多维透视福克纳短篇小说的写作技巧
摘要
美国南方文学最重要的代表人物威廉·福克纳在现代文学技巧方面是一个成功的革新者。他的成功很大程度在于其独创的叙事方式、叙事结构及象征手法。在许多短篇小说中,他巧妙地运用了多角度、时序颠倒的叙事方式、并置修辞和象征艺术手段,把他所处的整个社会群体描绘得栩栩如生。他的短篇小说以其短小的篇幅,丰富曲折的情节、丰满的人物、激烈的矛盾冲突以及深邃的内涵呈现给读者一幅美国南方社会现实的完整画卷,成为美国文学史上最优秀的短篇小说。
本篇论文以福克纳的创作技巧与风格为主线,以他的生平与短篇小说为研究对象,并结合他的其他作品,深入剖析多角度、时序颠倒的叙事方式、并置修辞手和象征艺术手段等多种技巧的运用以及他对现代文学发展的影响和贡献。全文共分三章。
第一章分析了福克纳短篇小说中多角度手法的运用。第二章主要分析福克纳对并置修辞手段以及时序颠倒的叙事方式的运用。第三章主要分析了福克纳短篇小说中大量的象征手法的运用。不难看出,在《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》中每一部分叙述都强调了“死亡”,小说以死亡开始亦以死亡结束。死亡象征了美国南方旧传统的日益没落和不可挽回的灭亡。
综上所述,福克纳短篇小说中得心应手的语言运用让人们深深的沉醉于语言文字所蕴藏的无穷魅力中,同时也让读者感受到文学带给人的心灵震撼,引发对现实社会及人生的深入思考。福克纳的作品无愧于一餐文学盛宴,让人口齿留香,回味无穷。
William Faulkner, the most important and the representative of the American Southern writers, is a great and successful avant-garde experimenter in modern literary techniques. His achievement as a novelist is, to a great extent, due to his unique narrative techniques, narrative structure, and the application of symbolism. In most of his short stories, he makes subtle use of multiple points of view, the violation of chronology, juxtaposition and symbolism. And he gives a vivid picture of southern American community to the reader. Though very short, these stories are full of devious plotting, grotesque characters and poignant social conflicts, which make both Faulkner and the story famous.
This thesis aims for multidimensional analysis of such Faulkner's innovative literary techniques and his great contributions to the modern literature. It consists of the following three chapters.
Chapter One makes an attempt at an analyzing of multiple points of view. Chapter Two discusses the usage of juxtaposition and the violation of chronology. Chapter Three expatiates on application of symbolism in short stories. "A Rose for Emily" shows that the story is a gothic love story. The main line can be conveyed in death from the very beginning to the final scene. The deaths give readers some hints of the Old South's decay and downfall.
In a large sense, the thesis points out that it is due to his skillful usage and the multidimensional perspective of the literary techniques that make Faulkner achieve his unparalleled fame and that make his characters win the reader's hearts.Faulkner, a great master of literature, is worthy of the name.
本篇论文以福克纳的创作技巧与风格为主线,以他的生平与短篇小说为研究对象,并结合他的其他作品,深入剖析多角度、时序颠倒的叙事方式、并置修辞手和象征艺术手段等多种技巧的运用以及他对现代文学发展的影响和贡献。全文共分三章。
第一章分析了福克纳短篇小说中多角度手法的运用。第二章主要分析福克纳对并置修辞手段以及时序颠倒的叙事方式的运用。第三章主要分析了福克纳短篇小说中大量的象征手法的运用。不难看出,在《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》中每一部分叙述都强调了“死亡”,小说以死亡开始亦以死亡结束。死亡象征了美国南方旧传统的日益没落和不可挽回的灭亡。
综上所述,福克纳短篇小说中得心应手的语言运用让人们深深的沉醉于语言文字所蕴藏的无穷魅力中,同时也让读者感受到文学带给人的心灵震撼,引发对现实社会及人生的深入思考。福克纳的作品无愧于一餐文学盛宴,让人口齿留香,回味无穷。
William Faulkner, the most important and the representative of the American Southern writers, is a great and successful avant-garde experimenter in modern literary techniques. His achievement as a novelist is, to a great extent, due to his unique narrative techniques, narrative structure, and the application of symbolism. In most of his short stories, he makes subtle use of multiple points of view, the violation of chronology, juxtaposition and symbolism. And he gives a vivid picture of southern American community to the reader. Though very short, these stories are full of devious plotting, grotesque characters and poignant social conflicts, which make both Faulkner and the story famous.
This thesis aims for multidimensional analysis of such Faulkner's innovative literary techniques and his great contributions to the modern literature. It consists of the following three chapters.
Chapter One makes an attempt at an analyzing of multiple points of view. Chapter Two discusses the usage of juxtaposition and the violation of chronology. Chapter Three expatiates on application of symbolism in short stories. "A Rose for Emily" shows that the story is a gothic love story. The main line can be conveyed in death from the very beginning to the final scene. The deaths give readers some hints of the Old South's decay and downfall.
In a large sense, the thesis points out that it is due to his skillful usage and the multidimensional perspective of the literary techniques that make Faulkner achieve his unparalleled fame and that make his characters win the reader's hearts.Faulkner, a great master of literature, is worthy of the name.
引文
[1]Frederick. L. Gwynn and Joseph L. Blotner. Faulkner in the University. Virginia:The University of Virginia Press,1959.
[2]James McKonald Miller. An Outline of American Literature.New York:Farrar & Rinehart,1934.
[3]Chang Yaoxin. A Survey of American Literature. Tianjin:Nankai University Press, Second Edition. 2003.
[4]William Faulkner. "Address Upon Receiving the Nobel Prize for Literature." Tao Jie, ed.Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
[5]M. Thomas Inge. "William Faulkner:Biography." Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
[6]Jean-Paul Sartre."American Novelists in French Eyes." Atlantic Magazine. Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
[7]George Garrett. "The Influence of William Faulkner." George Review.Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press,1998.
[8]George Garrett. Introduction, Snopes. New York:Modern Library,1994.
[9]Cleanth Brooks.William Faulkner:Toward Yoknapptawpha and Beyond. New Haven:Yale University Press,1978.
[10]Hu Quansheng. Selected Reading on 20th Century. British and American Literature-Modernism. Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao tong University Press,2003.
[11]Qin Xiaomeng. Contemporary American Literature with Collateral Readings. Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Publishing Press,1986.
[12]Wang, Zuoliang, Liu Chengpei. American Collected Stories. Beijing:Commercial Printing House, 1982.
[13]William Faulkner. Joseph Blotner, ed. Uncollected Stories of William Faulkner. New York:Random House,1979.
[14]William Faulkner. Collected Stories of William Faulkner. New York:A Division of Random House, Inc.,1995.
[15]Annette T. Rubinstein. American Literature Root and Flower.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1988.
[16]Chang Yaoxing. Selected Readings in American Literary Criticism. Tianjin:Nankai University Press, 1993.
[17]Linda Pui-Iing Wong. Landscape of the Heart:The City and the Feminine in William Faulkner's "Artist at Home" and "Idyll in the Desert." Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
[18]Diane Roberts.Faulkner and Southern Womanhood. Athens, Georgia:The University of Georgia Press, 1994.
[19]Brooks, Cleanth. William Faulkner:Toward Yoknapptawpha and Beyond. New Haven:Yale University Press,1978.
[20]Howard Phillips Lovercraft. Supernatural Horror in Literature. New York:Dover Publications,1973.
[21]Robert Penn Warren. "Cowley's Faulkner." New Republic.1946. Tao Jie,ed. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
[22]Suying Yang. "Verbal Forms and Narrative Effects in Go Down, Moses." Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998
[23]Richard Wright. Keneth Kinnamon and Michel Fabre, ed. Conversations with Richard Wright. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,1993.
[24]Laurence Stallings. Gentleman from Mississippi, American Mercury.1935.Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
Annette T. Rubinstein. American Literature Root and Flower. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1988.
Brooks, Cleanth. William Faulkner:Toward Yoknapptawpha and Beyond. New Haven:Yale University Press,1978.
Brooks, Cleanth. Rural Faulkner Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
Brown, Calvin S. A Glossary of Faulkner's South. New Haven:Yale University Press,1976.
Campbell, Harry Modean, and Ruel E. Foster. William Faulkner:A Critical Appraisal. Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1951.
Carothers, James B.William Faulkner's Short Stories. Ann Arbor:UMI Research Press,1985.
Chang Yaoxin. A Survey of American Literature.Tianjing:Nankai University Press, Second Edition.2003.
Chang Yaoxin. Selected Readings in American Literary Criticism. Tianjin:Nankai University Press,1993.
Clarke, Deborah. Robbing the Mother:Women in Faulkner. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1994.
Faulkner, William. "Address Upon Receiving the Nobel Prize for Literature." Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press,1998.
Faulkner,William. Collected Stories of William Faulkner. New York:A Division of Random House, Inc., 1995.
Faulkner, William. Corry, Milken.ed. Miniature book Faulkner anthology. New York:Penguin Publishing House,1978.
Faulkner,William. Joseph Blotner, ed. Uncollected Stories of William Faulkner. New York:Random House, 1979.
Faulkner,William. Li, Wenjun. ed. The Sound and the Fury. Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Publishing House,1984.
Faulkner, William. "The Bear" Go Down, Moses. London:Penguin Books,1960.
Fiedler, Leslie. Love and Death in the American Novel. New York:Criterion Boobs,1960.
Frederick. L. Gwynn and Joseph L. Blotner. Faulkner in the University. Virginia:The University of Virginia Press,1959.
Garrett, George. Introduction, Snopes. New York:Modern Library,1994.
Garrett, George. "The Influence of William Faulkner." George Review. Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press,1998.
Gold, Joseph. William Faulkner:A Study in Humanism, From Metaphor to Discourse. Norman:University of Oklahoma Press.1966
Gray, Richard. The Life of William Faulkner:A Critical Biography. Oxford:Black well,1994.
Grimwood, Michael. Heart in Conflict:Faulkner's Struggles with Vocation. Athens:University of Georgia Press,1987.
Hennessy, Breden. The Gothic Novel. London:Longman Group Limited,1978.
Hu, Quansheng. Selected Reading on 20th Century. British and American Literature-Modernism. Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao tong University Press,2003.
Inge, M. Thomas. "William Faulkner:Biography." Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
Miller, James McKonald. An Outline of American Literature. New York:Farrar & Rinehart,1934.
Lovercraft, Howard Phillips. Supernatural Horror in Literature. New York:Dover Publications,1973.
Magistrale, Tony and Michael A. Morrison.ed. A Dark Night's Dreaming. Columbia, South Carolina:The University of South Carolina Press,1996.
Qin, Xiaomeng. Contemporary American Literature with Collateral Readings. Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Publishing Press,1986.
Roberts, Diane. Faulkner and Southern Womanhood. Athens, Georgia:The University of Georgia Press, 1994.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. "American Novelists in French Eyes" Atlantic Magazine. Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
Smith, Allan Lloyd. American Gothic in The Handbook to Gothic Literature. Marie Mulvey-Roberts, ed. New York:Macmilian Press,1998.
Swiggart, Peter. The Art of Faulkner's Novel. Austin:University of Texas Press,1962.
Stallings, Laurence. Gentleman from Mississippi, American Mercury.1935.Tao Jie,.ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
Suying, Yang. "Verbal Forms and Narrative Effects in Go Down, Moses." Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998
Tao, Jie. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press,1998.
Wang, Zuoliang, Liu Chengpei. American Collected Stories. Beijing:Commercial Printing House,1982.
Wright, Richard. Keneth Kinnamon and Michel Fabre, ed. Conversations with Richard Wright. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,1993.
Wong, Linda Pui-Iing. Landscape of the Heart:The City and the Feminine in William Faulkner's "Artist at Home" and "Idll in the Desert". Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press,1998.
Xiao, Minghan. William Faulkner Studies. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1999.
Faulkner, William Go Down, Moses. New York:Random House.1942.
[2]James McKonald Miller. An Outline of American Literature.New York:Farrar & Rinehart,1934.
[3]Chang Yaoxin. A Survey of American Literature. Tianjin:Nankai University Press, Second Edition. 2003.
[4]William Faulkner. "Address Upon Receiving the Nobel Prize for Literature." Tao Jie, ed.Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
[5]M. Thomas Inge. "William Faulkner:Biography." Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
[6]Jean-Paul Sartre."American Novelists in French Eyes." Atlantic Magazine. Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
[7]George Garrett. "The Influence of William Faulkner." George Review.Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press,1998.
[8]George Garrett. Introduction, Snopes. New York:Modern Library,1994.
[9]Cleanth Brooks.William Faulkner:Toward Yoknapptawpha and Beyond. New Haven:Yale University Press,1978.
[10]Hu Quansheng. Selected Reading on 20th Century. British and American Literature-Modernism. Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao tong University Press,2003.
[11]Qin Xiaomeng. Contemporary American Literature with Collateral Readings. Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Publishing Press,1986.
[12]Wang, Zuoliang, Liu Chengpei. American Collected Stories. Beijing:Commercial Printing House, 1982.
[13]William Faulkner. Joseph Blotner, ed. Uncollected Stories of William Faulkner. New York:Random House,1979.
[14]William Faulkner. Collected Stories of William Faulkner. New York:A Division of Random House, Inc.,1995.
[15]Annette T. Rubinstein. American Literature Root and Flower.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1988.
[16]Chang Yaoxing. Selected Readings in American Literary Criticism. Tianjin:Nankai University Press, 1993.
[17]Linda Pui-Iing Wong. Landscape of the Heart:The City and the Feminine in William Faulkner's "Artist at Home" and "Idyll in the Desert." Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
[18]Diane Roberts.Faulkner and Southern Womanhood. Athens, Georgia:The University of Georgia Press, 1994.
[19]Brooks, Cleanth. William Faulkner:Toward Yoknapptawpha and Beyond. New Haven:Yale University Press,1978.
[20]Howard Phillips Lovercraft. Supernatural Horror in Literature. New York:Dover Publications,1973.
[21]Robert Penn Warren. "Cowley's Faulkner." New Republic.1946. Tao Jie,ed. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
[22]Suying Yang. "Verbal Forms and Narrative Effects in Go Down, Moses." Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998
[23]Richard Wright. Keneth Kinnamon and Michel Fabre, ed. Conversations with Richard Wright. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,1993.
[24]Laurence Stallings. Gentleman from Mississippi, American Mercury.1935.Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
Annette T. Rubinstein. American Literature Root and Flower. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1988.
Brooks, Cleanth. William Faulkner:Toward Yoknapptawpha and Beyond. New Haven:Yale University Press,1978.
Brooks, Cleanth. Rural Faulkner Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
Brown, Calvin S. A Glossary of Faulkner's South. New Haven:Yale University Press,1976.
Campbell, Harry Modean, and Ruel E. Foster. William Faulkner:A Critical Appraisal. Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1951.
Carothers, James B.William Faulkner's Short Stories. Ann Arbor:UMI Research Press,1985.
Chang Yaoxin. A Survey of American Literature.Tianjing:Nankai University Press, Second Edition.2003.
Chang Yaoxin. Selected Readings in American Literary Criticism. Tianjin:Nankai University Press,1993.
Clarke, Deborah. Robbing the Mother:Women in Faulkner. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1994.
Faulkner, William. "Address Upon Receiving the Nobel Prize for Literature." Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press,1998.
Faulkner,William. Collected Stories of William Faulkner. New York:A Division of Random House, Inc., 1995.
Faulkner, William. Corry, Milken.ed. Miniature book Faulkner anthology. New York:Penguin Publishing House,1978.
Faulkner,William. Joseph Blotner, ed. Uncollected Stories of William Faulkner. New York:Random House, 1979.
Faulkner,William. Li, Wenjun. ed. The Sound and the Fury. Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Publishing House,1984.
Faulkner, William. "The Bear" Go Down, Moses. London:Penguin Books,1960.
Fiedler, Leslie. Love and Death in the American Novel. New York:Criterion Boobs,1960.
Frederick. L. Gwynn and Joseph L. Blotner. Faulkner in the University. Virginia:The University of Virginia Press,1959.
Garrett, George. Introduction, Snopes. New York:Modern Library,1994.
Garrett, George. "The Influence of William Faulkner." George Review. Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press,1998.
Gold, Joseph. William Faulkner:A Study in Humanism, From Metaphor to Discourse. Norman:University of Oklahoma Press.1966
Gray, Richard. The Life of William Faulkner:A Critical Biography. Oxford:Black well,1994.
Grimwood, Michael. Heart in Conflict:Faulkner's Struggles with Vocation. Athens:University of Georgia Press,1987.
Hennessy, Breden. The Gothic Novel. London:Longman Group Limited,1978.
Hu, Quansheng. Selected Reading on 20th Century. British and American Literature-Modernism. Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao tong University Press,2003.
Inge, M. Thomas. "William Faulkner:Biography." Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
Miller, James McKonald. An Outline of American Literature. New York:Farrar & Rinehart,1934.
Lovercraft, Howard Phillips. Supernatural Horror in Literature. New York:Dover Publications,1973.
Magistrale, Tony and Michael A. Morrison.ed. A Dark Night's Dreaming. Columbia, South Carolina:The University of South Carolina Press,1996.
Qin, Xiaomeng. Contemporary American Literature with Collateral Readings. Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Publishing Press,1986.
Roberts, Diane. Faulkner and Southern Womanhood. Athens, Georgia:The University of Georgia Press, 1994.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. "American Novelists in French Eyes" Atlantic Magazine. Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
Smith, Allan Lloyd. American Gothic in The Handbook to Gothic Literature. Marie Mulvey-Roberts, ed. New York:Macmilian Press,1998.
Swiggart, Peter. The Art of Faulkner's Novel. Austin:University of Texas Press,1962.
Stallings, Laurence. Gentleman from Mississippi, American Mercury.1935.Tao Jie,.ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998.
Suying, Yang. "Verbal Forms and Narrative Effects in Go Down, Moses." Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner: Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press, First Edition.1998
Tao, Jie. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press,1998.
Wang, Zuoliang, Liu Chengpei. American Collected Stories. Beijing:Commercial Printing House,1982.
Wright, Richard. Keneth Kinnamon and Michel Fabre, ed. Conversations with Richard Wright. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,1993.
Wong, Linda Pui-Iing. Landscape of the Heart:The City and the Feminine in William Faulkner's "Artist at Home" and "Idll in the Desert". Tao Jie, ed. Faulkner:Achievement and Endurance. Beijing:Peking University Press,1998.
Xiao, Minghan. William Faulkner Studies. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1999.
Faulkner, William Go Down, Moses. New York:Random House.1942.