速度向量成像技术评估左室扭转运动的研究
|
摘要
目的应用速度向量成像(Velocity Vector Imaging,VVI)技术分析正常人左室扭转运动的特点,建立从新生儿至老年人不同年龄组的正常参考值,评价年龄对左室扭转运动的影响,并与斑点追踪显像(Speckle Tracking Echocardiography,STE)技术测量左室扭转参数比较,评价VVI技术测量正常人左室扭转参数的价值。
应用VVI技术观察心肌疾病患者左室扭转运动的改变,包括扩张型心肌病(DCM)、肥厚型心肌病(HCM)、心肌致密化不全(NVM)和心肌炎(MC),并与正常人的扭转参数、常规超声心动图心功能指标射血分数(Ejection Fraction,EF)及实验室指标氮末端脑钠素前体(NT-proBNP)对比,探讨VVI技术评价心肌病患者左心功能的可行性和准确性。
方法使用VVI技术分析335例正常志愿者(年龄从12天至74岁)左室扭转运动,观察年龄、性别对扭转参数的影响;从335例志愿者中随机抽取274例进行STE分析,分析两种方法评价左室扭转运动是否有一致性。
使用VVI技术分析49例心肌病变患者左室扭转运动参数,使用常规超声心动图测量EF并抽血检测其血浆NT—proBNP含量,分析三种方法所测结果有无相关性。
结果左室扭转随年龄增加而变化:扭转角度峰值(Ptw)随年龄增加而增大;使用左室长度标化扭转角度峰值后,3岁以前和25～35岁及35～45岁年龄组的标化后扭转峰值(PtwN)最大;扭转速度峰值(PtwV)从出生至25岁以前随年龄增加,25～45岁保持在相近水平,45岁以后随年龄增加而减小。收缩期扭转的达峰时间(TPKtw)与达峰时间百分比(TPK%)的变化无明显组间差异。最大解旋速度(PutwV)在出生后至3岁前最低,3岁至25岁随年龄增加逐渐增加,25至45岁保持在相近水平,45岁以后随年龄增加而减小。解旋达峰时间(TPKutw)有随年龄增大而增加的趋势,但统计学分析差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。等容舒张期解旋百分比(Iutw%)在3岁前最低,3岁至45岁随年龄增加逐渐增大,45岁以后随年龄增加而减小。不同性别受试者左室扭转运动参数无明显差异。VVI技术所测的左室扭转运动参数与STE技术所测值之间有较好的相关性。
DCM组、NVM组、MC组的扭转及解旋各参数均小于正常对照组;HCM组收缩期扭转参数大于对照组,但舒张期解旋各参数明显小于正常对照组。
DCM组、NVM组、MC组的收缩期扭转及舒张期解旋参数下降的程度均与EF下降的程度呈正相关,HCM组的解旋参数下降程度与EF下降的程度呈正相关。心肌病组的扭转参数Ptw和TPK%、解旋参数Iutw%的变化与患者血浆NT-proBNP浓度测值有较好的相关性。
结论VVI能无创、较准确地评估正常人的左室扭转运动,左室扭转运动随年龄增加的变化反映了新生儿至老年人左室扭转生物力学的成熟和适应性调整过程。
VVI技术能无创、准确地评估心肌病变状态下左室扭转运动的变化特点,与超声心动图常用指标和实验室指标有较好的一致性,能为临床评定左室功能提供重要的超声量化指标。
Objective Assess the characteristic of Left Ventricular (LV) twist of health person by Velocity Vector Imaging (VVI) , and establish nomogram of LV twist from infancy to the elder. Analyze the influence of aging on LV torsional movement, and compared with the parameter measured by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (STE) , in order to estimate the value of VVI in assessing of LV twist.
Analyze the alteration of LV twist in patients with Cardiomyopathy by VVI, including Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) , Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy(HCM), Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium (NVM), and Myocarditis (MC) , and compared with the normal twist parameter, routine Echocardiogram heart function index- Ejection Fraction (EF), laboratory index NT-proBNP, to discuss the value of VVI in assessing LV function of patient with Cardiomyopathy.
Methods Analyze LV twist in 335 healthy volunteers (aged 12 days to 74 years) by VVI, observe the influence of age and sex on twist parameter. Draw 274 from the 335 healthy volunteers randomly, and assessed by STE, to analysis the consistency in this two methods in evaluate LV twist.
Assess LV twist in 49 patients with Cardiomyopathy by VVI, measure the EF by Echocardiogram, detect the content of NT-proBNP in their blood plasma, to discuss the value of VVI in assessment LV function of Cardiomyopathy patient. Analyze the dependability in this three methods, and to evaluate the degree of LV dysfunction in s patients with cardiomyopathy.
Results Different LV twist values are noted with respect to age: Peak twist (Ptw) increases gradually with advancing age, when normalized by LV length, it showed higher values before 3 years old and between 25 to 45 years old. Peak twist velocity (PtwV) increased with aging from infancy to 25 years old, and leveled off from 25 to 45 years old, then decreased with advancing age. The changes of time to peak twist velocity (TPKtw ) and % timing of peak twist in systolic duration (TPK%) are indifferent within groups. Peak untwist velocity (PutwV) showed lowest values before 3 years old, and increased with aging from 3 to 25 years old, then leveled off from 25 to 45years old, and decreased with advancing age after 45 years old. Time to peak untwist velocity (TPKutw) increased with aging, but no statistical significance are observed. The proportion of untwist in isovolumetric relaxation period (Iutw%) was lowest before 3 years old, and increased gradually from 25 to 45 years old , then decreased with aging. There are no obvious differences between different sex groups. The parameters of LV twist measured by VVI and STE have good consistency.
All of the parameters of LV twist and untwist of DCM, NVM, MC groups are lower compared with control group. The systolic twist parameters of HCM group are higher, but the diastolic untwist parameters are lower than that of control group.
The descendent degree of twist and untwist data in DCM, NVM, MC groups are positive correlated with the descendent degree of EF. The deadline of untwist data in HCM group are positively correlated with the deadline of EF. The changes of twist index Ptw, TPK%, and untwist index Iutw% in Cardiomyopathy group are positively correlated with the changes of the NT-proBNP concentration in their blood plasma.
Conclusions VVI can be used to noninvasively and accurately assess LV twist of health person. The effect of aging on LV twist may reflect the process of maturational and adaptive modulation of LV torsional biomechanics from infancy to the elder.
VVI can be used to noninvasively and accurately assess the changes of LV twist of patients with Cardiomyopathy, and the parameters are positive correlated with the routine Echocardiogram heart function index and laboratory index, provided clinic with the important LV functional data.
应用VVI技术观察心肌疾病患者左室扭转运动的改变,包括扩张型心肌病(DCM)、肥厚型心肌病(HCM)、心肌致密化不全(NVM)和心肌炎(MC),并与正常人的扭转参数、常规超声心动图心功能指标射血分数(Ejection Fraction,EF)及实验室指标氮末端脑钠素前体(NT-proBNP)对比,探讨VVI技术评价心肌病患者左心功能的可行性和准确性。
方法使用VVI技术分析335例正常志愿者(年龄从12天至74岁)左室扭转运动,观察年龄、性别对扭转参数的影响;从335例志愿者中随机抽取274例进行STE分析,分析两种方法评价左室扭转运动是否有一致性。
使用VVI技术分析49例心肌病变患者左室扭转运动参数,使用常规超声心动图测量EF并抽血检测其血浆NT—proBNP含量,分析三种方法所测结果有无相关性。
结果左室扭转随年龄增加而变化:扭转角度峰值(Ptw)随年龄增加而增大;使用左室长度标化扭转角度峰值后,3岁以前和25～35岁及35～45岁年龄组的标化后扭转峰值(PtwN)最大;扭转速度峰值(PtwV)从出生至25岁以前随年龄增加,25～45岁保持在相近水平,45岁以后随年龄增加而减小。收缩期扭转的达峰时间(TPKtw)与达峰时间百分比(TPK%)的变化无明显组间差异。最大解旋速度(PutwV)在出生后至3岁前最低,3岁至25岁随年龄增加逐渐增加,25至45岁保持在相近水平,45岁以后随年龄增加而减小。解旋达峰时间(TPKutw)有随年龄增大而增加的趋势,但统计学分析差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。等容舒张期解旋百分比(Iutw%)在3岁前最低,3岁至45岁随年龄增加逐渐增大,45岁以后随年龄增加而减小。不同性别受试者左室扭转运动参数无明显差异。VVI技术所测的左室扭转运动参数与STE技术所测值之间有较好的相关性。
DCM组、NVM组、MC组的扭转及解旋各参数均小于正常对照组;HCM组收缩期扭转参数大于对照组,但舒张期解旋各参数明显小于正常对照组。
DCM组、NVM组、MC组的收缩期扭转及舒张期解旋参数下降的程度均与EF下降的程度呈正相关,HCM组的解旋参数下降程度与EF下降的程度呈正相关。心肌病组的扭转参数Ptw和TPK%、解旋参数Iutw%的变化与患者血浆NT-proBNP浓度测值有较好的相关性。
结论VVI能无创、较准确地评估正常人的左室扭转运动,左室扭转运动随年龄增加的变化反映了新生儿至老年人左室扭转生物力学的成熟和适应性调整过程。
VVI技术能无创、准确地评估心肌病变状态下左室扭转运动的变化特点,与超声心动图常用指标和实验室指标有较好的一致性,能为临床评定左室功能提供重要的超声量化指标。
Objective Assess the characteristic of Left Ventricular (LV) twist of health person by Velocity Vector Imaging (VVI) , and establish nomogram of LV twist from infancy to the elder. Analyze the influence of aging on LV torsional movement, and compared with the parameter measured by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (STE) , in order to estimate the value of VVI in assessing of LV twist.
Analyze the alteration of LV twist in patients with Cardiomyopathy by VVI, including Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) , Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy(HCM), Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium (NVM), and Myocarditis (MC) , and compared with the normal twist parameter, routine Echocardiogram heart function index- Ejection Fraction (EF), laboratory index NT-proBNP, to discuss the value of VVI in assessing LV function of patient with Cardiomyopathy.
Methods Analyze LV twist in 335 healthy volunteers (aged 12 days to 74 years) by VVI, observe the influence of age and sex on twist parameter. Draw 274 from the 335 healthy volunteers randomly, and assessed by STE, to analysis the consistency in this two methods in evaluate LV twist.
Assess LV twist in 49 patients with Cardiomyopathy by VVI, measure the EF by Echocardiogram, detect the content of NT-proBNP in their blood plasma, to discuss the value of VVI in assessment LV function of Cardiomyopathy patient. Analyze the dependability in this three methods, and to evaluate the degree of LV dysfunction in s patients with cardiomyopathy.
Results Different LV twist values are noted with respect to age: Peak twist (Ptw) increases gradually with advancing age, when normalized by LV length, it showed higher values before 3 years old and between 25 to 45 years old. Peak twist velocity (PtwV) increased with aging from infancy to 25 years old, and leveled off from 25 to 45 years old, then decreased with advancing age. The changes of time to peak twist velocity (TPKtw ) and % timing of peak twist in systolic duration (TPK%) are indifferent within groups. Peak untwist velocity (PutwV) showed lowest values before 3 years old, and increased with aging from 3 to 25 years old, then leveled off from 25 to 45years old, and decreased with advancing age after 45 years old. Time to peak untwist velocity (TPKutw) increased with aging, but no statistical significance are observed. The proportion of untwist in isovolumetric relaxation period (Iutw%) was lowest before 3 years old, and increased gradually from 25 to 45 years old , then decreased with aging. There are no obvious differences between different sex groups. The parameters of LV twist measured by VVI and STE have good consistency.
All of the parameters of LV twist and untwist of DCM, NVM, MC groups are lower compared with control group. The systolic twist parameters of HCM group are higher, but the diastolic untwist parameters are lower than that of control group.
The descendent degree of twist and untwist data in DCM, NVM, MC groups are positive correlated with the descendent degree of EF. The deadline of untwist data in HCM group are positively correlated with the deadline of EF. The changes of twist index Ptw, TPK%, and untwist index Iutw% in Cardiomyopathy group are positively correlated with the changes of the NT-proBNP concentration in their blood plasma.
Conclusions VVI can be used to noninvasively and accurately assess LV twist of health person. The effect of aging on LV twist may reflect the process of maturational and adaptive modulation of LV torsional biomechanics from infancy to the elder.
VVI can be used to noninvasively and accurately assess the changes of LV twist of patients with Cardiomyopathy, and the parameters are positive correlated with the routine Echocardiogram heart function index and laboratory index, provided clinic with the important LV functional data.
引文
1.Hyung KK, Dae WS, Sang EL, et al. Assessment of Left Ventricular Rotation and Torsion with Two-dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 2007,20:45-53.
2.Yun KL, Niczyporuk MA, Daughters GT, et al. Alterations in left ventricular diastolic twist mechanics during acute human cardiac allograft rejection. Circulation, 1991, 83:962-973.
3.Rademakers FE, Buchalter MB, Rogers WJ, et al. Dissociation between left ventricular untwisting and filling: accentuation by catecholamines. Circulation, 1992,85:1572-1581.
4.Nagel E, Stuber M, Burkhard B, et al. Cardiac rotation and relaxation in patients with aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart, 2000, 21:582-589.
5.Stuber M, Scheidegger MB, Fischer SE, et al. Alterations in the local myocardial motion pattern in patients suffering from pressure overload due to aortic stenosis. Circulation, 1999,100:361-368.
6.Tibayan FA,Rodriguez F, Langer F, et al. Alterations in left ventricular torsion and diastolic recoil after myocardial infarction with and without chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation, 2004,110:109-114.
7.Torrent-Guasp F, Mladen JK, Antonio FC, et al. Towards new understanding of the heart structure and function. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 2005,27:191-201.
8.Schulte RF, Sachse FB, Werner CD, et al. Rule-based assignment of myocardial sheet orientation. Biomedizinische Technik,2000, 45:97-102.
9.Schmid P, Jaermann T, Boesiger P, et al. Ventricular myocardial architecture as visualised in postmortem swine hearts using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging. Cardiothorac Surg, 2005,27:468-472.
10.Gerald D Buckberg. Basic science review:the helix and the heart. The Jouurnal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2002,124(5):863-883.
11.Azhari H,Buchalter M,Sideman S,et al.A conical model to describe the nonuniformity of the left ventricular twisting motion.Ann Biomed Eng,1992,20:149-165.
12.Taber LA,Yang M,Podszus WW.Mechaincs of ventricular torsion.Biomech,1996,29:745-752.
13.Buchalter MB,Weiss JL,Rogers WJ,et al.Noninvasive quantification of left ventricular rotational deformation in normal humans using magnetic resonance imaging myocardical tagging.Circulation,1990,81,1236-1244.
14.Bell SP,Nyland L,Tischler MD,et al.Alterations in the determinants of diastolic sunction during pacing tachycardia.Circulation Res,2000,87:235-240.
15.Hansen DE,Daughters GT,Alderman EL,et al.Effect of volume loading,pressure loading,and inotropic stimulation on left ventricular torsion in humans.Circulation,1991,83:1315-1326.
16.Moon MR,Ingels NB,Daughters GT,et al.Alterations in left ventricular twist mechanics with inotropic stimulation and volume loading in human subjects.Circulation,1994,89:142-150.
17.Gibbons Kroeker CA,Tyberg JV,Beyar R.Effects of load manipulations,heart rate,and contractility on left ventricular apical rotation.An experimental study in anesthetized dogs.Circulation,1995,92:130-141.
18.Hansen DE,Daughters GT II,Alderman EL,et al.Effect of acute human cardiac allograft rejection on left ventricular systolic torsion and diastolic recoil measured by intramyocardial markers.Circulation,1987,76:998-1008.
19.Gerlad D.Buckberg,Manuel Castella,Morteza Gharib,et al.Structure/ function inferface with sequential shorting of basal and apical components of the myocardial band.European Journal of Cardio-thoracic surgery,2006,295:575-597.
20.Torrent GF,Buckberg GD,Clemente C,et al.The structure and function of the helical heart and its buttress wrapping,the normal macroscopic structure of the heart.Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2001,13:301-319.
21.韩伟,谢明星,王新房,等.超声斑点追踪成像技术评价高血压患者左室心肌扭 转的初步研究. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2007,16:737-741.
22.Kroeker CA,Tyberg JV,Beyar R. Effects of ischemia on left ventricular apex rotation: an experimental study in anesthetized dogs. Circulation, 1995, 92:3539-3548.
23.Knudtson ML, Galbraith PD, Hildebrand KL, et al. Dynamics of left ventricular apex rotation during angioplasty: a sensitive index of ischemic dysfunction. Circulation,1997,96:801-808.
24.Frederick AT, Filiberto R, Frank L, et al. Alterations in left ventricular torsion and diastolic recoil after myocardial infarction with and without chronic ischemic mitral regurgigitation. Circulation, 2004,110:109-114.
25.Young AA, Kramer CM, Ferrari VA, et al. Three-dimensional left ventricular deformation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation, 1994,90(2): 854-867.
26.Notomi Y, Martin-Miklovic MG, Oryszak SJ, et al. Enhanced ventricular untwisting during exercise: a mechanistic manifestation of elastic recoil described by Doppler tissue imaging. Circulation, 2006,113:2524-2533.
27.Kanzaki H, Nakatani S, Yamada N, et al. Impaired systolic torsion in dilated cardiomyopathy: reversal of apical rotation at mid-systole characterized with magnetic resonance tagging method. Basic Res Cardiol, 2006 Nov;101(6):465-470.
28.Tibayan FA, Lai DT, Timek TA, et al. Alterations in left ventricular torsion in tachycardia-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2002 Jul;124(1):43-49.
29. Jin SM, Noh CI, Bae EJ, et al. decreasedleft ventricular torsion and untwisting in children with dilated cardiomyopathy. Korean Med Sci, 2007,22(4): 633-640.
30.Kanzaki H, Nakatani S, Yamada N, et al. Impaired systolic torsion in dilated cardiomyopathy: reversal of apical rotation at mid-systole characterized with magnetic resonance tagging method. Basic Res Cardiol, 2006 Nov;101(6):465-470.
31.Nagel E, Stuber M, Burkhard B, et al. Cardiac rotation and relaxation in patients with aortic stenosis. Eur heart, 2000, 21(7): 582-589.
32.Takeuchi M; Nakai, H; Kokumai, M, et al. Age-related Changes in Left Ventricular Twist Assessed by Two-dimensional Speckle-tracking Imaging. Source of the J Am Soc of Echocardiography, 2006,19:1077-1084.
33.Siedner S, Kr(?)ger M, Schroeter M, et al. Developmental changes in contractility and sarcomeric proteins from the early embryonic to the adult stage in the mouse heart. J Physiol, 2003,548:493-505.
34.Colan SD, Parness IA, Spevak PJ, et al. Developmental modulation of myocardial mechanics: age- and growth-related alterations in afterload and contractility. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1992,19:619-629.
35.Notomi Y, Srinath G, Shiota T, et al. Maturational and adaptive modulation of left ventricular torsional biomechanics: Doppler tissue imaging observation from infancy to adulthood. Circulation,2006,113:2534-2541.
36.Wulfsohn D, Nyengaard JR, Tang Y. Postnatal growth of cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle of the rat. Anat Rec,2004,277:236-247.
37.1ngels H, Stinson E, Alderman E, et al. Relation between longitudinal,circumferential, and oblique shortening and torsional deformation in the left ventricle of the transplanted human heart. Circulation,1989,64:915-927.
38.Hiromi N, Masaaki T, Tomoko N, et al. Effect of aging on twist-displacement loop by 2-dimensional speckle tracking imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2006, 19:880-885.
39.Oxenham HC, Young AA, Cowan BR, et al. Age-related changes in myocardial relaxation using three-dimensional tagged magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiovasc Magn Reson,2003, 5:421-430.
40.Lorenz CH, Pastorek JS, Bundy JM, et al. Delineation of normal human left ventricular twist throughout systole by tagged cine magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2000,2(2):97-108.
41.Taber LA, Yang M, Podszus WW. Mechanics of ventricular torsion. Biomech,1996,29 :745-752.
42.Fogel MA, Weinberg PM, Hubbard A, et al. Diastolic biomechanics in normal infants utilizing MRI tissue tagging. Circulation,2000,102:218-224.
43.MacGowan GA, Burkhoff D, Rogers WJ,et al. Effects of afterload on regional left ventricular torsion. Cardiovasc Res,1996,31:917-925.
44.Tate CA, Taffet GE, Hudson EK, et al. Enhanced calcium uptake of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in exercise-trained old rats. J Physiol, 1990,258:431-435.
45.Lahmers S, Wu Y, Call DR, et al. Developmental control of titin isoform expression and passive stiffness in fetal and neonatal myocardium. Circ Res,2004, 94:505-513.
46.Helle-Valle T, Crosby J, Edvardsen T, et al. New noninvasive method for assessment of left ventricular rotation: speckle tracking echocardiography. Circulation,2005,l 12:3149-3156.
47.Notomi Y, lysyansky P, Setser R, et al. Measurement of ventricular torsion by two-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking imaging.J Am Coll Cardiol,2005,45:2034-2041.
48.Suffoletto M, dohi k, Cannesson M, et al. Novel speckle-tracking radial strain from rountine black-and-white echocardiographic images to quantify dyssynchrony and predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy.Circulation,2006,113:960-968.
49.Gilson WD, Yang Z, French BA, et al. Measurement of myocardial mechanics in mice before and after infarction using multislice displacement-encoded MRI with 3D motion encoding. Heart Circ Physiol, 2005, 288:1491-1497.
1 .Tibayan FA,Rodriguez F, Langer F, et al. Alterations in left ventricular torsion and diastolic recoil after myocardial infarction with and without chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation, 2004,110:109-114.
2.Aoki M, Harada K, Ogawa M, et al. Quantitative assessment of right ventricular function using Doppler tissue imaging in fetuses with and without heart failure. J Am Soc Echocardiography, 2004,17(1): 28-35.
3.Delhaas T, Kotte J, Vander Toorn A, et al. Increase in left ventricular torsion-to- shortening ratio in children with valvular aortic stenosis. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2004,51:125-139.
4.Torrent-Guasp F, Mladen JK, Antonio FC, et al. Towards new understanding of the heart structure and function. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 2005,27:191-201.
5.Schulte RF,Sachse FB,Wemer CD,et al.Rule-based assignment of myocardial sheet orientation.Biomedizinische Technik,2000,45:97-102.
6.Taber LA,Yang M,Podszus WW.Mechaincs of ventricular torsion.Biomech,1996,29:745-752.
7.Bell SP,Nyland L,Tischler MD,et al.Alterations in the determinants of diastolic sunction during pacing tachycardia.Circulation Res,2000,87:235-240.
8.Hansen DE,Daughters GT,Alderman EL,et al.Effect of volume loading,pressure loading,and inotropic stimulation on left ventricular torsion in humans.Circulation,1991,83:1315-1326.
9.王吉耀.内科学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2002,318-331.
10.Pauschinger M,Knopf D,Petschauer S,et al.Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with significiant changes in collagen type Ⅰ/Ⅲ ratio.Circulation,1999,99:2750-2756.
11.Tibayan FA,Lai DT,Timek TA,et al.Alterations in left ventricular torsion in tachycardia-induced dilated cardiomyopathy.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.2002Jul;124(1):43-49.
12.Kanzaki H,Nakatani S,Yamada N,et al.Impaired systolic torsion in dilated cardiomyopathy:reversal of apical rotation at mid-systole characterized with magnetic resonance tagging method.Basic Res Cardiol.2006 Nov;101(6):465-470.
13.Helle-Valle T,Crosby J,Edvardsen T,et al.New noninvasive method for assessment of left ventricular rotation:speckle tracking echocardiography.Circulation 2005,112:3149-3156.
14.Jin SM,Noh CI,Bae EJ,et al.Decreased left ventricular torsion and untwisting in children with dilated cardiomyopathy.J Korean Med Sci.2007 Aug;22(4):633-640.
15.LeGrice IJ,Takayama Y,Covell JW.Transverse shear along myocardial cleavage planes provides a mechanism for normal systolic wall thickening.Circ Res,1995,77:182-193.
16.Young AA,Kramer CM,Ferrari VA,et al.Three-dimensional left ventricular deformation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Circulation,1994,90(2):854-867.
17.余芬,邓又斌,申屠伟慧,等.超声二维应变成像评价肥厚型心肌病患者左心室 收缩功能.中华超声影像学杂志,2007,16:742-745.
18.Notomi Y,Martin-Miklovic MG,Oryszak SJ,et al.Enhanced ventricular untwisting during exercise:a mechanistic manifestation of elastic recoil described by Doppler tissue imaging.Circulation,2006,113:2524-2533.
19.何怡华,李治安,心肌致密化不全的超声心动图与病理检查对照研究。[J]中华超声影像学杂志,2003,10(12):581-584。
20.Weiford BC,Subbarao VD,Mulhern KM.Noncompaction of the ventricul-armyocardium.[J].Circulation,2004,109(24):2965-2971.
21.申屠伟慧,邓又斌,刘红云,等.定量组织速度成像技术对心肌致密化不全患者的心肌同步性的研究.中国超声医学杂志.2007,23(6):463-466.
22.Dong SJ,Hees Ps,Huang WM,et al.Independent effect of perload,afterload,and contractility on left ventricular torsion.J Physiol,1999,277:1053-1060.
23.Hunt PJ,Yandle TG,Nicholls MG,et al.The amino-terminal portion of pro-brain natriuretic peptide(Pro-BNP) circulates in human plasma.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.1995 Sep 25;214(3):1175-83.
24.Sumida H,Yasue H,Yoshimura M,et al.Comparison of secretion pattern between A-type and B-type natriuretic peptides in patients with old myocardial infarction.J Am Coll Cardiol.1995 Apr;25(5):1105-10.
25.Weber M,Dill T,Arnold R,et al.N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide predicts extent of coronary artery disease and ischemia in patients with stable angina pectoris.Am Heart J.2004 Oct;148(4):612-20.
26.Alehagen U,Lindstedt G,Eriksson H,et al.Utility of the amino-terminal fragment of pro-brain natriuretic peptide in plasma for the evaluation of cardiac dysfunction in elderly patients in primary health care.Clin Chem.2003 Aug;49(8):1337-46.
27.Schulz H,Langvik TA,Lund Sagen E,et al.Radioimmunoassay for N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide in human plasma.Scand J Clin Lab Invest.2001Feb;61(1):33-42.
28.A Mark Richards,Ian G Crozier,Timothy G Yandle,et al.Brain natriuretic factor:regional plasma concentrations and correlations with haemodynamic state in cardiac disease.Br Heart 1993;69:414-417.
29.Mueller T,Gegenhuber A,Poelz W,et al.Head-to-head comparison of the diagnostic utility of BNP and NT-proBNP in symptomatic and asymptomatic structural heart disease.Clin Chim Acta.2004 Mar;341(1-2):41-8.
30.Vanderheyden M,Bartunek,Claeys G,Manoharan G,Beckers JF.Head to head comparison of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with/without left ventricular systolic dysfunction.Clin Biochem.2006Jun;39(6):640-5.
31.Seino Y,Ogawa A,Yamashita T,et al.Application of NT-proBNP and BNP measurements in cardiac care:a more discerning marker for the detection and evaluation of heart failure.Eur J Heart Fail.2004 Mar 15;6(3):295-300.
32.Januzzi JL Jr,Camargo CA,Anwaruddin S,et al.The N-terminal Pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department(PRIDE) study.Am J Cardiol.2005 Apr 15;95(8):948-54.
1 .Hyung KK, Dae WS, Sang EL, et al. Assessment of Left Ventricular Rotation and Torsion with Two-dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 2007, 20:45-53.
2.Yun KL, Niczyporuk MA, Daughters GT, et al. Alterations in left ventricular diastolic twist mechanics during acute human cardiac allograft rejection. Circulation, 1991, 83:962-973.
3.Rademakers FE, Buchalter MB, Rogers WJ, et al. Dissociation between left ventricular untwisting and filling: accentuation by catecholamines. Circulation, 1992,85:1572-1581.
4.Torrent-Guasp F, Mladen JK, Antonio FC, et al. Towards new understanding of the heart structure and function. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 2005,27:191-201.
5.Stuber M, Scheidegger MB, Fischer SE, et al. Alterations in the local myocardial motion pattern in patients suffering from pressure overload due to aortic stenosis. Circulation, 1999,100:361-368.
6.Tibayan FA, Lai DT, Timek TA, et al. Alteration in left ventricular torsion in tachycardia- induced dilated cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2002,124:43-49.
7.Tibayan FA, Rodriguez F, Langer F, et al. Alterations in left ventricular torsion and diastolic recoil after myocardial infarction with and without chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation, 2004,110: 109-114.
8.Aoki M, Harada K, Ogawa M, et al. Quantitative assessment of right ventricular function using Doppler tissue imaging in fetuses with and without heart failure. J Am Soc Echocardiography, 2004,17(1): 28-35.
9.Delhaas T, Kotte J, Vander Toorn A, et al. Increase in left ventricular torsion-to-shortening ratio in children with valvular aortic stenosis. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2004,51:125-139.
10.Schmid P, Jaermann T, Boesiger P, et al. Ventricular myocardial architecture as visualised in postmortem swine hearts using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging. Cardiothorac Surg, 2005,27:468-472.
11.Gerald D Buckberg. Basic science review:the helix and the heart. The Jouurnal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2002,124(5):863-883.
12.Azhari H, Buchalter M, Sideman S, et al. A conical model to describe the nonuniformity of the left ventricular twisting motion. Ann Biomed Eng, 1992,20:149-165.
13.Taber LA, Yang M, Podszus WW. Mechaincs of ventricular torsion. Biomech,1996,29:745-752.
14.Buchalter MB, Weiss JL, Rogers WJ, et al. Noninvasive quantification of left ventricular rotational deformation in normal humans using magnetic resonance imaging myocardical tagging. Circulation, 1990,81,1236-1244.
15.Gerlad D.Buckberg, Manuel Castella, Morteza Gharib, et al. Structure/ function inferface with sequential shorting of basal and apical components of the myocardial band. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic surgery, 2006,295:575-597.
16.Bell SP, Nyland L, Tischler MD, et al. Alterations in the determinants of diastolic sunction during pacing tachycardia. Circulation Res, 2000,87:235-240.
17.Hansen DE, Daughters GT, Alderman EL, et al. Effect of volume loading, pressure loading, and inotropic stimulation on left ventricular torsion in humans. Circulation,1991,83:1315-1326.
18.Hansen DE,Daughters GT Ⅱ, Alderman EL, et al.Effect of acute human cardiac allograft rejection on left ventricular systolic torsion and diastolic recoil measured by intramyocardial markers. Circulation, 1987,76:998-1008.
19. Moon MR, Ingels NB, Daughters GT, et al. Alterations in left ventricular twist mechanics with inotropic stimulation and volume loading in human subjects. Circulation, 1994, 89:142-150.
20.Gibbons Kroeker CA, Tyberg JV, Beyar R. Effects of load manipulations, heart rate,and contractility on left ventricular apical rotation. An experimental study in anesthetized dogs. Circulation, 1995,92:130-141.
21.Notomi Y, Srinath G, Shiota T, et al. Maturational and adaptive modulation of left ventricular torsional biomechanics: Doppler tissue imaging observation from infancy to adulthood. Circulation, 2006,113:2534-2541.
22. Sanchez QD, Garcia MV, Climent V,et al. Morphological changes in the normal pattern of ventricular myoarchitecture in the developing human heart. Anat Rec, 1995,243(4): 483-495.
23.Siedner S, Kriiger M, Schroeter M, et al. Developmental changes in contractility and sarcomeric proteins from the early embryonic to the adult stage in the mouse heart. J Physiol, 2003, 548:493-505.
24.Colan SD, Parness IA, Spevak PJ, et al. Developmental modulation of myocardial mechanics: age- and growth-related alterations in afterload and contractility. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1992,19:619-629.
25.Crepaz R, Pitscheider W, Radetti G, et al. Age-related variation in left ventricular myocardial contractile state expressed by the stress velocity relation. Pediatr Cardiol,1998,19(6): 463-467.
26.Wulfsohn D, Nyengaard JR, Tang Y. Postnatal growth of cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle of the rat. Anat Rec, 2004, 277:236-247.
27.1ngels H, Stinson E, Alderman E, et al. Relation between longitudinal,circumferential, and oblique shortening and torsional deformation in the left ventricle of the transplanted human heart. Circulation, 1989,64:915-927.
28. Hiromi N, Masaaki T, Tomoko N, et al. Effect of aging on twist-displacement loop by 2-dimensional speckle tracking imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2006,19:880-885.
29.0xenham HC, Young AA, Cowan BR, et al. Age-related changes in myocardial relaxation using three-dimensional tagged magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2003, 5:421-430.
30.Crepaz R, Cemin R, Pedron C, et al. Age-related variations of left ventricular endocardial and midwall function in healthy infants, children, and adolescents. Ital Heart, 2005, 6(8): 634-639.
31.Fogel MA, Weinberg PM, Hubbard A, et al. Diastolic biomechanics in normal infants utilizing MRI tissue tagging. Circulation, 2000,102:218-224.
32.MacGowan GA, Burkhoff D, Rogers WJ,et al. Effects of afterload on regional left ventricular torsion. Cardiovasc Res, 1996,31:917-925.
33.Tate CA, Taffet GE, Hudson EK, et al. Enhanced calcium uptake of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in exercise-trained old rats. J Physiol, 1990,258:431-435.
34. Lahmers S, Wu Y, Call DR, et al. Developmental control of titin isoform expression and passive stiffness in fetal and neonatal myocardium. Circ Res, 2004,94:505-513.
35.Takeuchi M; Nakai, H; Kokumai, M, et al. Age-related Changes in Left Ventricular Twist Assessed by Two-dimensional Speckle-tracking Imaging. Source of the J Am Soc of Echocardiogr, 2006,19:1077-1084.
36. Hees PS, Fleg JL, Dong SJ, et al. MRI and echocardiographic assessment of the diastolic dysfunction of normal aging: altered LV pressure decline or load? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2004,286(2):782-788.
37.Torrent GF,Buckberg GD,Clemente C,et al.The structure and function of the helical heart and its buttress wrapping,the normal macroscopic structure of the heart.Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2001,13:301-319.
38.韩伟,谢明星,王新房,等.超声斑点追踪成像技术评价高血压患者左室心肌扭转的初步研究.中华超声影像学杂志,2007,16:737-741.
39.Kroeker CA,Tyberg JV,Beyar R.Effects of ischemia on left ventricular apex rotation:an experimental study in anesthetized dogs.Circulation,1995,92:3539-3548.
40.Knudtson ML,Galbraith PD,Hildebrand KL,et al.Dynamics of left ventricular apex rotation during angioplasty:a sensitive index of ischemic dysfunction.Circulation,1997,96:801-808.
41.Massaki T,Tomoko N,Hiromi N,et al.The assessment of left ventricular twist in anterior wall myocardial infarction using two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging.Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography,2007,20:36-44.
42.Frederick AT,Filiberto R,Frank L,et al.Alterations in left ventricular torsion and diastolic recoil after myocardial infarction with and without chronic ischemic mitral regurgigitation.Circulation,2004,110:109-114.
43.Setser RM,smedira NG,Lieber ML,et al.Left ventricular torsional mechanics after left ventricular reconstruction surgery for ischemic cardiomyopathy.Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2007,134(4):888-896.
44.Fuchs E,Muller MF,Oswald H,et al.Cardiac rotation and relaxation in patients with chronic heart failure.Heart Failure,2004,6:715-722.
45.LeGrice IJ,Takayama Y,Covell JW.Transverse shear along myocardial cleavage planes provides a mechanism for normal systolic wall thickening.Circ Res,1995,77:182-193.
46.Young AA,Kramer CM,Ferrari VA,et al.Three-dimensional left ventricular deformation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Circulation,1994,90(2):854-867.
47.余芬,邓又斌,申屠伟慧,等.超声二维应变成像评价肥厚型心肌病患者左心室收缩功能.中华超声影像学杂志,2007,16:742-745.
48.Notomi Y,Martin-Miklovic MG,Oryszak SJ,et al.Enhanced ventricular untwisting during exercise:a mechanistic manifestation of elastic recoil described by Doppler tissue imaging.Circulation,2006,113:2524-2533.
49.Pauschinger M,Knopf D,Petschauer S,et al.Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with significiant changes in collagen type Ⅰ/Ⅲ ratio.Circulation,1999,99:2750-2756.
50.Tibayan FA,Lai DT,Timek TA,.et al.Alterations in left ventricular torsion in tachycardia-induced dilated cardiomyopathy.Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2002,124:43-49.
51.Kanzaki H,Nakatani S,Yamada N,et al.Impaired systolic torsion in dilated cardiomyopathy:reversal of apical rotation at mid-systole characterized with magnetic resonance tagging method.Basic Res Cardiol,2006,101(6):465-470.
52.Jin SM,Noh CI,Bae EJ,et al.decreasedleft ventricular torsion and untwisting in children with dilated cardiomyopathy.Korean Med Sci,2007,22(4):633-640.
53.Dong SJ,Hees Ps,Huang WM,et al.Independent effect of perload,afterload,and contractility on left ventricular torsion.J Physiol,1999,277:1053-1060.
54.Setser RM,Kasper JM,Lieber ML,et al.Persistent abnormal left ventricular systolic torsion in dilated cardiomyopathy after partial left ventriculectomy.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2003 Jul;126(1):48-55.
55.Nagel E,Stuber M,Burkhard B,et al.Cardiac rotation and relaxation in patients with aortic stenosis.Eur heart,2000,21(7):582-589.
56.Lorenz CH,Pastorek JS,Bundy JM,et al.Delineation of normal human left ventricular twist throughout systole by tagged cine magnetic resonance imaging.J Cardiovasc Magn Reson,2000,2(2):97-108.
57.Notomi Y,Randolph MS,Takahiro S,et al.Assessment of left ventricular torsional deformation by Doppler tissue imaging:validation study with tagged magnetic resonance imaging.Circulation,2005,111:1141-1147.
58.宋则周,陈剑.定量组织速度成像评价扩张型心肌病患者的左室旋转收缩功能.中国超声医学杂志,2006 22:423—425.
59.Helle-Valle T,Crosby J,Edvardsen T,et al.New noninvasive method for assessment of left ventricular rotation:speckle tracking echocardiography.Circulation 2005,112:3149-3156.
60.Notomi Y,Lysyansky P,Randolph M,et al.Measurement of ventricular torsion by two-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking imaging.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,2005,45:2034-2041.
61.Mani AV,Gianni P,Peng Li,et al.Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on longitudinal and circumferential left ventricular mechanics by welocity vector imaging:description and initial clinical application of a novel method using high-frame rate B-mode echocardiographic images.Echocardiography,2005,22:826-830.
62.Gilson WD,Yang Z,French BA,et al.Measurement of myocardial mechanics in mice before and after infarction using multislice displacement-encoded MRI with 3D motion encoding.Heart Circ Physiol,2005,288:1491-1497.
2.Yun KL, Niczyporuk MA, Daughters GT, et al. Alterations in left ventricular diastolic twist mechanics during acute human cardiac allograft rejection. Circulation, 1991, 83:962-973.
3.Rademakers FE, Buchalter MB, Rogers WJ, et al. Dissociation between left ventricular untwisting and filling: accentuation by catecholamines. Circulation, 1992,85:1572-1581.
4.Nagel E, Stuber M, Burkhard B, et al. Cardiac rotation and relaxation in patients with aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart, 2000, 21:582-589.
5.Stuber M, Scheidegger MB, Fischer SE, et al. Alterations in the local myocardial motion pattern in patients suffering from pressure overload due to aortic stenosis. Circulation, 1999,100:361-368.
6.Tibayan FA,Rodriguez F, Langer F, et al. Alterations in left ventricular torsion and diastolic recoil after myocardial infarction with and without chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation, 2004,110:109-114.
7.Torrent-Guasp F, Mladen JK, Antonio FC, et al. Towards new understanding of the heart structure and function. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 2005,27:191-201.
8.Schulte RF, Sachse FB, Werner CD, et al. Rule-based assignment of myocardial sheet orientation. Biomedizinische Technik,2000, 45:97-102.
9.Schmid P, Jaermann T, Boesiger P, et al. Ventricular myocardial architecture as visualised in postmortem swine hearts using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging. Cardiothorac Surg, 2005,27:468-472.
10.Gerald D Buckberg. Basic science review:the helix and the heart. The Jouurnal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2002,124(5):863-883.
11.Azhari H,Buchalter M,Sideman S,et al.A conical model to describe the nonuniformity of the left ventricular twisting motion.Ann Biomed Eng,1992,20:149-165.
12.Taber LA,Yang M,Podszus WW.Mechaincs of ventricular torsion.Biomech,1996,29:745-752.
13.Buchalter MB,Weiss JL,Rogers WJ,et al.Noninvasive quantification of left ventricular rotational deformation in normal humans using magnetic resonance imaging myocardical tagging.Circulation,1990,81,1236-1244.
14.Bell SP,Nyland L,Tischler MD,et al.Alterations in the determinants of diastolic sunction during pacing tachycardia.Circulation Res,2000,87:235-240.
15.Hansen DE,Daughters GT,Alderman EL,et al.Effect of volume loading,pressure loading,and inotropic stimulation on left ventricular torsion in humans.Circulation,1991,83:1315-1326.
16.Moon MR,Ingels NB,Daughters GT,et al.Alterations in left ventricular twist mechanics with inotropic stimulation and volume loading in human subjects.Circulation,1994,89:142-150.
17.Gibbons Kroeker CA,Tyberg JV,Beyar R.Effects of load manipulations,heart rate,and contractility on left ventricular apical rotation.An experimental study in anesthetized dogs.Circulation,1995,92:130-141.
18.Hansen DE,Daughters GT II,Alderman EL,et al.Effect of acute human cardiac allograft rejection on left ventricular systolic torsion and diastolic recoil measured by intramyocardial markers.Circulation,1987,76:998-1008.
19.Gerlad D.Buckberg,Manuel Castella,Morteza Gharib,et al.Structure/ function inferface with sequential shorting of basal and apical components of the myocardial band.European Journal of Cardio-thoracic surgery,2006,295:575-597.
20.Torrent GF,Buckberg GD,Clemente C,et al.The structure and function of the helical heart and its buttress wrapping,the normal macroscopic structure of the heart.Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2001,13:301-319.
21.韩伟,谢明星,王新房,等.超声斑点追踪成像技术评价高血压患者左室心肌扭 转的初步研究. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2007,16:737-741.
22.Kroeker CA,Tyberg JV,Beyar R. Effects of ischemia on left ventricular apex rotation: an experimental study in anesthetized dogs. Circulation, 1995, 92:3539-3548.
23.Knudtson ML, Galbraith PD, Hildebrand KL, et al. Dynamics of left ventricular apex rotation during angioplasty: a sensitive index of ischemic dysfunction. Circulation,1997,96:801-808.
24.Frederick AT, Filiberto R, Frank L, et al. Alterations in left ventricular torsion and diastolic recoil after myocardial infarction with and without chronic ischemic mitral regurgigitation. Circulation, 2004,110:109-114.
25.Young AA, Kramer CM, Ferrari VA, et al. Three-dimensional left ventricular deformation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation, 1994,90(2): 854-867.
26.Notomi Y, Martin-Miklovic MG, Oryszak SJ, et al. Enhanced ventricular untwisting during exercise: a mechanistic manifestation of elastic recoil described by Doppler tissue imaging. Circulation, 2006,113:2524-2533.
27.Kanzaki H, Nakatani S, Yamada N, et al. Impaired systolic torsion in dilated cardiomyopathy: reversal of apical rotation at mid-systole characterized with magnetic resonance tagging method. Basic Res Cardiol, 2006 Nov;101(6):465-470.
28.Tibayan FA, Lai DT, Timek TA, et al. Alterations in left ventricular torsion in tachycardia-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2002 Jul;124(1):43-49.
29. Jin SM, Noh CI, Bae EJ, et al. decreasedleft ventricular torsion and untwisting in children with dilated cardiomyopathy. Korean Med Sci, 2007,22(4): 633-640.
30.Kanzaki H, Nakatani S, Yamada N, et al. Impaired systolic torsion in dilated cardiomyopathy: reversal of apical rotation at mid-systole characterized with magnetic resonance tagging method. Basic Res Cardiol, 2006 Nov;101(6):465-470.
31.Nagel E, Stuber M, Burkhard B, et al. Cardiac rotation and relaxation in patients with aortic stenosis. Eur heart, 2000, 21(7): 582-589.
32.Takeuchi M; Nakai, H; Kokumai, M, et al. Age-related Changes in Left Ventricular Twist Assessed by Two-dimensional Speckle-tracking Imaging. Source of the J Am Soc of Echocardiography, 2006,19:1077-1084.
33.Siedner S, Kr(?)ger M, Schroeter M, et al. Developmental changes in contractility and sarcomeric proteins from the early embryonic to the adult stage in the mouse heart. J Physiol, 2003,548:493-505.
34.Colan SD, Parness IA, Spevak PJ, et al. Developmental modulation of myocardial mechanics: age- and growth-related alterations in afterload and contractility. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1992,19:619-629.
35.Notomi Y, Srinath G, Shiota T, et al. Maturational and adaptive modulation of left ventricular torsional biomechanics: Doppler tissue imaging observation from infancy to adulthood. Circulation,2006,113:2534-2541.
36.Wulfsohn D, Nyengaard JR, Tang Y. Postnatal growth of cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle of the rat. Anat Rec,2004,277:236-247.
37.1ngels H, Stinson E, Alderman E, et al. Relation between longitudinal,circumferential, and oblique shortening and torsional deformation in the left ventricle of the transplanted human heart. Circulation,1989,64:915-927.
38.Hiromi N, Masaaki T, Tomoko N, et al. Effect of aging on twist-displacement loop by 2-dimensional speckle tracking imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2006, 19:880-885.
39.Oxenham HC, Young AA, Cowan BR, et al. Age-related changes in myocardial relaxation using three-dimensional tagged magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiovasc Magn Reson,2003, 5:421-430.
40.Lorenz CH, Pastorek JS, Bundy JM, et al. Delineation of normal human left ventricular twist throughout systole by tagged cine magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2000,2(2):97-108.
41.Taber LA, Yang M, Podszus WW. Mechanics of ventricular torsion. Biomech,1996,29 :745-752.
42.Fogel MA, Weinberg PM, Hubbard A, et al. Diastolic biomechanics in normal infants utilizing MRI tissue tagging. Circulation,2000,102:218-224.
43.MacGowan GA, Burkhoff D, Rogers WJ,et al. Effects of afterload on regional left ventricular torsion. Cardiovasc Res,1996,31:917-925.
44.Tate CA, Taffet GE, Hudson EK, et al. Enhanced calcium uptake of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in exercise-trained old rats. J Physiol, 1990,258:431-435.
45.Lahmers S, Wu Y, Call DR, et al. Developmental control of titin isoform expression and passive stiffness in fetal and neonatal myocardium. Circ Res,2004, 94:505-513.
46.Helle-Valle T, Crosby J, Edvardsen T, et al. New noninvasive method for assessment of left ventricular rotation: speckle tracking echocardiography. Circulation,2005,l 12:3149-3156.
47.Notomi Y, lysyansky P, Setser R, et al. Measurement of ventricular torsion by two-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking imaging.J Am Coll Cardiol,2005,45:2034-2041.
48.Suffoletto M, dohi k, Cannesson M, et al. Novel speckle-tracking radial strain from rountine black-and-white echocardiographic images to quantify dyssynchrony and predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy.Circulation,2006,113:960-968.
49.Gilson WD, Yang Z, French BA, et al. Measurement of myocardial mechanics in mice before and after infarction using multislice displacement-encoded MRI with 3D motion encoding. Heart Circ Physiol, 2005, 288:1491-1497.
1 .Tibayan FA,Rodriguez F, Langer F, et al. Alterations in left ventricular torsion and diastolic recoil after myocardial infarction with and without chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation, 2004,110:109-114.
2.Aoki M, Harada K, Ogawa M, et al. Quantitative assessment of right ventricular function using Doppler tissue imaging in fetuses with and without heart failure. J Am Soc Echocardiography, 2004,17(1): 28-35.
3.Delhaas T, Kotte J, Vander Toorn A, et al. Increase in left ventricular torsion-to- shortening ratio in children with valvular aortic stenosis. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2004,51:125-139.
4.Torrent-Guasp F, Mladen JK, Antonio FC, et al. Towards new understanding of the heart structure and function. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 2005,27:191-201.
5.Schulte RF,Sachse FB,Wemer CD,et al.Rule-based assignment of myocardial sheet orientation.Biomedizinische Technik,2000,45:97-102.
6.Taber LA,Yang M,Podszus WW.Mechaincs of ventricular torsion.Biomech,1996,29:745-752.
7.Bell SP,Nyland L,Tischler MD,et al.Alterations in the determinants of diastolic sunction during pacing tachycardia.Circulation Res,2000,87:235-240.
8.Hansen DE,Daughters GT,Alderman EL,et al.Effect of volume loading,pressure loading,and inotropic stimulation on left ventricular torsion in humans.Circulation,1991,83:1315-1326.
9.王吉耀.内科学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2002,318-331.
10.Pauschinger M,Knopf D,Petschauer S,et al.Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with significiant changes in collagen type Ⅰ/Ⅲ ratio.Circulation,1999,99:2750-2756.
11.Tibayan FA,Lai DT,Timek TA,et al.Alterations in left ventricular torsion in tachycardia-induced dilated cardiomyopathy.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.2002Jul;124(1):43-49.
12.Kanzaki H,Nakatani S,Yamada N,et al.Impaired systolic torsion in dilated cardiomyopathy:reversal of apical rotation at mid-systole characterized with magnetic resonance tagging method.Basic Res Cardiol.2006 Nov;101(6):465-470.
13.Helle-Valle T,Crosby J,Edvardsen T,et al.New noninvasive method for assessment of left ventricular rotation:speckle tracking echocardiography.Circulation 2005,112:3149-3156.
14.Jin SM,Noh CI,Bae EJ,et al.Decreased left ventricular torsion and untwisting in children with dilated cardiomyopathy.J Korean Med Sci.2007 Aug;22(4):633-640.
15.LeGrice IJ,Takayama Y,Covell JW.Transverse shear along myocardial cleavage planes provides a mechanism for normal systolic wall thickening.Circ Res,1995,77:182-193.
16.Young AA,Kramer CM,Ferrari VA,et al.Three-dimensional left ventricular deformation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Circulation,1994,90(2):854-867.
17.余芬,邓又斌,申屠伟慧,等.超声二维应变成像评价肥厚型心肌病患者左心室 收缩功能.中华超声影像学杂志,2007,16:742-745.
18.Notomi Y,Martin-Miklovic MG,Oryszak SJ,et al.Enhanced ventricular untwisting during exercise:a mechanistic manifestation of elastic recoil described by Doppler tissue imaging.Circulation,2006,113:2524-2533.
19.何怡华,李治安,心肌致密化不全的超声心动图与病理检查对照研究。[J]中华超声影像学杂志,2003,10(12):581-584。
20.Weiford BC,Subbarao VD,Mulhern KM.Noncompaction of the ventricul-armyocardium.[J].Circulation,2004,109(24):2965-2971.
21.申屠伟慧,邓又斌,刘红云,等.定量组织速度成像技术对心肌致密化不全患者的心肌同步性的研究.中国超声医学杂志.2007,23(6):463-466.
22.Dong SJ,Hees Ps,Huang WM,et al.Independent effect of perload,afterload,and contractility on left ventricular torsion.J Physiol,1999,277:1053-1060.
23.Hunt PJ,Yandle TG,Nicholls MG,et al.The amino-terminal portion of pro-brain natriuretic peptide(Pro-BNP) circulates in human plasma.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.1995 Sep 25;214(3):1175-83.
24.Sumida H,Yasue H,Yoshimura M,et al.Comparison of secretion pattern between A-type and B-type natriuretic peptides in patients with old myocardial infarction.J Am Coll Cardiol.1995 Apr;25(5):1105-10.
25.Weber M,Dill T,Arnold R,et al.N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide predicts extent of coronary artery disease and ischemia in patients with stable angina pectoris.Am Heart J.2004 Oct;148(4):612-20.
26.Alehagen U,Lindstedt G,Eriksson H,et al.Utility of the amino-terminal fragment of pro-brain natriuretic peptide in plasma for the evaluation of cardiac dysfunction in elderly patients in primary health care.Clin Chem.2003 Aug;49(8):1337-46.
27.Schulz H,Langvik TA,Lund Sagen E,et al.Radioimmunoassay for N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide in human plasma.Scand J Clin Lab Invest.2001Feb;61(1):33-42.
28.A Mark Richards,Ian G Crozier,Timothy G Yandle,et al.Brain natriuretic factor:regional plasma concentrations and correlations with haemodynamic state in cardiac disease.Br Heart 1993;69:414-417.
29.Mueller T,Gegenhuber A,Poelz W,et al.Head-to-head comparison of the diagnostic utility of BNP and NT-proBNP in symptomatic and asymptomatic structural heart disease.Clin Chim Acta.2004 Mar;341(1-2):41-8.
30.Vanderheyden M,Bartunek,Claeys G,Manoharan G,Beckers JF.Head to head comparison of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with/without left ventricular systolic dysfunction.Clin Biochem.2006Jun;39(6):640-5.
31.Seino Y,Ogawa A,Yamashita T,et al.Application of NT-proBNP and BNP measurements in cardiac care:a more discerning marker for the detection and evaluation of heart failure.Eur J Heart Fail.2004 Mar 15;6(3):295-300.
32.Januzzi JL Jr,Camargo CA,Anwaruddin S,et al.The N-terminal Pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department(PRIDE) study.Am J Cardiol.2005 Apr 15;95(8):948-54.
1 .Hyung KK, Dae WS, Sang EL, et al. Assessment of Left Ventricular Rotation and Torsion with Two-dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 2007, 20:45-53.
2.Yun KL, Niczyporuk MA, Daughters GT, et al. Alterations in left ventricular diastolic twist mechanics during acute human cardiac allograft rejection. Circulation, 1991, 83:962-973.
3.Rademakers FE, Buchalter MB, Rogers WJ, et al. Dissociation between left ventricular untwisting and filling: accentuation by catecholamines. Circulation, 1992,85:1572-1581.
4.Torrent-Guasp F, Mladen JK, Antonio FC, et al. Towards new understanding of the heart structure and function. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 2005,27:191-201.
5.Stuber M, Scheidegger MB, Fischer SE, et al. Alterations in the local myocardial motion pattern in patients suffering from pressure overload due to aortic stenosis. Circulation, 1999,100:361-368.
6.Tibayan FA, Lai DT, Timek TA, et al. Alteration in left ventricular torsion in tachycardia- induced dilated cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2002,124:43-49.
7.Tibayan FA, Rodriguez F, Langer F, et al. Alterations in left ventricular torsion and diastolic recoil after myocardial infarction with and without chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation, 2004,110: 109-114.
8.Aoki M, Harada K, Ogawa M, et al. Quantitative assessment of right ventricular function using Doppler tissue imaging in fetuses with and without heart failure. J Am Soc Echocardiography, 2004,17(1): 28-35.
9.Delhaas T, Kotte J, Vander Toorn A, et al. Increase in left ventricular torsion-to-shortening ratio in children with valvular aortic stenosis. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2004,51:125-139.
10.Schmid P, Jaermann T, Boesiger P, et al. Ventricular myocardial architecture as visualised in postmortem swine hearts using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging. Cardiothorac Surg, 2005,27:468-472.
11.Gerald D Buckberg. Basic science review:the helix and the heart. The Jouurnal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2002,124(5):863-883.
12.Azhari H, Buchalter M, Sideman S, et al. A conical model to describe the nonuniformity of the left ventricular twisting motion. Ann Biomed Eng, 1992,20:149-165.
13.Taber LA, Yang M, Podszus WW. Mechaincs of ventricular torsion. Biomech,1996,29:745-752.
14.Buchalter MB, Weiss JL, Rogers WJ, et al. Noninvasive quantification of left ventricular rotational deformation in normal humans using magnetic resonance imaging myocardical tagging. Circulation, 1990,81,1236-1244.
15.Gerlad D.Buckberg, Manuel Castella, Morteza Gharib, et al. Structure/ function inferface with sequential shorting of basal and apical components of the myocardial band. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic surgery, 2006,295:575-597.
16.Bell SP, Nyland L, Tischler MD, et al. Alterations in the determinants of diastolic sunction during pacing tachycardia. Circulation Res, 2000,87:235-240.
17.Hansen DE, Daughters GT, Alderman EL, et al. Effect of volume loading, pressure loading, and inotropic stimulation on left ventricular torsion in humans. Circulation,1991,83:1315-1326.
18.Hansen DE,Daughters GT Ⅱ, Alderman EL, et al.Effect of acute human cardiac allograft rejection on left ventricular systolic torsion and diastolic recoil measured by intramyocardial markers. Circulation, 1987,76:998-1008.
19. Moon MR, Ingels NB, Daughters GT, et al. Alterations in left ventricular twist mechanics with inotropic stimulation and volume loading in human subjects. Circulation, 1994, 89:142-150.
20.Gibbons Kroeker CA, Tyberg JV, Beyar R. Effects of load manipulations, heart rate,and contractility on left ventricular apical rotation. An experimental study in anesthetized dogs. Circulation, 1995,92:130-141.
21.Notomi Y, Srinath G, Shiota T, et al. Maturational and adaptive modulation of left ventricular torsional biomechanics: Doppler tissue imaging observation from infancy to adulthood. Circulation, 2006,113:2534-2541.
22. Sanchez QD, Garcia MV, Climent V,et al. Morphological changes in the normal pattern of ventricular myoarchitecture in the developing human heart. Anat Rec, 1995,243(4): 483-495.
23.Siedner S, Kriiger M, Schroeter M, et al. Developmental changes in contractility and sarcomeric proteins from the early embryonic to the adult stage in the mouse heart. J Physiol, 2003, 548:493-505.
24.Colan SD, Parness IA, Spevak PJ, et al. Developmental modulation of myocardial mechanics: age- and growth-related alterations in afterload and contractility. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1992,19:619-629.
25.Crepaz R, Pitscheider W, Radetti G, et al. Age-related variation in left ventricular myocardial contractile state expressed by the stress velocity relation. Pediatr Cardiol,1998,19(6): 463-467.
26.Wulfsohn D, Nyengaard JR, Tang Y. Postnatal growth of cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle of the rat. Anat Rec, 2004, 277:236-247.
27.1ngels H, Stinson E, Alderman E, et al. Relation between longitudinal,circumferential, and oblique shortening and torsional deformation in the left ventricle of the transplanted human heart. Circulation, 1989,64:915-927.
28. Hiromi N, Masaaki T, Tomoko N, et al. Effect of aging on twist-displacement loop by 2-dimensional speckle tracking imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2006,19:880-885.
29.0xenham HC, Young AA, Cowan BR, et al. Age-related changes in myocardial relaxation using three-dimensional tagged magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2003, 5:421-430.
30.Crepaz R, Cemin R, Pedron C, et al. Age-related variations of left ventricular endocardial and midwall function in healthy infants, children, and adolescents. Ital Heart, 2005, 6(8): 634-639.
31.Fogel MA, Weinberg PM, Hubbard A, et al. Diastolic biomechanics in normal infants utilizing MRI tissue tagging. Circulation, 2000,102:218-224.
32.MacGowan GA, Burkhoff D, Rogers WJ,et al. Effects of afterload on regional left ventricular torsion. Cardiovasc Res, 1996,31:917-925.
33.Tate CA, Taffet GE, Hudson EK, et al. Enhanced calcium uptake of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in exercise-trained old rats. J Physiol, 1990,258:431-435.
34. Lahmers S, Wu Y, Call DR, et al. Developmental control of titin isoform expression and passive stiffness in fetal and neonatal myocardium. Circ Res, 2004,94:505-513.
35.Takeuchi M; Nakai, H; Kokumai, M, et al. Age-related Changes in Left Ventricular Twist Assessed by Two-dimensional Speckle-tracking Imaging. Source of the J Am Soc of Echocardiogr, 2006,19:1077-1084.
36. Hees PS, Fleg JL, Dong SJ, et al. MRI and echocardiographic assessment of the diastolic dysfunction of normal aging: altered LV pressure decline or load? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2004,286(2):782-788.
37.Torrent GF,Buckberg GD,Clemente C,et al.The structure and function of the helical heart and its buttress wrapping,the normal macroscopic structure of the heart.Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2001,13:301-319.
38.韩伟,谢明星,王新房,等.超声斑点追踪成像技术评价高血压患者左室心肌扭转的初步研究.中华超声影像学杂志,2007,16:737-741.
39.Kroeker CA,Tyberg JV,Beyar R.Effects of ischemia on left ventricular apex rotation:an experimental study in anesthetized dogs.Circulation,1995,92:3539-3548.
40.Knudtson ML,Galbraith PD,Hildebrand KL,et al.Dynamics of left ventricular apex rotation during angioplasty:a sensitive index of ischemic dysfunction.Circulation,1997,96:801-808.
41.Massaki T,Tomoko N,Hiromi N,et al.The assessment of left ventricular twist in anterior wall myocardial infarction using two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging.Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography,2007,20:36-44.
42.Frederick AT,Filiberto R,Frank L,et al.Alterations in left ventricular torsion and diastolic recoil after myocardial infarction with and without chronic ischemic mitral regurgigitation.Circulation,2004,110:109-114.
43.Setser RM,smedira NG,Lieber ML,et al.Left ventricular torsional mechanics after left ventricular reconstruction surgery for ischemic cardiomyopathy.Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2007,134(4):888-896.
44.Fuchs E,Muller MF,Oswald H,et al.Cardiac rotation and relaxation in patients with chronic heart failure.Heart Failure,2004,6:715-722.
45.LeGrice IJ,Takayama Y,Covell JW.Transverse shear along myocardial cleavage planes provides a mechanism for normal systolic wall thickening.Circ Res,1995,77:182-193.
46.Young AA,Kramer CM,Ferrari VA,et al.Three-dimensional left ventricular deformation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Circulation,1994,90(2):854-867.
47.余芬,邓又斌,申屠伟慧,等.超声二维应变成像评价肥厚型心肌病患者左心室收缩功能.中华超声影像学杂志,2007,16:742-745.
48.Notomi Y,Martin-Miklovic MG,Oryszak SJ,et al.Enhanced ventricular untwisting during exercise:a mechanistic manifestation of elastic recoil described by Doppler tissue imaging.Circulation,2006,113:2524-2533.
49.Pauschinger M,Knopf D,Petschauer S,et al.Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with significiant changes in collagen type Ⅰ/Ⅲ ratio.Circulation,1999,99:2750-2756.
50.Tibayan FA,Lai DT,Timek TA,.et al.Alterations in left ventricular torsion in tachycardia-induced dilated cardiomyopathy.Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2002,124:43-49.
51.Kanzaki H,Nakatani S,Yamada N,et al.Impaired systolic torsion in dilated cardiomyopathy:reversal of apical rotation at mid-systole characterized with magnetic resonance tagging method.Basic Res Cardiol,2006,101(6):465-470.
52.Jin SM,Noh CI,Bae EJ,et al.decreasedleft ventricular torsion and untwisting in children with dilated cardiomyopathy.Korean Med Sci,2007,22(4):633-640.
53.Dong SJ,Hees Ps,Huang WM,et al.Independent effect of perload,afterload,and contractility on left ventricular torsion.J Physiol,1999,277:1053-1060.
54.Setser RM,Kasper JM,Lieber ML,et al.Persistent abnormal left ventricular systolic torsion in dilated cardiomyopathy after partial left ventriculectomy.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2003 Jul;126(1):48-55.
55.Nagel E,Stuber M,Burkhard B,et al.Cardiac rotation and relaxation in patients with aortic stenosis.Eur heart,2000,21(7):582-589.
56.Lorenz CH,Pastorek JS,Bundy JM,et al.Delineation of normal human left ventricular twist throughout systole by tagged cine magnetic resonance imaging.J Cardiovasc Magn Reson,2000,2(2):97-108.
57.Notomi Y,Randolph MS,Takahiro S,et al.Assessment of left ventricular torsional deformation by Doppler tissue imaging:validation study with tagged magnetic resonance imaging.Circulation,2005,111:1141-1147.
58.宋则周,陈剑.定量组织速度成像评价扩张型心肌病患者的左室旋转收缩功能.中国超声医学杂志,2006 22:423—425.
59.Helle-Valle T,Crosby J,Edvardsen T,et al.New noninvasive method for assessment of left ventricular rotation:speckle tracking echocardiography.Circulation 2005,112:3149-3156.
60.Notomi Y,Lysyansky P,Randolph M,et al.Measurement of ventricular torsion by two-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking imaging.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,2005,45:2034-2041.
61.Mani AV,Gianni P,Peng Li,et al.Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on longitudinal and circumferential left ventricular mechanics by welocity vector imaging:description and initial clinical application of a novel method using high-frame rate B-mode echocardiographic images.Echocardiography,2005,22:826-830.
62.Gilson WD,Yang Z,French BA,et al.Measurement of myocardial mechanics in mice before and after infarction using multislice displacement-encoded MRI with 3D motion encoding.Heart Circ Physiol,2005,288:1491-1497.