保绿性玉米相比,在同样氮素施用量下(0-621kg N·hm~(-2)),保绿性玉米产量较高,登海661和振杰2号平均产量分别为12296.33、10899.72 kg·hm~(-2),前者为后者的1.13倍。穗粒数的增加对产量贡献作用显著,穗粒数的增加主要是穗长和行粒数的增加。
产量高的保绿性品种必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、粗脂肪和游离氨基酸平均含量均高于非保绿性玉米品种,两不同保绿性玉米品种间淀粉和可溶性糖平均含量无差异。
1.2氮素对不同超高产夏玉米产量品质的调控
氮素调控对不同保绿性玉米产量影响不同。保绿性品种登海661和非保绿性品种振杰2号产量均在414 kg N·hm~(-2)时产量最高(13548.91、11902.45 kg·hm~(-2))。计算得到登海661、振杰2号分别在施用443、427 kg N·hm~(-2)时产量达到13727、12317 kg·hm~(-2)。
保绿性玉米蛋白质含量随着施氮量的增加逐渐提高;非保绿性品种玉米在414 kg N·hm~(-2)处理下蛋白质含量最高;非保绿玉米粗脂肪含量随着施氮量的增加逐渐提高,保绿性玉米规律基本相反;两品种必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、游离氨基酸含量均随着氮素施用量的增加而提高;两品种淀粉、可溶性糖含量呈现先增大后减小的趋势。
2超高产夏玉米叶片保绿特性及氮素调控
2.1超高产夏玉米叶片保绿特性
保绿性玉米同非保绿性玉米相比,叶绿体数在开花期至乳熟期维持较高数目,叶绿素含量生育后期下降速率较缓慢,主要体现为叶绿体(a+b)含量在开花后下降缓慢;穗位叶净光合速率下降缓慢,最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)花后15-45d数值较高,具有较强的光合势;叶片具有较强抗衰老能力,活性氧代谢能力强,膜脂过氧化程度低,表现为登海661花后叶片SOD、POD、APX等活性较振杰2号下降缓慢,且MDA含量各个时期均低于振杰2号;其氮代谢酶活性高,表现为登海661花后叶片NR、GS、GOGAT、GDH活性较振杰2号高。
2.2氮素对不同超高产夏玉米叶片保绿特性的调控
受氮素调控后,非保绿性玉米在光合势、叶片光合特性、抗衰老及氮代谢酶方面,向利于产量的变化较保绿性玉米显著。乳熟期叶绿体细胞器结构膜在不施肥处理下,叶绿体膜和基粒片层等细胞器结构膜不完整,嗜锇颗粒体积大且数量显著多于施肥处理;过量施肥处理,叶绿体结构发生畸形,叶绿体膜凹凸不平且开始溶解,不施肥或过量施肥均不利于叶片功能的维持。
综上,保绿性玉米同非保绿性玉米相比,在叶片功能维持方面具有优势,具备较高的产量潜力。同保绿性玉米相比,非保绿性玉米受到氮素调控后,不同氮素处理间叶片特性差异显著,但不施肥和过量施肥同样不利于叶绿体功能的维持。建议在试验所在地区种植保绿性玉米品种,按照玉米籽粒1.8元·kg~(-1)、尿素1.6元·kg~(-1),刨除其他成本后计算,施用310-395 kg N·hm~(-2),收益可得23000-23250元·hm~(-2)。
A field experiment was conducted in the super-high-yield experiment plot in 16th proving ground of Shandong Denghai seed industry Co., LTD and State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University in 2009-2010. DengHai661(DH661), JingHai5 (JH5), ZhengJie2(ZJ2) and XunDan20(XD20) were selected as test varieties, under four nitrogen treatments of 0, 207, 310.5 and 414kg N·hm~(-2). In 2010, stay-green maize variety DH661, and ZJ2 was selected as test materials, and four nitrogen treatments of 0, 207, 310.5 and 414 kg N·hm~(-2) were confirmed., the physiological basis of leaves stay-green characteristics and the impact of nitrogen regulation to various stay-green hybrids were evaluated using various stay-green hybrids as materials in super-high yield conditions. The main conclusions were as follows.
1 Yield and quality characteristic of super-high-yield summer maize and nitrogen regulation
1.1 Yield and quality characteristic of super-high-yield summer maize
Under the same nitrogen application amount(0-621kg N·hm~(-2)), the yield of stay-green maize was higher than that of non-stay-green maize. The average yields of DH661 and ZJ2 were 12296.33, 10899.72 kg·hm~(-2), respectively, and the former was 1.13 times of the latter. The increase of rows ear played, the results of the increasing of ear length and kernels row a significantly contribution to yield.
The average contents of essential amino-acid, non-essential amino acid, crude fat and free amino-acid of high-yield stay-green variety were higher than that of the non-stay-green variety. There was no variance in average contents of starch and soluble sugar in the two varieties.
1.2 Nitrogen regulation on yield and quality of different super-high-yield summer maize
The effect of nitrogen regulation to yield differed with different stay-green maize varieties. Both the yield of stay-green maize DH661 and non-stay-green ZJ2 reached their maximum value under 414 kg N·hm~(-2) condition(13548.91, 11902.45 kg·hm~(-2), respectively). From the fitting formulae, we can calculated the yield of DH661 and ZJ2 will reach 13727, 12317 kg·hm~(-2) when the nitrogen application amount were 443, 427 kg N·hm~(-2).
The protein content of stay-green maize increased with the nitrogen amount. Under the treatment of applying 414 kg N·hm~(-2), non-stay-green maize reached the highest protein content. As the increase of nitrogen, crude fat content of stay-green maize improved gradually. However, pattern of non-stay-green maize was the opposite. Essential amino acid, non-essential amino acid and free amino acid of the base stay-green maize and non-stay-green maize increased as the nitrogen application increased. Along with increase of nitrogen, amino acid content also increased. The content of starch and soluble sugar showed a trend first increase and then decrease.
2 Leaf stay-green characteristics of super-high-yield summer maize and nitrogen regulation
2.1 Leaf stay-green characteristics of super-high-yield summer maize
Compared to non-stay-green maize, chloroplast number of stay-green maize maintained higher in flowering to milk stage, and chlorophyll content decreased slowly in the later period. Moreover, the net photosynthetic rate of ear leaf of stay-green maize dropped slowly, and owned higher photosynthesis potential, maximum photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm) and the actual photochemical efficiency(ΦPSⅡ) during 15-45 days after flowering stage. The activity of the SOD, POD, APX in leaves of DH661 was decreased slowly than ZJ2, and the MDA activity of DH661 was lower than ZJ2 during the whole growing stage, so we can concluded that leaves of stay-green maize owned higher anti-aging ability, stronger reactive oxygen species metabolism ability and higher activity of nitrogen metabolism enzyme, but lower MDA degree. The activities of nitrogen metabolism enzymes in leaves of DH661 including NR, GS, GOGAT, GDH was performed much better than ZJ2. 2.2 Nitrogen regulation on leaf stay-green characteristics of different super-high-yield summer maize
After nitrogen regulation, the changes of photosynthesis potential, photosynthetic characteristics, lodging resistance and nitrogen metabolic enzymes of non-stay-green maize were significant greater than that of the non-stay-green maize. Under no fertilizer condition, organelles like chloroplast envelope and chloroplast grana were incomplete, and volumes and the amounts of the osmiophilic granules were more than the fertilizer treatments. Chloroplast structure grow deformity and chloroplast membranes uneven and begin to dissolve. That was all unfavorable for the maintenance of leaf function for no fertilizer and excessive fertilizer.
In conclusion, contract to non-stay-green maize, the stay-green maize with higher yield potential have advantage in maintenance leaf function. There were significantly difference in different treatment of leaf characteristic after applying nitrogen fertilization, but no fertilizer and excessive nitrogen fertilizer were bad to maintenance leaf function. Planting the stay-green maize in testing area and applying 310-395 kg N·hm~(-2), income can be achieved 23000-23250 yuan·hm~(-2) if only consider corn grain(1.8 yuan·kg~(-1)) and urea(1.6 yuan·kg~(-1)).
引文
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