从评价理论角度看艾米莉·狄金森以死亡为主题的诗歌
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摘要
艾米莉·狄金森(1830-1886)是美国文学史上最负盛名的诗人之一。出生于19世纪的她被誉为英美现代派诗歌的先驱。尽管狄金森一生离群索居远离尘嚣,但这位才智超群、心思细腻的女诗人的内心世界却丰富多彩。栖身于父亲的房子之中,她一直不停地在探索人生、自然、爱情、死亡和永生的真谛。在她创作的1775首诗中,其中有600多首是以死亡为题材,或与死亡相关的,约占其存世诗歌的33.8%。在这些关于死亡的诗歌中,大部分反映的是面对死亡的泰然自若、对永生的向往和对死后所去世界的好奇等等。
狄金森对死亡主题的特殊偏好引起了国内外学者的浓厚兴趣,多年来各地学者对这些死亡诗进行的各方面的研究。然而,目前这方面的研究主要集中在对诗歌体裁、艺术表现、宗教内涵和影响作者创作的因素等方面,鲜有学者从语言学的角度来对它们进行研究。
本文将以评价体系为理论框架,从语言学的角度对狄金森关于死亡主题的诗歌进行剖析,分析并发掘这些诗所蕴含的评价观点,从而探索出诗人对死亡的特殊态度和情感。
本文将选取14首以死亡为主题的诗歌作为分析文本,从评价理论的三个子系统(态度、介入、级差)出发,通过分析诗歌中的评价项(Evaluative items)来发掘诗人对此主题所持观点和态度。希望这个新角度可以为读者提供一个更简易的方法来赏析狄金森死亡主题诗歌,也希望研究成果能为读者更好地掌握和理解诗歌的含义提供一点帮助。
Emily Dickinson(1830-1886) is one of the most famous poets in the history of American literature.Born in the 19~(th) century,she was honored as the pioneer of British American modern poetry.Although isolated herself from the outside world for almost all her life,this smart and sensitive poetess had a rich and colorful inner world.
Reclusive in her father's house,she kept exploring the essence of life,nature,love,death and eternal life.Among the 1,775 poems that she has composed,more than 600 are talking about death, or subjects concerning death,accounting for more than 33.8%of all the poems.Most of these death-themed poems are about the positive attitude towards death,the yearning for the eternal life and the curiosity of the world after life.
Dickinson's preference for the subject of death has aroused great interest of the scholars from all over the world.For many years,they have done a lot of researches on the different aspects of her death-themed poems.However,up to now,the researches on this field are mainly concentrated on the stylistics,the reflection of art,the significance of religion and the factors that influence Dickinson's composition of the poems.Researches on the death-themed poems from the perspective of linguistics are still rarely to see.
Taking Appraisal System as the theoretical frame work,this thesis will explore Dickinson's death-themed poems from the perspective of linguistics,aiming to dig out the hidden evaluative meanings in the poems and clarifying the poet's attitude towards death.
We will select 14 death-themed poems as the analytical material,and analyze each poem from the perspective of the three subsystems of Appraisal Theory,i.e.Attitude,Engagement,and Graduation.Through the analysis of the evaluative items,we,hopefully,want to uncover the evaluative meanings hidden in Dickinson's death-themed poems.And from this new angle of interpreting Dickinson's death-themed poems,we tentatively want to show a simpler way to appreciate Dickinson's death-themed poems,as well as other poems,hoping that the findings of this research would be helpful for the readers to get a better understanding of the connotation of poems.
狄金森对死亡主题的特殊偏好引起了国内外学者的浓厚兴趣,多年来各地学者对这些死亡诗进行的各方面的研究。然而,目前这方面的研究主要集中在对诗歌体裁、艺术表现、宗教内涵和影响作者创作的因素等方面,鲜有学者从语言学的角度来对它们进行研究。
本文将以评价体系为理论框架,从语言学的角度对狄金森关于死亡主题的诗歌进行剖析,分析并发掘这些诗所蕴含的评价观点,从而探索出诗人对死亡的特殊态度和情感。
本文将选取14首以死亡为主题的诗歌作为分析文本,从评价理论的三个子系统(态度、介入、级差)出发,通过分析诗歌中的评价项(Evaluative items)来发掘诗人对此主题所持观点和态度。希望这个新角度可以为读者提供一个更简易的方法来赏析狄金森死亡主题诗歌,也希望研究成果能为读者更好地掌握和理解诗歌的含义提供一点帮助。
Emily Dickinson(1830-1886) is one of the most famous poets in the history of American literature.Born in the 19~(th) century,she was honored as the pioneer of British American modern poetry.Although isolated herself from the outside world for almost all her life,this smart and sensitive poetess had a rich and colorful inner world.
Reclusive in her father's house,she kept exploring the essence of life,nature,love,death and eternal life.Among the 1,775 poems that she has composed,more than 600 are talking about death, or subjects concerning death,accounting for more than 33.8%of all the poems.Most of these death-themed poems are about the positive attitude towards death,the yearning for the eternal life and the curiosity of the world after life.
Dickinson's preference for the subject of death has aroused great interest of the scholars from all over the world.For many years,they have done a lot of researches on the different aspects of her death-themed poems.However,up to now,the researches on this field are mainly concentrated on the stylistics,the reflection of art,the significance of religion and the factors that influence Dickinson's composition of the poems.Researches on the death-themed poems from the perspective of linguistics are still rarely to see.
Taking Appraisal System as the theoretical frame work,this thesis will explore Dickinson's death-themed poems from the perspective of linguistics,aiming to dig out the hidden evaluative meanings in the poems and clarifying the poet's attitude towards death.
We will select 14 death-themed poems as the analytical material,and analyze each poem from the perspective of the three subsystems of Appraisal Theory,i.e.Attitude,Engagement,and Graduation.Through the analysis of the evaluative items,we,hopefully,want to uncover the evaluative meanings hidden in Dickinson's death-themed poems.And from this new angle of interpreting Dickinson's death-themed poems,we tentatively want to show a simpler way to appreciate Dickinson's death-themed poems,as well as other poems,hoping that the findings of this research would be helpful for the readers to get a better understanding of the connotation of poems.
引文
Biber,D.& E.Finegan.1989.Styles of Stance in English:Lexical and Grammatical Marking of Evidentiality and Affect.Text(Special Issue on the Pragmatics of Affect) 9(1):93-124.
Biber,D.& E.Finegan.2006.Stance in Spoken and Written University Registers.Journal of English for Academic Purposes 5:97-116.
Carolyn Lindley Cooley.The Music of Emily Dickinson's Poems and Letters:A Study of Imagery and Form[M]London:McFarland
Channell,J.2000.Corpus-based analysis of evaluative lexis[A]In S.Hunston and G.Thompson (eds.).Evaluation in Text:A uthorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse[C].Oxford:Oxford University press,pp.39-55
Coffin,C.2002.The voices of history:Theorizing the interpersonal semantics of historical discourses[J].In Text 22(4):503-528
Conrad,S.& D.Biher 2000.Adverbial Marking of Stance in Speech and Writing[A].In Hunston,S.& G.Thompson.(eds.).2000.Evaluation in Text:Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,56-73
Diana Fuss,2003.Corpse Poem[J]In Critical Inquiry,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,Autumn,2003,v30P1
Daneen Wardrop.1996.Emily Dickinson's Gothic:Goblin with a Gauge[M]Iowa City:University of Iowa Press
Elizabeth A.Petrino.1998.Emily Dickinson and Her Contemporaries:Women's Verse in America 1820-1885[M]Hanover and London:University Press of New England
Eggins,S.and D.Slade.1997.Analyzing Casual Conversation[M].London:Cassell Fuller,G.1998.Cultivating Science:Negotiating Discourse in the Popular Texts of Stephen Jay Gould[A]In Martin,J.R.and R.Veel(eds.).Reading Science:Critical and Functional Perspectives on Discourses of Science[C].London:Rouledge,1998.
Hunston,S.& G.Thompson.2000.Evaluation in Text:Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Halliday,M.A.K.and R.Hasan.1989.Language,Context and Text:Aspects of Language in a Social Semiotic Perspective[M].London:Routledge pp32-66
Halliday,M.A.K.and R.Hasan.2000.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Hyland,K.2005.Metadiscourse:Exploring Interaction in Writing[M].London:Continuum.
Judy Jo Small.1990.Positive as Sound:Emily Dickinson's Rhyme[M].Athens and London:University of Georgia Press
Judith Farr.1992.The Passion of Emily Dickinson[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press
Martin,J.R.and P.R.R.White.2005 The Language of Evaluation:Appraisal in English[M].London:Palgrave Macmillan
Martin,J.R.and P.R.R.White.1995a.Interpersonal Meaning,Persuasion,and Public Discourse:Packing Semiotic Punch [J]Australian Journal of Linguistics 15:3-67.
Martin,J.R.and P.R.R.White.1995b.Reading Positions/Positioning Readers:JUDGEMENT in English[J].Prospect:a Journal of Australian TESOL 10(2):27-37.
Margaret Homans.1980.Women Writers and Poetic Identity:Dorothy Wordsworth,Emily Bronte,and Emily Dickinson[M].Princeton:Princeton UP.P37
Marietta Messmer.2001.A Vice for Voices:Reading Emily Dickinson's Correspondence[M].Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press
Macken-Horarik,M.2003.Appraisal and the Special Instructiveness of Narrative[J]In Text.Vol.32(2):285-312
Macken-Horarik,M.1996.Construing the Invisible:Specialized Literacy Practices in Junior Secondary English [Z]Unpublished PhD.Dissertation,University of Sydney,Australia.
P.R.R.White.2003.Beyond modality and hedging:A dialogic view of the language of intersubjective stance[J]Text 23(2)(2003),P259-284
P.R.R.White.2000.Dialogue and Inter-Subjectivity:Reinterpreting the Semantics of Modality and Hedging[J].In Working With Dialog,Coulthard,M.,Cotterill,J.,& Rock,F.(eds),Neimeyer.
Poyton,C.1989.Language and Gender:Making the Difference[M].Oxford University Press,USA
Perrine,L.1982.Sound and Sense:An Introduction to Poetry(3rd Ed.)[M].New York:Harcourt Brace & World,Inc.
Paul J Ferlazzo.1976.Emily Dickinson[M].Boston:Twayne Publishers
Rothery,J.and M.Stenglin.2000.Interpreting Literature:The Role of Appraisal.[A]In L.
Unsword(ed.).Researching Language in Schools and Communities:Functional Linguistic Perspectives[C].London:Cassell.222-224
Sharon Cameron/Baltimore.1979.Lyric Time:Dickinson and the Limits of Genre[M]Johns Hopkins University Press:Maryland
Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar Bloomington.1979.Madwoman in the Attic:The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination[M]New Haven and London:Yale University Press
Suzanne Juhasz(eds).1983.Feminist Critics Read Emily Dickinson[M].Bloomington:Indiana University Press
Stubbs,M.1986.A Matter of Prolonged Fieldwork:Toward a Modal Grammar of English[J]In Applied Linguistics Vol.7 PP.1-25
Thomas Bloor,Meriel Bloor,2001.The Functional Analysis of English:A Hallidayan Approach [M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Thompson,G.2000.Introducing Functional Grammar[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Chang,Yaoxin(常耀信),1998.History of American Literature[M].Tianjin:Nankai University Press,P132
Chang,Yaoxin(常耀信),2004.A Brief History of American Literature(2~(nd) edition)[M].Tianjing:Nankai University Press
Chen,Shufang(陈淑芳),2002.Appraisal System and the Producing of Vocabulary[J]Shandong Foreign Language Teaching,No.6,18-30
Du,Xueqin(杜雪琴),2007.The Untitled Song:on the Nature Description and Emotion Expression in Emily Dickinson's Poetry[J].The World's Literary Criticism,No.1
Jiang,Feng(江枫),1984.Selected Poems of Emily Dickinson[M],Hunan:Hunan People's Publishing House
Hong,Liu(洪流),2004.The St.Image and Faith Pursuit of Dick,son[J]Journal of Anhui University of Technology(Social Science) Vol.21,No.4
Huang,Weihong(黄蔚红),2002.The External Environment of Dickinson's Poetic Thoughts[J]"Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Light Industry"(Social Science),No.3
Liu,Shoulan(刘守兰),1997.Exploration of the Influential Sources of Dickinson's Poetry[J] Journal of Yunnan Normal University,No.3 Vol.29 P52-57
Liu,Shoulan(刘守兰),2006.Research on Emily Dickinson[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Liu,Bao'an(刘保安),2004.The domestic Research on Dickinson in the past five years[J].Foreign Literature Studies,No.5
Liu,Bao'an(刘保安),2007.On the Arts Features of Emily Dickinson's Poetry[J]Journal of the Yellow River University of Science and Technology,Vol.9 No.2 P54-57
Liu,Haiping(刘海平)& Wang Shouren(王守仁),2000.A New Edition of History of American Literature(Vol.I)[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Liu,Shijun(柳士军),2007.On the Tragic Sense of Emily Dickinson's Poetry[J].Journal of the Yellow River University of Science and Technology,Vol.9 No.1
Liu,Nuoya(刘诺亚),2007.Characteristics of Emily Dickinson's Image Poems[J]Journal of Jingmen Vocational and Technical College,Vol.22 No.2,P41-43
Li,Zhanzi(李战子),2002.Research on the Significance of Interpersonal Discourse[M],Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Liu Chengyu(刘承宇),2002.Appraisal System and Critical Reading of English Newspapers[J]Journal of Shandong Normal University Institute of Foreign Languages,Vol.4 25-29
Li,Qiyun(李其云),2008.A Second Read on Emily Dickinson's Death Poems[J].Scientific and Technical Information,No.2 P8-9
Pu,Long(蒲隆),2001.The Riddle That We Can Not Guess[M].Beijing:Writers Publishing House,P15-16
Wang,Tenggong(王誊公),2000.The Studies of Classification and Phonology in Emily Dickinson's Poetry[M],Jinan:Shandong University Press
Wang,Zhenhua(王振华),2001 Appraisal System and Its Operation[J]Foreign Languages.Vol.6,13-20
Wang,Zhenhua(王振华),2004.Research on the Attitude of "Hard News '"[J]Foreign Language Teaching,No.5,31-36
Wu,Juntao(吴均陶),1996.Selected Poems of Dickinson[M],Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Publishing House
Wu,Ling(吴玲),2000.Loneliness Is a Mystery - Emily Dickinson's Secret Diary[M],Tianjin: Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House
Zhang,Yuejun(张跃军),1998.The Translating Media of Emily Dickinson's Works in China[J]Journal of Chinese Translation,No.6 P38-42
Refer to Zhou,Jianxin(周建新),2004.Five E-C Translation Versions of Emily Dickinson's poetry[J]Journal of Aviation Industry Guangli Zhengzhou College(Social Science) No.1P95-98;He Rundong(贺润东),2004.Translation of Dickinson's Poetry- From the Chinese Translation of"The Last Harvest"[J]Journal of Leshan Teachers College,No.1 P54-57
Zhou,Jianxin(周建新),2007.The Impact of Home on Emily Dickinson[J]Journal of Xi'an Institute of Foreign Affairs,Vol.3 No.4 P37-42
Zhou,Jianxin(周建新),2008.Research on the Musical Characteristics of Emily Dickinson's Poetry[J]Journal of North China Electric Power University(Social Science) No.2 P109-114The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson[Z].Available at:http://members.aol.com/GivenRandy/r_emily.htm(2008-6-05)
P.R.R.White 1998.Telling Media Tales:The News Story as Rhetoric[Z].(Unpublished Pb..d.Dissertation)[J].Sydney:University of Sydney.Available at:http://www.grammatics.com/appraisal/appraisalKeyReferences.html(2008-5-15)
P.R.R.White 2001.An Introductory Course in Appraisal Analysis[Z]http://www.grammatics.com/appraisal/index.html(Website developed by P.R.R.White and eldon,Verbosity Enterprises)(2008-5-15)
P.R.R.White and Iedema,F.1994.Extract from Write It Right,Media Literacy Report[Z].Available at:http;//www.grammatics.com/appraisal/MediaLit-Appraise.pdf(2008-5-20)
Biber,D.& E.Finegan.2006.Stance in Spoken and Written University Registers.Journal of English for Academic Purposes 5:97-116.
Carolyn Lindley Cooley.The Music of Emily Dickinson's Poems and Letters:A Study of Imagery and Form[M]London:McFarland
Channell,J.2000.Corpus-based analysis of evaluative lexis[A]In S.Hunston and G.Thompson (eds.).Evaluation in Text:A uthorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse[C].Oxford:Oxford University press,pp.39-55
Coffin,C.2002.The voices of history:Theorizing the interpersonal semantics of historical discourses[J].In Text 22(4):503-528
Conrad,S.& D.Biher 2000.Adverbial Marking of Stance in Speech and Writing[A].In Hunston,S.& G.Thompson.(eds.).2000.Evaluation in Text:Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,56-73
Diana Fuss,2003.Corpse Poem[J]In Critical Inquiry,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,Autumn,2003,v30P1
Daneen Wardrop.1996.Emily Dickinson's Gothic:Goblin with a Gauge[M]Iowa City:University of Iowa Press
Elizabeth A.Petrino.1998.Emily Dickinson and Her Contemporaries:Women's Verse in America 1820-1885[M]Hanover and London:University Press of New England
Eggins,S.and D.Slade.1997.Analyzing Casual Conversation[M].London:Cassell Fuller,G.1998.Cultivating Science:Negotiating Discourse in the Popular Texts of Stephen Jay Gould[A]In Martin,J.R.and R.Veel(eds.).Reading Science:Critical and Functional Perspectives on Discourses of Science[C].London:Rouledge,1998.
Hunston,S.& G.Thompson.2000.Evaluation in Text:Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Halliday,M.A.K.and R.Hasan.1989.Language,Context and Text:Aspects of Language in a Social Semiotic Perspective[M].London:Routledge pp32-66
Halliday,M.A.K.and R.Hasan.2000.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Hyland,K.2005.Metadiscourse:Exploring Interaction in Writing[M].London:Continuum.
Judy Jo Small.1990.Positive as Sound:Emily Dickinson's Rhyme[M].Athens and London:University of Georgia Press
Judith Farr.1992.The Passion of Emily Dickinson[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press
Martin,J.R.and P.R.R.White.2005 The Language of Evaluation:Appraisal in English[M].London:Palgrave Macmillan
Martin,J.R.and P.R.R.White.1995a.Interpersonal Meaning,Persuasion,and Public Discourse:Packing Semiotic Punch [J]Australian Journal of Linguistics 15:3-67.
Martin,J.R.and P.R.R.White.1995b.Reading Positions/Positioning Readers:JUDGEMENT in English[J].Prospect:a Journal of Australian TESOL 10(2):27-37.
Margaret Homans.1980.Women Writers and Poetic Identity:Dorothy Wordsworth,Emily Bronte,and Emily Dickinson[M].Princeton:Princeton UP.P37
Marietta Messmer.2001.A Vice for Voices:Reading Emily Dickinson's Correspondence[M].Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press
Macken-Horarik,M.2003.Appraisal and the Special Instructiveness of Narrative[J]In Text.Vol.32(2):285-312
Macken-Horarik,M.1996.Construing the Invisible:Specialized Literacy Practices in Junior Secondary English [Z]Unpublished PhD.Dissertation,University of Sydney,Australia.
P.R.R.White.2003.Beyond modality and hedging:A dialogic view of the language of intersubjective stance[J]Text 23(2)(2003),P259-284
P.R.R.White.2000.Dialogue and Inter-Subjectivity:Reinterpreting the Semantics of Modality and Hedging[J].In Working With Dialog,Coulthard,M.,Cotterill,J.,& Rock,F.(eds),Neimeyer.
Poyton,C.1989.Language and Gender:Making the Difference[M].Oxford University Press,USA
Perrine,L.1982.Sound and Sense:An Introduction to Poetry(3rd Ed.)[M].New York:Harcourt Brace & World,Inc.
Paul J Ferlazzo.1976.Emily Dickinson[M].Boston:Twayne Publishers
Rothery,J.and M.Stenglin.2000.Interpreting Literature:The Role of Appraisal.[A]In L.
Unsword(ed.).Researching Language in Schools and Communities:Functional Linguistic Perspectives[C].London:Cassell.222-224
Sharon Cameron/Baltimore.1979.Lyric Time:Dickinson and the Limits of Genre[M]Johns Hopkins University Press:Maryland
Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar Bloomington.1979.Madwoman in the Attic:The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination[M]New Haven and London:Yale University Press
Suzanne Juhasz(eds).1983.Feminist Critics Read Emily Dickinson[M].Bloomington:Indiana University Press
Stubbs,M.1986.A Matter of Prolonged Fieldwork:Toward a Modal Grammar of English[J]In Applied Linguistics Vol.7 PP.1-25
Thomas Bloor,Meriel Bloor,2001.The Functional Analysis of English:A Hallidayan Approach [M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Thompson,G.2000.Introducing Functional Grammar[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Chang,Yaoxin(常耀信),1998.History of American Literature[M].Tianjin:Nankai University Press,P132
Chang,Yaoxin(常耀信),2004.A Brief History of American Literature(2~(nd) edition)[M].Tianjing:Nankai University Press
Chen,Shufang(陈淑芳),2002.Appraisal System and the Producing of Vocabulary[J]Shandong Foreign Language Teaching,No.6,18-30
Du,Xueqin(杜雪琴),2007.The Untitled Song:on the Nature Description and Emotion Expression in Emily Dickinson's Poetry[J].The World's Literary Criticism,No.1
Jiang,Feng(江枫),1984.Selected Poems of Emily Dickinson[M],Hunan:Hunan People's Publishing House
Hong,Liu(洪流),2004.The St.Image and Faith Pursuit of Dick,son[J]Journal of Anhui University of Technology(Social Science) Vol.21,No.4
Huang,Weihong(黄蔚红),2002.The External Environment of Dickinson's Poetic Thoughts[J]"Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Light Industry"(Social Science),No.3
Liu,Shoulan(刘守兰),1997.Exploration of the Influential Sources of Dickinson's Poetry[J] Journal of Yunnan Normal University,No.3 Vol.29 P52-57
Liu,Shoulan(刘守兰),2006.Research on Emily Dickinson[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Liu,Bao'an(刘保安),2004.The domestic Research on Dickinson in the past five years[J].Foreign Literature Studies,No.5
Liu,Bao'an(刘保安),2007.On the Arts Features of Emily Dickinson's Poetry[J]Journal of the Yellow River University of Science and Technology,Vol.9 No.2 P54-57
Liu,Haiping(刘海平)& Wang Shouren(王守仁),2000.A New Edition of History of American Literature(Vol.I)[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Liu,Shijun(柳士军),2007.On the Tragic Sense of Emily Dickinson's Poetry[J].Journal of the Yellow River University of Science and Technology,Vol.9 No.1
Liu,Nuoya(刘诺亚),2007.Characteristics of Emily Dickinson's Image Poems[J]Journal of Jingmen Vocational and Technical College,Vol.22 No.2,P41-43
Li,Zhanzi(李战子),2002.Research on the Significance of Interpersonal Discourse[M],Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Liu Chengyu(刘承宇),2002.Appraisal System and Critical Reading of English Newspapers[J]Journal of Shandong Normal University Institute of Foreign Languages,Vol.4 25-29
Li,Qiyun(李其云),2008.A Second Read on Emily Dickinson's Death Poems[J].Scientific and Technical Information,No.2 P8-9
Pu,Long(蒲隆),2001.The Riddle That We Can Not Guess[M].Beijing:Writers Publishing House,P15-16
Wang,Tenggong(王誊公),2000.The Studies of Classification and Phonology in Emily Dickinson's Poetry[M],Jinan:Shandong University Press
Wang,Zhenhua(王振华),2001 Appraisal System and Its Operation[J]Foreign Languages.Vol.6,13-20
Wang,Zhenhua(王振华),2004.Research on the Attitude of "Hard News '"[J]Foreign Language Teaching,No.5,31-36
Wu,Juntao(吴均陶),1996.Selected Poems of Dickinson[M],Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Publishing House
Wu,Ling(吴玲),2000.Loneliness Is a Mystery - Emily Dickinson's Secret Diary[M],Tianjin: Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House
Zhang,Yuejun(张跃军),1998.The Translating Media of Emily Dickinson's Works in China[J]Journal of Chinese Translation,No.6 P38-42
Refer to Zhou,Jianxin(周建新),2004.Five E-C Translation Versions of Emily Dickinson's poetry[J]Journal of Aviation Industry Guangli Zhengzhou College(Social Science) No.1P95-98;He Rundong(贺润东),2004.Translation of Dickinson's Poetry- From the Chinese Translation of"The Last Harvest"[J]Journal of Leshan Teachers College,No.1 P54-57
Zhou,Jianxin(周建新),2007.The Impact of Home on Emily Dickinson[J]Journal of Xi'an Institute of Foreign Affairs,Vol.3 No.4 P37-42
Zhou,Jianxin(周建新),2008.Research on the Musical Characteristics of Emily Dickinson's Poetry[J]Journal of North China Electric Power University(Social Science) No.2 P109-114The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson[Z].Available at:http://members.aol.com/GivenRandy/r_emily.htm(2008-6-05)
P.R.R.White 1998.Telling Media Tales:The News Story as Rhetoric[Z].(Unpublished Pb..d.Dissertation)[J].Sydney:University of Sydney.Available at:http://www.grammatics.com/appraisal/appraisalKeyReferences.html(2008-5-15)
P.R.R.White 2001.An Introductory Course in Appraisal Analysis[Z]http://www.grammatics.com/appraisal/index.html(Website developed by P.R.R.White and eldon,Verbosity Enterprises)(2008-5-15)
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