希尼诗歌力量之根——希尼八十年代以前诗歌的新批评解读
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摘要
谢默斯·希尼是自叶芝以来最重要的爱尔兰诗人,也是第四位来自北爱尔兰的诺贝尔文学奖获得者。20世纪60年代,他以诗集《一位博学者之死》蜚声文坛,并以其出色的捕捉乡村生活细节的能力赢得读者的普遍认可。凭借随后出版的《通向黑暗之门》、《在外过冬》、《北方》和《野外作业》等诗集,希尼在70年代末便牢固确立了其在英国诗坛的地位。希尼一生创作12部诗集,如今依然精力充沛,充满创作激情。
希尼的作品长期以来一直受到评论界的褒奖,正如著名的希尼研究者海伦·温德勒所说,“我第一次阅读希尼诗歌时便真切感受到心灵震撼,我相信有同感的读者绝非我本人。”希尼文学成就斐然,正如瑞典诺贝尔文学奖评审委员会的颁奖词所说,“他的诗作既有优美的抒情,又有伦理思考的深度,能从日常生活中提炼出神奇的想像,并能使历史复活。”希尼获此殊荣当之无愧。现在他已被公认为当今在世的最受欢迎的英语诗人。
尽管继《野外作业》后,希尼又出版了许多令其读者耳目一新的作品,2006年的新作《故地轮回》又在读者中产生了出其不意的轰动效应,然而,本人却依然选择诗人80年代以前的作品作为研究范本。因为我坚信,这些诗歌真正见证了诗人的成长和成就,因而本研究也能为深入研究诗人的后期作品奠定扎实的基础。希尼在其创作初期便显示出其作品根植故乡德里郡乡村生活的倾向,这一主题在他最初的五部诗集中初露端倪,并贯穿其一生作品。因此,研究希尼成名前的作品对整体把握其诗歌至关重要。本文以布鲁克斯的有机统一体学说为理论框架,从分析希尼的创作源泉入手,探索其诗歌的艺术成就。希尼通过长达15年的不懈挖掘,从其自幼生长的爱尔兰乡村以及传统诗歌中汲取维系其创作生涯的宝贵养分。尽管曾一度热衷于家乡以外的世界,但最终却义无反顾地在70年代末回归故土,在属于自己诗歌的土壤上打造出特有的艺术风格,生动地展现北爱尔兰社会生活的动人情景,在人才辈出的英语诗坛树起了不朽的丰碑。
Seamus Heaney is the greatest Irish poet after Yeats and the fourth Nobel Prize winner from Northern Ireland. He emerged as a new voice with the publication of Death of a Naturalist in the 1960s, which received wide acclaims from the public for his great ability to capture the details of a rural world. His subsequent poetic achievements up to 1979 established him firmly as the most important English poet in the 1970s, which were shown mainly in his poem collections Door into the Dark, Wintering Out, North, and Field Work. With twelve published volumes of verse, he is still energetic and glowing with heat of creation today.
Critics have been largely positive about his verse ever since their first reading. As Helen Vendler, a famous scholar in Heaney study recalls his response to the reading, "my startled and wholehearted response on first encountering Heaney's writing was by no means unique." His poetic achievement is enormous. The Swedish Committee commented that he deserves the special honor "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past". Now he has won worldwide recognition as the greatest living poet writing in English.
Despite the new taste among readers of his volumes after Field Work and the unexpected surprise accompanied by reading his newly-published poetry, Circle and District in 2006, I still aim at his early poems before the 1980s. Because I maintain that these poems witnessed the growth and arrival of a genius poet and I believe that they can help me to lay a solid foundation for my further study of his later works. Heaney showed his tendency to root his work in the rural life in his hometown County Derry right at the initial stage of his poetical career. This topic began to reveal in his first five volumes before he became well-known and ran through all of his poetic works. Thus the study of these five volumes is crucial in interpreting Heaney's poetry as a whole.
In this thesis, I shall adopt Cleanth Brooks'concept of organic unity as my theoretic guide, in order to explore the source of Heaney's poetic inspiration as well as his poetic achievements. Having dug in the Irish countryside and from its poetic tradition in which he was born and brought up, Heaney has absorbed precious nutrients, which have sustained him through his entire poetic career. Although he was once fascinated by the world outside of his hometown, he finally returned to his home soil by the end of the 1970s and began to plough there to shape an artistic style of his own. It is with his unique style that he presents moving pictures of the life in the society of Northern Ireland and has attained tremendous achievements among the talent groups of English poets.
希尼的作品长期以来一直受到评论界的褒奖,正如著名的希尼研究者海伦·温德勒所说,“我第一次阅读希尼诗歌时便真切感受到心灵震撼,我相信有同感的读者绝非我本人。”希尼文学成就斐然,正如瑞典诺贝尔文学奖评审委员会的颁奖词所说,“他的诗作既有优美的抒情,又有伦理思考的深度,能从日常生活中提炼出神奇的想像,并能使历史复活。”希尼获此殊荣当之无愧。现在他已被公认为当今在世的最受欢迎的英语诗人。
尽管继《野外作业》后,希尼又出版了许多令其读者耳目一新的作品,2006年的新作《故地轮回》又在读者中产生了出其不意的轰动效应,然而,本人却依然选择诗人80年代以前的作品作为研究范本。因为我坚信,这些诗歌真正见证了诗人的成长和成就,因而本研究也能为深入研究诗人的后期作品奠定扎实的基础。希尼在其创作初期便显示出其作品根植故乡德里郡乡村生活的倾向,这一主题在他最初的五部诗集中初露端倪,并贯穿其一生作品。因此,研究希尼成名前的作品对整体把握其诗歌至关重要。本文以布鲁克斯的有机统一体学说为理论框架,从分析希尼的创作源泉入手,探索其诗歌的艺术成就。希尼通过长达15年的不懈挖掘,从其自幼生长的爱尔兰乡村以及传统诗歌中汲取维系其创作生涯的宝贵养分。尽管曾一度热衷于家乡以外的世界,但最终却义无反顾地在70年代末回归故土,在属于自己诗歌的土壤上打造出特有的艺术风格,生动地展现北爱尔兰社会生活的动人情景,在人才辈出的英语诗坛树起了不朽的丰碑。
Seamus Heaney is the greatest Irish poet after Yeats and the fourth Nobel Prize winner from Northern Ireland. He emerged as a new voice with the publication of Death of a Naturalist in the 1960s, which received wide acclaims from the public for his great ability to capture the details of a rural world. His subsequent poetic achievements up to 1979 established him firmly as the most important English poet in the 1970s, which were shown mainly in his poem collections Door into the Dark, Wintering Out, North, and Field Work. With twelve published volumes of verse, he is still energetic and glowing with heat of creation today.
Critics have been largely positive about his verse ever since their first reading. As Helen Vendler, a famous scholar in Heaney study recalls his response to the reading, "my startled and wholehearted response on first encountering Heaney's writing was by no means unique." His poetic achievement is enormous. The Swedish Committee commented that he deserves the special honor "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past". Now he has won worldwide recognition as the greatest living poet writing in English.
Despite the new taste among readers of his volumes after Field Work and the unexpected surprise accompanied by reading his newly-published poetry, Circle and District in 2006, I still aim at his early poems before the 1980s. Because I maintain that these poems witnessed the growth and arrival of a genius poet and I believe that they can help me to lay a solid foundation for my further study of his later works. Heaney showed his tendency to root his work in the rural life in his hometown County Derry right at the initial stage of his poetical career. This topic began to reveal in his first five volumes before he became well-known and ran through all of his poetic works. Thus the study of these five volumes is crucial in interpreting Heaney's poetry as a whole.
In this thesis, I shall adopt Cleanth Brooks'concept of organic unity as my theoretic guide, in order to explore the source of Heaney's poetic inspiration as well as his poetic achievements. Having dug in the Irish countryside and from its poetic tradition in which he was born and brought up, Heaney has absorbed precious nutrients, which have sustained him through his entire poetic career. Although he was once fascinated by the world outside of his hometown, he finally returned to his home soil by the end of the 1970s and began to plough there to shape an artistic style of his own. It is with his unique style that he presents moving pictures of the life in the society of Northern Ireland and has attained tremendous achievements among the talent groups of English poets.
引文
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6. Brooks, Cleanth, Robert Penn Warren. Understanding Poetry Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2006
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10. Fleming, Deborah. Learning the Trade: Essays on W. B. Yeats and Contemporary Poetry. West Cornwall:Locust Hill Press,1993.
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12. Garratt, Robert F. Critical Essays on Seamus Heaney. New York: Prentice Hall International,1995.
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18. Heaney, Seamus. The Place of Writing. Georgia: Scholars Press,1989.
19. Heaney, Seamus. The Redress of Poetry: Oxford Lectures. London: Faber and Faber,1995.
20. Heaney, Seamus. "Above the Brim". in Homage to Robert Frost. New York: The Noonday Press,1996.
21. Heaney, Seamus. Opened Ground: poems 1966-1996. London: Faber and Faber, 1998.
22. Heaney, Seamus. Finders Keepers: selected prose 1971-2001. London: Faber and Faber,2002.
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23. Morrison, Blake. Seamus Heaney. London and New York: Methuen,1982.
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26. O'Donoghue, Bernard. Seamus Heaney and the Language of Poetry, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf,1994.
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28. Woodring, Carl. Janes Shapiro. The Columbia History of British Poetry. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2005
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35. Morriosn, Blake and Andrews Morrison. Ma Yongbo (Trans.). The Selected Contemporary English Poems. Hei Bei:Hei Bei Education Press,2003
36. Wang Zuoliang. XINZHI WENCAI:Wang Zuoliang suibi. Beijing: Peking University Press:2007
37. Wang Zuoliang, Zhou Yuliang. Anthology of the 20th Century English Literature. Beijing: Peking University Press:2006
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40. Liu Shoulan. Poems. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign language Education Press, 3002.
41. Zhou yuliang. Essays on English & American Literature and Translation Studies. Ningxia: Ningxia People's Press,2007.
42. Huang Yuanshen, Zhou Liren. Appreciation and Criticism of Foreign literature. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign language Education Press,2003
43. ZhuGang. Twentieth Century Western Critical Theories. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001
44. Ransom, John Crowe. Wang Luabao, Zhang Zhe (Trans.). The New Criticism. Jiangsu: Jiangshu Education Press,2006
45. Pulsiano, Phillip and Elaine Treharne. A Companion to Anglo-Saxon Literature. Blackwell Publisher, 2001
46. Deane, Seamus. "The Appetites of Gravity: Contemporary Irish POetry" in The Sewanee Review, Vol. LXXXIV, No.1.1976, PP. 199-208. Cited from Twentieth-century Literary Criticism, Vol.102
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2. Andrews, Elmer. The Poetry of Seamus Heaney: All the Realms of Whisper. New York: St. Martin's Press,1988.
3. Adams, Hazard. Leroy Searle. Critical Theory Since Plato (1). Beijing: Peking University Press,2006
4. Adams, Hazard. Leroy Searle. Critical Theory Since Plato (1). Beijing: Peking University Press,2006
5. Buxton, Rachel. Robert Frost and Northern Irish Poetry. New York:Oxford University Press,2004.
6. Brooks, Cleanth, Robert Penn Warren. Understanding Poetry Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2006
7. Durkan, Michael J. and Brandes,R.. Seamus Heaney a reference guide. New York: Prentice Hall International,1996.
8. Finn, Christine. Past Poetic: Archaeology in the poetry of W. B. Yeats and Seamus Heaney. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd,2004.
9. Flanagan, Thomas. There You are Writings on Irish and American Literature and History. New York: The New York Review of Books,2004.
10. Fleming, Deborah. Learning the Trade: Essays on W. B. Yeats and Contemporary Poetry. West Cornwall:Locust Hill Press,1993.
11. Foster, Thomas C. Seamus Heaney. Boston: Twayne Publishers,1989.
12. Garratt, Robert F. Critical Essays on Seamus Heaney. New York: Prentice Hall International,1995.
13. Goodby, John. Irish Poetry Since 1950s-From Stillness into History. Manchester and New York:Manchester University Press,2000.
14. Heaney, Seamus. North. London: Faber and Faber,1975.
15. Heaney, Seamus. Field Work. London: Faber and Faber,1979.
16. Heaney, Seamus. Selected poems: 1965-1975. London: Faber and Faber, 1980.
17. Heaney, Seamus. The Government of the Tongue: The 1986 T. S. Eliot Memorial Lectures and Other Critical Writings. London: Faber and Faber,1988.
18. Heaney, Seamus. The Place of Writing. Georgia: Scholars Press,1989.
19. Heaney, Seamus. The Redress of Poetry: Oxford Lectures. London: Faber and Faber,1995.
20. Heaney, Seamus. "Above the Brim". in Homage to Robert Frost. New York: The Noonday Press,1996.
21. Heaney, Seamus. Opened Ground: poems 1966-1996. London: Faber and Faber, 1998.
22. Heaney, Seamus. Finders Keepers: selected prose 1971-2001. London: Faber and Faber,2002.
23. Harland, Richard. Literary Theory from Plato to Barthes. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan Limited,1999.
23. Morrison, Blake. Seamus Heaney. London and New York: Methuen,1982.
24. ()"Modern Irish Literature" in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. (TCLC 102 Topics Volume).
25. O'Brien, Eugene. Seamus Heaney and the place of Writing. Florida: University Press of Florida,20036. Vender, Helen. Seamus Heaney. Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1998.
26. O'Donoghue, Bernard. Seamus Heaney and the Language of Poetry, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf,1994.
27. Wand, Alan J. Northern Ireland: Living with The Crisis. New York: Praeger Publisher,1987.
28. Woodring, Carl. Janes Shapiro. The Columbia History of British Poetry. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2005
29. Wu Qiancheng. Cruising between the Two Islands: Essays on Poetry of Engagement by Heaney and Some Taiwai Poets. Taiwai:New Century Book Store, 1999
30. Heaney, Seamus. Wu De-an (Trans.). A Collected Combination Edition of Seamus Heaney's Poems and Essays (C). Beijing: The Writer's Press,2001
31. Li Chenjian, Irish-British Poet Seamus Heaney and His Balancing Cultural Sttrategy (M), Chengdu: Chengdu People's Press,2006.3
32. Fu Hao, An Anthology of 20th Century Poetry in English (1) (M), Heibei:Heibei Education Press,2003
33. Fu Hao, An Anthology of 20th Century Poetry in English (2) (M), Heibei:Heibei Education Press,2003
34. Fu Hao, An Anthology of 20th Century Poetry in English (3) (M), Heibei:Heibei Education Press,2003
35. Morriosn, Blake and Andrews Morrison. Ma Yongbo (Trans.). The Selected Contemporary English Poems. Hei Bei:Hei Bei Education Press,2003
36. Wang Zuoliang. XINZHI WENCAI:Wang Zuoliang suibi. Beijing: Peking University Press:2007
37. Wang Zuoliang, Zhou Yuliang. Anthology of the 20th Century English Literature. Beijing: Peking University Press:2006
38. Wang Shouren, He Ning. An Anthology of English Literature in 20th Century. Beijing:Peking University Press:2006
39. Wang Zuoliang. An Anthology of English Verse. Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Press,1993.
40. Liu Shoulan. Poems. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign language Education Press, 3002.
41. Zhou yuliang. Essays on English & American Literature and Translation Studies. Ningxia: Ningxia People's Press,2007.
42. Huang Yuanshen, Zhou Liren. Appreciation and Criticism of Foreign literature. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign language Education Press,2003
43. ZhuGang. Twentieth Century Western Critical Theories. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001
44. Ransom, John Crowe. Wang Luabao, Zhang Zhe (Trans.). The New Criticism. Jiangsu: Jiangshu Education Press,2006
45. Pulsiano, Phillip and Elaine Treharne. A Companion to Anglo-Saxon Literature. Blackwell Publisher, 2001
46. Deane, Seamus. "The Appetites of Gravity: Contemporary Irish POetry" in The Sewanee Review, Vol. LXXXIV, No.1.1976, PP. 199-208. Cited from Twentieth-century Literary Criticism, Vol.102
[1]. John Wilson Foster. The Poetry of Seamus Heaney. Critical Quarterly. Spring, 1974, pp.35-48 http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/LitRC?locID=yunnan&frmhyp=1&srchtp=at hr&c=3&PN=CLC011DOC0391&ai=U13039160&svdste=6&docNum=H11001 10000&ST=Seamus+Heaney&bConts=12599231&vrsn=3&OP=contains&ca=1 &ste=120&tab=1&tbst=arp&n=10
[2]. Gale, Thomson. "Sidelights". (Document 1 of 4) Seamus (Justin) Heaney. Contemporary Authors,2004. Entry Updated:06/16/2004. http://galenet. galegroup.com/servlet/LitRC?
[3]. Schirmer, Gregory A. (Document 2 of 4). SEAMUS HEANEY. The Scribner Writers Series,1992. http://galenet. galegroup. com/servlet/LitRC?
[4]. Buttel, Robert. (Document 4 of 4). SEAMUS HEANEY. Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 40: Poets of Great Britain and Ireland Since 1960,1985 http://galenet. galegroup. com/servlet/LitRC?
[5]. Zhang Jian. "Seamus Heaney's life experiences and creation" [J]. Xie Mo Si Xi Ni De Sheng Ping Yu Chuang Zuo. Foreign Literature; 1996
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