原位自生（TiBw+TiCp）/Ti制备及TiCp尺寸对复合材料性能影响
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摘要
本文采用反应热压法基于Ti-B4C-C系分别在不同温度下制备了TiB晶须(TiBw)与TiC颗粒(TiCp)混杂增强的钛基复合材料,其中增强体的总体积分数为10%,TiBw与TiCp的体积比为1:1。采用DSC方法分析了热压烧结Ti粉、B4C粉、C粉制备钛基复合材料的可行性。采用XRD、SEM、TEM等方法对(TiBw+TiCp)/Ti复合材料的显微组织进行了研究。测试了复合材料的室温拉伸性能、高温拉伸性能,解释了(TiBw+TiCp)/Ti复合材料的混杂强化机理。最后在室温、无润滑条件下,测试了复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,并对复合材料的磨损机制进行了探讨。
热力学分析和DSC实验结果表明,可以基于Ti-B4C-C反应体系,利用Ti-B4C与Ti-C之间的放热反应制备原位自生TiBw与TiCp混杂增强的钛基复合材料,并通过控制反应温度来调节TiCp的尺寸。微观组织分析表明,复合材料中的TiB为棒状晶须,而TiC为等轴状或近似等轴状颗粒,两种增强体均匀地分布在基体中。由Ti-B4C系原位自生的TiBw与TiCp之间存在共生现象。
力学分析结果表明,同未增强的纯钛基体相比,复合材料的硬度、抗拉强度有了很大的提高,但延伸率大幅下降。1100℃下制备的复合材料具有最佳增强效果,此种复合材料的室温抗拉强度比纯钛基体提高了47.6%。在550℃、600℃和650℃下,1100℃下制备的复合材料都具有最高的抗拉强度,分别比纯钛基体提高了83%、45.9%和57.9%。在高温下复合材料也具有良好的塑性。TiBw与TiCp混杂增强钛基复合材料的强化机制主要有载荷传递机制,细晶强化机制,弥散强化机制。
滑动磨损实验结果表明,复合材料的摩擦系数低于未增强材料的摩擦系数。40—100N载荷条件下,纯钛的摩擦系数为0.4左右,复合材料纵向取样时摩擦系数为0.2~0.3。钛基复合材料的耐磨性能远优于基体材料,且TiCp尺寸较小的复合材料具有更好的耐磨损性能。复合材料与纯Ti的磨损机制不同,前者主要为轻微的剥层磨损与磨粒磨损,后者则为严重的剥层磨损。TiBw与TiCp主要对基体起到支撑保护作用、细晶强化作用和弥散强化作用来提高钛基复合材料的抗摩擦磨损性能。
To evaluate the synergistic effect of TiB whisker (TiBw) and TiC particle (TiCp) on mechanical properties of titanium matrix composites (TMCs), 10 vol.% TiBw and TiCp hybrid-reinforced in situ TMCs with TiBw/TiCp volume ratios of 1:1 , respectively at different temperature, were prepared by reactive hot processing of Ti-B4C-C. DSC was used to monitor the chemical reactions within the blended powders of Ti, B4C, and C during the heating progress. The microstructures of composites were studied with XRD, SEM, and TEM. The tensile properties of composites at both room and high temperatures were studied. Finally, the dry sliding wear behavior of the composites was examined using a M-200 type pin-on-disk friction wear tester, with all tests performed at room temperature in air without any lubricants, and the wear mechanisms were investigated, too.
Thermodynamic analyses and DSC results showed that TiBw and TiCp in situ reinforced TMCs could be prepared based on the Ti-BB4C-C, using both the reaction of Ti-B4C and Ti-C, and the size of TiCp could be changed by adjusting the temperature of the reaction.
Microstructure analyses showed that TiB owns morphology of rodlike whisker, whereas TiC is equiaxed particle, both of them were uniformly distributed in Ti matrix. The symbiosis structure was found between TiC particle and TiB whisker, which were synthesized from the reaction of Ti-B4C. The position of TiC particle to TiB whisker was relatively fixed. Mechanical properties analyses showed that, compared to unreinforced pure Ti, the hardness, tensile strength and modulus were greatly improved, whereas their elongations were reduced. TiBw and TiCp would achieve optimal hybrid-reinforced effect on TMCs by hot processing temperature 1100℃,and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was increased by 47.6% than that of pure Ti, respectively. At 550℃, 600℃and 650oC, this composite owned the best UTS among all the composites, with an increase of 83%, 45.9%, and 57.9% respectively, than that of unreinforced pure Ti. At high temperatures, the composites showed good ductility, too. The strengthened mechanisms of composites hybrid-reinforced by TiBw and TiCp are mainly load transfer strengthening, fine grains strengthening, and dispersion strengthening.
The dry sliding wear testing results showed that the coefficients of composites were smaller than that of unreinforced pure Ti. Under loads of 40~100N, the coefficient of pure Ti is about 0.4, and those of composites were close: 0.2~0.3 for samples parallel to the extrusion direction. The wear resistance of TMCs is far better than that of pure Ti, and the composite which has smaller size of TiCp possesses better wear resistance. The wear mechanisms of composites are different from that of unreinforced pure Ti, the former are mainly slight delamination and abrasive wear, whereas the latter are mainly severe adhesion and delamination. TiBw and TiCp improved the wear resistance of TMCs by the protection function, fine grains strengthening, dispersion strengthening.
热力学分析和DSC实验结果表明,可以基于Ti-B4C-C反应体系,利用Ti-B4C与Ti-C之间的放热反应制备原位自生TiBw与TiCp混杂增强的钛基复合材料,并通过控制反应温度来调节TiCp的尺寸。微观组织分析表明,复合材料中的TiB为棒状晶须,而TiC为等轴状或近似等轴状颗粒,两种增强体均匀地分布在基体中。由Ti-B4C系原位自生的TiBw与TiCp之间存在共生现象。
力学分析结果表明,同未增强的纯钛基体相比,复合材料的硬度、抗拉强度有了很大的提高,但延伸率大幅下降。1100℃下制备的复合材料具有最佳增强效果,此种复合材料的室温抗拉强度比纯钛基体提高了47.6%。在550℃、600℃和650℃下,1100℃下制备的复合材料都具有最高的抗拉强度,分别比纯钛基体提高了83%、45.9%和57.9%。在高温下复合材料也具有良好的塑性。TiBw与TiCp混杂增强钛基复合材料的强化机制主要有载荷传递机制,细晶强化机制,弥散强化机制。
滑动磨损实验结果表明,复合材料的摩擦系数低于未增强材料的摩擦系数。40—100N载荷条件下,纯钛的摩擦系数为0.4左右,复合材料纵向取样时摩擦系数为0.2~0.3。钛基复合材料的耐磨性能远优于基体材料,且TiCp尺寸较小的复合材料具有更好的耐磨损性能。复合材料与纯Ti的磨损机制不同,前者主要为轻微的剥层磨损与磨粒磨损,后者则为严重的剥层磨损。TiBw与TiCp主要对基体起到支撑保护作用、细晶强化作用和弥散强化作用来提高钛基复合材料的抗摩擦磨损性能。
To evaluate the synergistic effect of TiB whisker (TiBw) and TiC particle (TiCp) on mechanical properties of titanium matrix composites (TMCs), 10 vol.% TiBw and TiCp hybrid-reinforced in situ TMCs with TiBw/TiCp volume ratios of 1:1 , respectively at different temperature, were prepared by reactive hot processing of Ti-B4C-C. DSC was used to monitor the chemical reactions within the blended powders of Ti, B4C, and C during the heating progress. The microstructures of composites were studied with XRD, SEM, and TEM. The tensile properties of composites at both room and high temperatures were studied. Finally, the dry sliding wear behavior of the composites was examined using a M-200 type pin-on-disk friction wear tester, with all tests performed at room temperature in air without any lubricants, and the wear mechanisms were investigated, too.
Thermodynamic analyses and DSC results showed that TiBw and TiCp in situ reinforced TMCs could be prepared based on the Ti-BB4C-C, using both the reaction of Ti-B4C and Ti-C, and the size of TiCp could be changed by adjusting the temperature of the reaction.
Microstructure analyses showed that TiB owns morphology of rodlike whisker, whereas TiC is equiaxed particle, both of them were uniformly distributed in Ti matrix. The symbiosis structure was found between TiC particle and TiB whisker, which were synthesized from the reaction of Ti-B4C. The position of TiC particle to TiB whisker was relatively fixed. Mechanical properties analyses showed that, compared to unreinforced pure Ti, the hardness, tensile strength and modulus were greatly improved, whereas their elongations were reduced. TiBw and TiCp would achieve optimal hybrid-reinforced effect on TMCs by hot processing temperature 1100℃,and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was increased by 47.6% than that of pure Ti, respectively. At 550℃, 600℃and 650oC, this composite owned the best UTS among all the composites, with an increase of 83%, 45.9%, and 57.9% respectively, than that of unreinforced pure Ti. At high temperatures, the composites showed good ductility, too. The strengthened mechanisms of composites hybrid-reinforced by TiBw and TiCp are mainly load transfer strengthening, fine grains strengthening, and dispersion strengthening.
The dry sliding wear testing results showed that the coefficients of composites were smaller than that of unreinforced pure Ti. Under loads of 40~100N, the coefficient of pure Ti is about 0.4, and those of composites were close: 0.2~0.3 for samples parallel to the extrusion direction. The wear resistance of TMCs is far better than that of pure Ti, and the composite which has smaller size of TiCp possesses better wear resistance. The wear mechanisms of composites are different from that of unreinforced pure Ti, the former are mainly slight delamination and abrasive wear, whereas the latter are mainly severe adhesion and delamination. TiBw and TiCp improved the wear resistance of TMCs by the protection function, fine grains strengthening, dispersion strengthening.
引文
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