秸秆颗粒燃料冷态压缩成型实验研究及数值模拟
|
摘要
本文以发展生物质能资源化利用技术为背景,研究农作物秸秆颗粒燃料冷态压缩成型规律,为生物质固体成型燃料作为可再生能源在替代煤炭燃料方面探索新的途径。本文研究工作属于国家“863”计划项目之子课题“农业废弃物流化床气化过程预处理技术研究”和河南省自然科学基金项目“农业废弃物颗粒燃料冷成型机理研究”的部分内容。主要研究包括:采用电子万能实验机,分别从压缩速度、物料含水率、原料种类、模具长径比、模具开口锥度等五个方面进行了秸秆颗粒冷态压缩成型的实验研究与分析;根据秸秆冷态压缩成型特点,采用大变形塑性理论作为秸秆材料非线性问题的有限元分析基础,利用ANSYS软件对秸秆冷态压缩成型过程进行了计算机模拟,得到了秸秆颗粒冷态压缩成型过程中的应力应变分布图、流动变化图和等效塑性应变图,并进行了不同模具长径比和模具开口锥度等结构参数对压缩成型过程的模拟分析;从生物构造、物理性质、化学性质和力学性质入手,探索出秸秆颗粒冷态压缩成型粘接机制,并通过扫描电子显微镜进行了不同成型条件下的秸秆压缩前后微观结构变化的实验研究;根据环模颗粒成型原理,设计了一套秸秆颗粒冷态压缩成型中试装置,进行了不同物料粒度、含水率、模孔长径比等压缩条件下的颗粒成型率及吨料电耗的试验研究。通过上述研究工作,得出的最佳压缩成型条件和工艺参数具有较好的一致性,为探索秸秆颗粒冷态压缩成型规律提供了科学依据。研究工作取得如下主要结论:
(1)当压缩速度取40mm/min、含水率取16%、秸秆原料为小麦秸秆、模具长径比取5.2和模具开口锥度取45°时,压缩成型效果最佳;将压缩成型过程分为松散、过渡、压紧和推移四个阶段,其中松散阶段和压紧阶段的数学模型为线性方程;过渡阶段的数学模型为指数方程;推移阶段根据秸秆原料种类不同,可用单个或n阶Maxwell模型来表示其松弛特性。上述结论为压缩成型条件和工艺参数的选取提供了实验依据。
(2)摩擦力和模具锥孔是靠近锥面处的秸秆出现变形滞后现象的主要原因,模具长径比和模具开口锥度的最佳取值与实验结果一致,说明数值模拟与实验研究能够较好地吻合,为模具参数的选取和秸秆成型颗粒燃料的性能控制提供了理论依据。
(3)提出了秸秆冷态压缩成型的微观结合模式。在横截面方向上,秸秆组织受到严重破坏,以相互贴合的形式结合:在纵截面方向上,秸秆组织破坏较小,以相互嵌合的形式结合。为探索秸秆冷态压缩成型机理提供了参考依据。
(4)当攫取角取45°,模辊直径比取0.585时压缩成型综合效果最好;小麦秸秆的压缩成型效果最好,其次是稻草,玉米秸秆最差;当物料粒度取6mm,含水率取16%,模孔长径比取5.2时,颗粒成型率较高,装置吨料电耗最低,压缩成型效果最好。该结论验证了实验研究、数值模拟和微观结构分析的正确性,表明本文得出的最佳成型条件和工艺参数具有普遍意义,可以用来指导工业化生产的环模颗粒成型机的优化设计。
The pellet fuel cold molding discipline of different crops straws is studied detailed in this thesis,under the background of developing biomass utilization technology as a kind of energy resource.It starts a new way for biomass solid pellet fuel to be used as renewable energy substituting for coal.It is listed in a sub project of Chinese National '863 Project' "Agriculture Waste FB Gasifying Pretreatment Technology" and the project of the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province project "Study of Agriculture Waste Cold Molding Mechanism".The main research contents are in the following,experiments are done from five aspects including pressing speed,moisture ratio,variety of the material,length diameter ratio of the die and split taper by universal stuff experimental equipment.According to the feature of straw pellet cold moling,using large deform elastic and plastic theory as the method for finite element computation,it adopts the software ANSYS to simulate the molding process.The stress and strain distribution chart,fluid deform chart and equivalent plastic strain in the molding process are obtained.And simulations on various ratios of length and diameter and split taper are done.Detailed influence on molding is analyzed from four aspects, biology structure,physical property,chemical property and dynamic property.The stick mechanism is obtained.And the micro structure changes are studied by SEM under different molding conditions.According to the molding mechanism,pilot pellet equipment is designed. And a series of experiments on molding rate and electricity consume rate are done under different pressing condition.From the study work above,the optimal molding conditions and technological parameters obtained by different means have good consistency.This provides scientific evidence for the exploration of molding discipline.The main conclusions are in the following:
(1)At the condition of speed 40mm/min,moisture ratio 16%,ratio of length and diameter 5.2 and taper 45°with wheat straw,the best results can be obtained.The molding process can be divided into four stages,loose,interim,pressing and lapse.The loose and pressing stages fit linear equations.And the interim stage fits exponential equation.The lapse stage fit Maxwell Model.These conclusions provide evidence for the selection of pressing conditions and parameters.
(2)The friction force and the taper are the main reasons why the deforming near the split is delayed.And optimal ratio of length and diameter and split taper are accordant with the experiment results.It's proved that the simulation fits well with experiment study.This provides theoretical evidence for the selection of die parameter and control of the pellet equipment.
(3)The micro connecting mode is put forward from straw cold molding by compression. In the cross section,the structure of the biomass is destroyed seriously and connected by joint form.And in the lengthwise section,little destroy appeared,so they connect by chimeric form. This provides evidence for the exploration of the common regulations on pellet molding.
(4)The molding rate is sound under swoop angle 45~0 and ratio of die and roller diameter 0.585.The molding rate of wheat is better than rice straw,the worst is corn straw.The electricity consumption is the lowest under granularity 6mm,moisture ratio 16%,ratio of length and diameter of the die 5.2.This conclusion proves the correctness of the experiment study and computation simulation.And the best molding condition and parameter has universal significance,guiding the design of pellet mill for industry use.
(1)当压缩速度取40mm/min、含水率取16%、秸秆原料为小麦秸秆、模具长径比取5.2和模具开口锥度取45°时,压缩成型效果最佳;将压缩成型过程分为松散、过渡、压紧和推移四个阶段,其中松散阶段和压紧阶段的数学模型为线性方程;过渡阶段的数学模型为指数方程;推移阶段根据秸秆原料种类不同,可用单个或n阶Maxwell模型来表示其松弛特性。上述结论为压缩成型条件和工艺参数的选取提供了实验依据。
(2)摩擦力和模具锥孔是靠近锥面处的秸秆出现变形滞后现象的主要原因,模具长径比和模具开口锥度的最佳取值与实验结果一致,说明数值模拟与实验研究能够较好地吻合,为模具参数的选取和秸秆成型颗粒燃料的性能控制提供了理论依据。
(3)提出了秸秆冷态压缩成型的微观结合模式。在横截面方向上,秸秆组织受到严重破坏,以相互贴合的形式结合:在纵截面方向上,秸秆组织破坏较小,以相互嵌合的形式结合。为探索秸秆冷态压缩成型机理提供了参考依据。
(4)当攫取角取45°,模辊直径比取0.585时压缩成型综合效果最好;小麦秸秆的压缩成型效果最好,其次是稻草,玉米秸秆最差;当物料粒度取6mm,含水率取16%,模孔长径比取5.2时,颗粒成型率较高,装置吨料电耗最低,压缩成型效果最好。该结论验证了实验研究、数值模拟和微观结构分析的正确性,表明本文得出的最佳成型条件和工艺参数具有普遍意义,可以用来指导工业化生产的环模颗粒成型机的优化设计。
The pellet fuel cold molding discipline of different crops straws is studied detailed in this thesis,under the background of developing biomass utilization technology as a kind of energy resource.It starts a new way for biomass solid pellet fuel to be used as renewable energy substituting for coal.It is listed in a sub project of Chinese National '863 Project' "Agriculture Waste FB Gasifying Pretreatment Technology" and the project of the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province project "Study of Agriculture Waste Cold Molding Mechanism".The main research contents are in the following,experiments are done from five aspects including pressing speed,moisture ratio,variety of the material,length diameter ratio of the die and split taper by universal stuff experimental equipment.According to the feature of straw pellet cold moling,using large deform elastic and plastic theory as the method for finite element computation,it adopts the software ANSYS to simulate the molding process.The stress and strain distribution chart,fluid deform chart and equivalent plastic strain in the molding process are obtained.And simulations on various ratios of length and diameter and split taper are done.Detailed influence on molding is analyzed from four aspects, biology structure,physical property,chemical property and dynamic property.The stick mechanism is obtained.And the micro structure changes are studied by SEM under different molding conditions.According to the molding mechanism,pilot pellet equipment is designed. And a series of experiments on molding rate and electricity consume rate are done under different pressing condition.From the study work above,the optimal molding conditions and technological parameters obtained by different means have good consistency.This provides scientific evidence for the exploration of molding discipline.The main conclusions are in the following:
(1)At the condition of speed 40mm/min,moisture ratio 16%,ratio of length and diameter 5.2 and taper 45°with wheat straw,the best results can be obtained.The molding process can be divided into four stages,loose,interim,pressing and lapse.The loose and pressing stages fit linear equations.And the interim stage fits exponential equation.The lapse stage fit Maxwell Model.These conclusions provide evidence for the selection of pressing conditions and parameters.
(2)The friction force and the taper are the main reasons why the deforming near the split is delayed.And optimal ratio of length and diameter and split taper are accordant with the experiment results.It's proved that the simulation fits well with experiment study.This provides theoretical evidence for the selection of die parameter and control of the pellet equipment.
(3)The micro connecting mode is put forward from straw cold molding by compression. In the cross section,the structure of the biomass is destroyed seriously and connected by joint form.And in the lengthwise section,little destroy appeared,so they connect by chimeric form. This provides evidence for the exploration of the common regulations on pellet molding.
(4)The molding rate is sound under swoop angle 45~0 and ratio of die and roller diameter 0.585.The molding rate of wheat is better than rice straw,the worst is corn straw.The electricity consumption is the lowest under granularity 6mm,moisture ratio 16%,ratio of length and diameter of the die 5.2.This conclusion proves the correctness of the experiment study and computation simulation.And the best molding condition and parameter has universal significance,guiding the design of pellet mill for industry use.
引文
[1]Jianjun Hu,Shengqiang Shen,Tingzhou Lei,et al.Research and Optimum Design of the Biological Materials Gasifier.The 4th international conference on sustainable energy technologies,Jinan:China architecture & building press,2005:7-10.
[2]雷廷宙,沈胜强,崔俊贞等.固定床生物质气化机组主要技术性能试验研究.河南科学,2006,24(1):118-121.
[3]胡建军,李在峰,徐广印等.秸秆燃气净化装置的研制.河南农业大学学报,2004.38(1):105-110.
[4]雷廷宙,沈胜强,李在峰等.生物质干燥机的设计及试验研究.可再生能源,2006,3:29-32.
[5]胡建军,沈胜强,雷廷宙等.玉米秸秆的等温干燥试验及干燥速度的回归分析.河南科学,2007,25(2):258-262.
[6]胡建军,沈胜强,师新广等.棉花秸秆等温干燥特性试验研究及回归分析.太阳能学报,2008.29(1):100-104.
[7]黄浩,雷廷宙,胡建军等.农作物秸秆细胞壁成份对干燥过程的影响.河南科学,2005.23(2):221-223.
[8]可再生能源中长期发展规划.中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会,2007,9.
[9]雷廷宙.秸秆干燥过程的实验研究及理论分析.大连理工大学博士论文,2006,6:3-4.
[10]张全国.生物质焦油燃烧动力学及其燃料特性实验研究.大连理工大学博士论文,2006,6:2-3.
[11]盛奎川.生物质压缩成型燃料技术研究综述.能源工程,1996,3:8-11.
[12]董玉平,王理鹏,邓波等.国内外生物质能源开发利用技术.山东大学学报,2007,37(3):64-67.
[13]李美华,俞国胜.生物质燃料成型技术研究现状.木材加工机械,2005,2:36-40.
[14]徐新惠,王维新,吴杰.棉秆燃料压缩成型技术的研究.农业与技术,2005,25(2):97-103.
[15]陈永生,沐森林,朱德文等.生物质成型燃料产业在我国的发展.太阳能,2006,4:16-18.
[16]马孝琴.生物质秸秆成型燃料燃烧动力学特性及液压秸秆成型机改进设计研究.河南农业大学博士学位论文,2002.6:1-18.
[17]杜健民.新鲜草物料压缩过程的流变学研究.内蒙古农业大学博士学位论文,2005,4:6-11.
[18]钱湘群.秸秆切碎及压缩成型特性与设备研究.浙江大学硕士论文,2003,1:4-8.
[19]殷洪霞.草物料的含水率对压缩过程影响的试验研究.内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2005,5:2-5.
[20]Skalweit H.Krafte und Beanspruchungen in Stohpressen.4 Konstructure-Kursus RKTL,Schrift 88,Berlin,1938.
[21]Mewes E.Zum Verhalten von Pressgutern in Prestopfen(On the behaviour of compressed matter in pressure chambers).Landtechnische Forshung,1958.8(6):158-164.
[22]Mewes E.Verdichtungsgesetzmassigkeiten nach Presstopfversuchen(Compression relationships as a result of experiments in pressure chamers).Landtechnische Forschung,1959(3):68-76.
[23]Sachat H O.Der Stand der forschung anf dem Gebit der Heuund Strophressen.Landtechn,1959,9(3):68-76.
[24]#12
[25]Osobov V I.Theoretical principles of compressing fibrous plant materials.Thudy viskhom,1967,55:221-265.
[26]Burmistrova M F,Komolkova T,Klemn N,etal.Physico-mechanical properties of agricultural crops.Israel Program for Scientific translations(from Russian)TT 61-312,Jerusalem,1963:250.
[27]Busse W.Das Verdichten von Halmgutern mit hohen Normaldrucken(The compression of forage with high normal pressures).Fortschrittberichte der VDI Zeitschriften,Verein Deutsche Ingenieure,Reihe 14(1),VDI-Verlag,Dusseldorf,1966.
[28]O'Dogherty M J,Wheeler J A.compression of straw to high densities in closed cylindrical dies.Journal of agriculture engineering research,1984,29(1):61-72.
[29]Faborode M O,O' Callaghan J R.Theoretical analysis of the compression of fibrous agricultural materials.Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1986,35(3):175-191.
[30]杨明韶,李旭英,杨红蕾.牧草压缩过程研究.农业工程学报,1996,12(1):60-64.
[31]吕江南.红麻料片的压缩特性及压力与压缩密度的数学模型.农业机械学报,1998,29(2):83-86.
[32]王波,李如莘,高丽霞等.玉米秸秆的压缩特性及其压力与压缩密度的数学模型.农机化研究,2004,1:160-166.
[33]马彦华,刘伟峰,杨明韶等.喂入量对新鲜玉米秸秆压缩规律影响的试验研究.农机化研究,2005,1:187-189.
[34]闫国宏.新鲜草物料压缩过程应力松弛试验研究.内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2004.5:2-5.
[35]Mohsenin N,Zaske J.Stress Relaxation and Energy Requirements in Compassion of Uncongolidated Materials[J].J Agric.Engng.Res,1976,21(1):193-205.
[36]Peleg K.A Rheological Model of Nonlinear Viscoplastic Solids[J].The Junrnal of Rheology,1983,27(5):411-431.
[37]Bilanski W K,Graham.V A.A Viscoelastic Model for Forage Wafering[J].Trans.of Canadian Society of Mechanical Engineer.1984,8(2):70-79.
[38]Fabrode M O,O' Callaghan J R.A Rheological Model for the Compassion of Fibrous Agricultural Materials[J].Agric.Engng.Res.1989,42(1):165-178.
[39]Bock R G,Puri V M,Mabeek H B.Stress-relaxation Response of Wheat and Masse[J].Trans.of ASAE,1989,32(5):1701-1708.
[40]王春光.高密度压捆时牧草在压缩室内的受力与变形研究.农业工程学报,1999,15(4):55-59.
[41]张永.农业纤维物料压缩流变学研究及压捆机参数的探索[硕士学位论文][D].内蒙古农业大学,2001.
[42]杨明韶.粗纤维物料压缩过程的一般流变规律的探讨.农业工程学报,2002,18(1):136-137.
[43]Butler B J,McColly H F.Factors affecting the pelleting of hay.Agricultural Engineering,1959,40(8):442-446.
[44]Gustafson A S,Kjelgaard W L.Hay pellet geometry and stability.Agricultural Engineering,1963,4(8):442-445.
[45]O' Dogherty M J,Reeler J A.The effect of die diameter mode of loading and chopping on the compression of straw to high densities in closed cylindrica dies.Divisional note dn/1103,national institute of agriculture engineering,silsoe,1982.
[46]O' Dogherty M J.A review of the mechanical behaviour of strew when compressed to high densities.J Agric Engng Res,1989,44:241-265.
[47]O' Dogherty M J,Gilbertson H G,Gale G E.Measurements of the physical and mechanical properties of wheat straw 4th international conference on the physical properties of agricultural materials,German democratic republic,4-8 September,1989:608-613.
[48]O' Dogherty M J,Wheeley J A,Clements K.The effect of moisture content.Drecharge and rate of loading on the compression of wheat and seed rape straw to high densities in closed cylindrical dies.National Institute of Agricultural Engieering,Silsoe,1982.
[49]杨太军.柱塞式压块机压块成型理论分析与试验研究.农业机械学报,1995,26(3):51-57.
[50]郭康权,佐竹隆显,吉崎繁.农林废弃植物粉碎后的压缩特性.农业工程学报,1994,Vol.10(增刊):139-145.
[51]张百良,李保谦.HPB-Ⅰ型生物质成型机的应用研究,太阳能学报,1999,20(3):234-237.
[52]蒋剑春,刘石彩,戴伟娣等.林业剩余物制造颗粒成型燃料技术研究.林产化学与工业,1999,19(3):25-30.
[53]黄明权,张大雷,姜洋等.影响生物质固化成型因素的研究.农村能源,1999,1:17-18.
[54]盛奎川,钱湘群.切碎棉秆高密度压缩成型的试验研究.浙江大学学报,2003,28(2).
[55]马彦华.新鲜草物料直接压缩过程基本规律的试验研究.内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2004,5.
[56]毕玉革.新鲜草物料压缩过程中压缩力变化规律的试验研究.内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2004,11.
[57]樊峰鸣,张百良,李保谦等.大粒径生物质成型燃料物理特性研究.农业环境科学学报,2005,24(2):398-402.
[58]程佩芝,赵东,张建中等.玉米秆碎料模压成型密度的试验研究.研究与探索,2005,5:19-22.
[59]王艳云,吴杰.粉碎棉秆含水率对压缩成型的影响.农机化研究.2005,9:164-165.
[60]Marchant W T B,Millard D E C.Preliminary packing trials with NaOH treated straw.File Note FN/FC/07011/21978/1.National Imstitutr of Agricultural Engineering,Silsoe,1978.
[61]Shepperson G,Marchant W.T.B,WiIkins R.J,Rayoond W.F.The techniques and technical problems associated with the Processing of naturally and artificially dried forage.Symposium on Processing.of Roughages.Proceedings of British Society of Animal Production,1972:41-45.
[62]Butler J L.Energy comparisons in processing coastal Bermuda grass and alfalfa.Transactions of American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1985,8(2):175-176.
[63]Federov M F.Study of the process of compression of straw.Traktoryi Selkhozmashiny,1972.5:21-24.
[64]Orth H W,Lowe R.Influence of temperature on wafering in a continuou sextrusion process.Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1977,22(3):283-289.
[65]Vinogradov V I,Dimitriev G N.Modelling of the process of comperssing straw material.Zemledelbchaskaya Mekhaniki,1969,12:62-74.
[66]李保谦,张百良,马孝琴等.液压驱动式秸秆成型技术研究及其产业化.2000年国际可再生能源研讨会论文集,2000.
[67]Reece F N.Power requirements for forming wafers in a closed die process.Transactions of American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1967,10(2):150-151.
[68]Naidu B S K.biomass briquetting-An Indian Perspective.Proceedings of the international workshop on biomass briquetting.New Delhi,India,1995.
[69]Beker U G.Briquetting of Asfin-Elbistan lignite of Turkey using different waste materials.Fuel processing Technol,1997:137.
[70]Smith I E,Probert S D,Stokes R J,etal.The briquetting of wheat straw.Fuel processing Technol,1997:105.
[71]Taylor J W,Hennah L.The effect of binder displacements during briquetting on the strength of formed coke.Fuel,1991:873.
[72]杨俊成.秸秆开模压饼工艺的试验研究.农业工程学报,1997,13(增刊):125-129.
[73]王民,郭康权.秸秆制作成型燃料的试验研究.农业工程学报,1993,9(1):99-103.
[74]盛奎川,Ahmed EI-Behery,Hassan Gomaa.棉秆切碎及压缩成型的试验研究.农业工程学报,1999,15(4):221-225.
[75]孟庆兰.农业废弃物综合利用技术的试验研究.农业工程学报,1994,10(2):78-82.
[76]胡建军,雷廷宙,何晓峰等.小麦秸秆颗粒燃料冷态压缩成型参数试验研究.太阳能学报,2008.29(2):241-245
[77]Vinogradov V I,Dimitriev G N.Modelling of the process of comperssing straw,material.Zemledelbchaskaya.Mekhaniki,1969,12:62-74.
[78]王春光,杨明韶.农业纤维物抖压缩流变研究现状.农业机械学报,1998,29(1):141-143.
[79]杨中平.秸秆碎料凸向模压成型流变特性的实验研究.农业工程学报,2000,16(6):11-17.
[80]王春光,杨明韶.牧草在高密度压捆时的应力松弛研究.农业工程学报,1997,13(3):45-52.
[81]袁志发,周静芋主编.试验设计与分析.高等教育出版社,2001,6:372-387.
[82]Guo Kangquan,Takaki Satake and Dhigeru Yoshizakj.Pellerization of several Agricultural wastes.Journal of the Society of PowderTechnology Japan,1986,25(25):789-804.
[83]龙驭球.有限元法概论.北京:人民教育出版社,1978.
[84]Lee YK.Finite elastoplastic deformation in metalform in processes with a complete formulation for sliding friction.Internation Journal of Plasticity,1991,7:567-605.
[85]蒋友谅.非线性有限元法.北京工学院出版社,1988.
[86]王龙飞.冷弯成型过程的有限元数值模拟.昆明理工大学硕士学位论文,2004,2:13-18.
[87]高名望.松散生物质热压成型有限元模拟与分析.山东大学硕士学位论文,2005.5.
[88]宋天霞.非线性结构有限元计算.华中理工大学出版社,1996.4.
[89]宋天霞,郭建生.非线性固体计算力学.华中理工大学出版社,2002.11.
[90]薛守义编著.弹塑性力学.中国建材工业出版社,2006,1:281-302.
[91]吴振强.冷弯成型有限元分析及实验研究.昆明理工大学硕士学位论文,2004.2:11-27.
[92]龚晓南.结构分析中的非线性有限元素法.北航出版社,1986.
[93]Dinaggio F L,Sandler 1S.Materials models for granular soils of the engineering mechanics division.ASCE,1971(3):935-950.
[94]Wang P T A.Constitutive model for consolidation of granular material.Powder technology,1998,54:107-118.
[95]Morimotoy,Hayashit,Takeit.Mechanical behavior of powder during compaction in a mold with variabe crossections.The Interational Journal of Plasticity,1991,7:567-605.
[96]Tran D V,Lewis R W.An investigation of powder compaction processes.International journal of powder metallurgy,1994,30(4):385-398.
[97]Tran D V,Lewis R W.Numerical element simulation in metal powder die compaction.Powder metallurgy,1993,36(4):257-263.
[98]Green R J.Aplasticity theory for porous solids.Int.J.of Mech.Sci,1972,14(3):285-291.
[99]Oyane M,Shima S.Theory of plasticity for porous metals.Bull JSME,1977,16:1254-1260.
[100]Bathurst R J,Rothenburg L.Micromechanical aspects of isotropic granular assemblies with linear contact interactions.Journal of applied mechanics,1998,55:17-23.
[101]Kumar P.C,Jain.Modified formulation for extrusion of porous power performs using finite-element method.Numerical Method in Industry Press,Swansea,U.K,1982.
[102]Desai P V.Berry T T.ComPuter simulation of forced and natural convection during filling a casting.AFS Transactions,1984:519-528.
[103]张亚欧,谷志飞,宋勇编著.ANSYS7.0有限元分析实用教程.清华大学出版社,2004,7:276-296.
[104]王成,邵敏.有限元基础原理和数值方法.清华大学出版社,1997.3.
[105]Shima S,Inamoto J.The finite element method for the analysis of elastic-plastic deformation of porous metals.J Jap Soc Tech.Plast,1975,16:660-667.
[106]ANSYS藕合场分析指南.美国ANSYS公司,1998.
[107]Morl K,Osakada K.Analysis of the foring process of sintered power materials by a rigid-plastic finite element method.Int J Mech sci,1987,29(4):229-238.
[108]赵东.玉米秆粉粒体模压成型的试验研究及有限元分析[学位论文].北京:中国农业大学图书馆,1998.
[109]龚曙光,谢桂兰编著.ANSYS操作命令与参数化编程.机械工业出版社,2004,4:189-203.
[110]董玉平,高名望,孙启新.秸秆类生物质固化成型有限元模拟.山东大学学报,2005,5:9-13.
[111]汤爱君,马海龙,董玉平.生物质挤压过程中的静水压应力.RENEWABLE ENERGY,2006,2:28-31.
[112]刘玉松,胡青春.利用ANSYS分析模型结构对竹纤维粉体模压成型的影响.机电工程技术,2003,32(3):46-47.
[113]盛奎川,吴杰.生物质成型燃料的物理品质和成型机理的研究进展.农业工程学报,2004,20(2):242-245.
[114]雷亚芳.刨花板热压过程中传热特性的研究.北京林业大学博士学位论文,2005,6.
[115]孙骊.麦秆压缩剪切特性的研究.西北农业大学学报,1998,26(4):106-109.
[116]高梦祥,郭康权,杨中平.玉米秸秆的力学特性测试研究.农业机械学报,2003,34(4):47-52.
[117]张新昌,高振江,坎杂等.玉米秸秆剪切特性的试验分析.石河子农学院学报,1993,4:66-69.
[118]张彦河.玉米秸破碎力学特性的研究.黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2003,15(4):43-45.
[119]程佩芝.玉米秆碎料模压成型制品尺寸稳定性的研究.北京林业大学硕士论文,2005,6.
[120]刘圣勇.生物质(秸秆)成型燃料燃烧设备研制及试验研究.河南农业大学博士论文,2003,12.
[121]杬锡根,余观夏编著.《木材物理学》.中国林业出版社,2005,6:157-164.
[122]潘欣A J,泽龙Carlde著.《木材学》.中国林业出版社,1987,10:95-138.
[123]张璧光主编.《木材科学与技术研究进展》.中国环境科学出版社,2004,1:46-50.
[124]约翰·F·肖著.《木材传热传质过程》.中国林业出版社,1983,11:128-129.
[125]Limpiti S.Effect of moisture content and Stage of maturity on mechanical properties of wheat straw.Thai Journal of Agricultural Science,1980,13:277-283.
[126]科尔曼F.F.P著.《木材工艺学原理》.中国林业出版社,1991,2:207-212.
[127]许冬生编.纤维素衍生物.化学工业出版社,2000.
[128]蒋挺大编著.木质素.北京:化学工业出版社,2000.
[129]Sitkei,G.Mechanics of Agricultural Materials.Amsterdam:Elsevier,1986.
[130]Kushwaha,R.L,Vaishnav,A.S,Zoer,G.C.Shear strength of wheat straw.Canadian agriculture engineering,1983,25(2):163-166.
[131]邵卓平.竹材在压缩大变形下的力学行为Ⅱ.微观变形特征.木材工业,2004,18(1):27-29.
[132]Paivi Lehtikangas.Quality properties of pelletised sawdust,logging residues and bark.Biomass and Bioenergy,2001(20):351-360.
[133]腰希申.《中国主要木材构造》.中国林业出版社,1988.8.
[134]刘一星,赵广杰主编.《木质资源材料学》.中国林业出版社,2006,11:295-336.
[135]谢宇峰,郝剑英,高媛.环模式压粒机设计要点及参数选择.农机化研究,2002,5:70-71.
[136]杨慧明.颗粒饲料压制机模辊间隙的探讨.广东农机,1996,1:12-15.
[137]黄传海.环模制粒机的主要技术参数.广东饲料,1996,5:30-32.
[138]黄传海.环模颗粒机的环模强度.饲料工业,1991,12(1):14-15.
[139]邓勇,史建新,董富民.环模制粒机中环模的有限元分析.饲料加工,2004.4.
[140]何晓峰,雷廷宙,李在峰等.生物质颗粒燃料冷成形技术试验研究.太阳能学报,2006,27(9):937-940.
[141]胡建军,沈胜强,雷廷宙等.秸秆颗粒成型机吨料电耗影响因素的试验研究.太阳能学报,2007,28(12):1350-1353.
[2]雷廷宙,沈胜强,崔俊贞等.固定床生物质气化机组主要技术性能试验研究.河南科学,2006,24(1):118-121.
[3]胡建军,李在峰,徐广印等.秸秆燃气净化装置的研制.河南农业大学学报,2004.38(1):105-110.
[4]雷廷宙,沈胜强,李在峰等.生物质干燥机的设计及试验研究.可再生能源,2006,3:29-32.
[5]胡建军,沈胜强,雷廷宙等.玉米秸秆的等温干燥试验及干燥速度的回归分析.河南科学,2007,25(2):258-262.
[6]胡建军,沈胜强,师新广等.棉花秸秆等温干燥特性试验研究及回归分析.太阳能学报,2008.29(1):100-104.
[7]黄浩,雷廷宙,胡建军等.农作物秸秆细胞壁成份对干燥过程的影响.河南科学,2005.23(2):221-223.
[8]可再生能源中长期发展规划.中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会,2007,9.
[9]雷廷宙.秸秆干燥过程的实验研究及理论分析.大连理工大学博士论文,2006,6:3-4.
[10]张全国.生物质焦油燃烧动力学及其燃料特性实验研究.大连理工大学博士论文,2006,6:2-3.
[11]盛奎川.生物质压缩成型燃料技术研究综述.能源工程,1996,3:8-11.
[12]董玉平,王理鹏,邓波等.国内外生物质能源开发利用技术.山东大学学报,2007,37(3):64-67.
[13]李美华,俞国胜.生物质燃料成型技术研究现状.木材加工机械,2005,2:36-40.
[14]徐新惠,王维新,吴杰.棉秆燃料压缩成型技术的研究.农业与技术,2005,25(2):97-103.
[15]陈永生,沐森林,朱德文等.生物质成型燃料产业在我国的发展.太阳能,2006,4:16-18.
[16]马孝琴.生物质秸秆成型燃料燃烧动力学特性及液压秸秆成型机改进设计研究.河南农业大学博士学位论文,2002.6:1-18.
[17]杜健民.新鲜草物料压缩过程的流变学研究.内蒙古农业大学博士学位论文,2005,4:6-11.
[18]钱湘群.秸秆切碎及压缩成型特性与设备研究.浙江大学硕士论文,2003,1:4-8.
[19]殷洪霞.草物料的含水率对压缩过程影响的试验研究.内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2005,5:2-5.
[20]Skalweit H.Krafte und Beanspruchungen in Stohpressen.4 Konstructure-Kursus RKTL,Schrift 88,Berlin,1938.
[21]Mewes E.Zum Verhalten von Pressgutern in Prestopfen(On the behaviour of compressed matter in pressure chambers).Landtechnische Forshung,1958.8(6):158-164.
[22]Mewes E.Verdichtungsgesetzmassigkeiten nach Presstopfversuchen(Compression relationships as a result of experiments in pressure chamers).Landtechnische Forschung,1959(3):68-76.
[23]Sachat H O.Der Stand der forschung anf dem Gebit der Heuund Strophressen.Landtechn,1959,9(3):68-76.
[24]#12
[25]Osobov V I.Theoretical principles of compressing fibrous plant materials.Thudy viskhom,1967,55:221-265.
[26]Burmistrova M F,Komolkova T,Klemn N,etal.Physico-mechanical properties of agricultural crops.Israel Program for Scientific translations(from Russian)TT 61-312,Jerusalem,1963:250.
[27]Busse W.Das Verdichten von Halmgutern mit hohen Normaldrucken(The compression of forage with high normal pressures).Fortschrittberichte der VDI Zeitschriften,Verein Deutsche Ingenieure,Reihe 14(1),VDI-Verlag,Dusseldorf,1966.
[28]O'Dogherty M J,Wheeler J A.compression of straw to high densities in closed cylindrical dies.Journal of agriculture engineering research,1984,29(1):61-72.
[29]Faborode M O,O' Callaghan J R.Theoretical analysis of the compression of fibrous agricultural materials.Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1986,35(3):175-191.
[30]杨明韶,李旭英,杨红蕾.牧草压缩过程研究.农业工程学报,1996,12(1):60-64.
[31]吕江南.红麻料片的压缩特性及压力与压缩密度的数学模型.农业机械学报,1998,29(2):83-86.
[32]王波,李如莘,高丽霞等.玉米秸秆的压缩特性及其压力与压缩密度的数学模型.农机化研究,2004,1:160-166.
[33]马彦华,刘伟峰,杨明韶等.喂入量对新鲜玉米秸秆压缩规律影响的试验研究.农机化研究,2005,1:187-189.
[34]闫国宏.新鲜草物料压缩过程应力松弛试验研究.内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2004.5:2-5.
[35]Mohsenin N,Zaske J.Stress Relaxation and Energy Requirements in Compassion of Uncongolidated Materials[J].J Agric.Engng.Res,1976,21(1):193-205.
[36]Peleg K.A Rheological Model of Nonlinear Viscoplastic Solids[J].The Junrnal of Rheology,1983,27(5):411-431.
[37]Bilanski W K,Graham.V A.A Viscoelastic Model for Forage Wafering[J].Trans.of Canadian Society of Mechanical Engineer.1984,8(2):70-79.
[38]Fabrode M O,O' Callaghan J R.A Rheological Model for the Compassion of Fibrous Agricultural Materials[J].Agric.Engng.Res.1989,42(1):165-178.
[39]Bock R G,Puri V M,Mabeek H B.Stress-relaxation Response of Wheat and Masse[J].Trans.of ASAE,1989,32(5):1701-1708.
[40]王春光.高密度压捆时牧草在压缩室内的受力与变形研究.农业工程学报,1999,15(4):55-59.
[41]张永.农业纤维物料压缩流变学研究及压捆机参数的探索[硕士学位论文][D].内蒙古农业大学,2001.
[42]杨明韶.粗纤维物料压缩过程的一般流变规律的探讨.农业工程学报,2002,18(1):136-137.
[43]Butler B J,McColly H F.Factors affecting the pelleting of hay.Agricultural Engineering,1959,40(8):442-446.
[44]Gustafson A S,Kjelgaard W L.Hay pellet geometry and stability.Agricultural Engineering,1963,4(8):442-445.
[45]O' Dogherty M J,Reeler J A.The effect of die diameter mode of loading and chopping on the compression of straw to high densities in closed cylindrica dies.Divisional note dn/1103,national institute of agriculture engineering,silsoe,1982.
[46]O' Dogherty M J.A review of the mechanical behaviour of strew when compressed to high densities.J Agric Engng Res,1989,44:241-265.
[47]O' Dogherty M J,Gilbertson H G,Gale G E.Measurements of the physical and mechanical properties of wheat straw 4th international conference on the physical properties of agricultural materials,German democratic republic,4-8 September,1989:608-613.
[48]O' Dogherty M J,Wheeley J A,Clements K.The effect of moisture content.Drecharge and rate of loading on the compression of wheat and seed rape straw to high densities in closed cylindrical dies.National Institute of Agricultural Engieering,Silsoe,1982.
[49]杨太军.柱塞式压块机压块成型理论分析与试验研究.农业机械学报,1995,26(3):51-57.
[50]郭康权,佐竹隆显,吉崎繁.农林废弃植物粉碎后的压缩特性.农业工程学报,1994,Vol.10(增刊):139-145.
[51]张百良,李保谦.HPB-Ⅰ型生物质成型机的应用研究,太阳能学报,1999,20(3):234-237.
[52]蒋剑春,刘石彩,戴伟娣等.林业剩余物制造颗粒成型燃料技术研究.林产化学与工业,1999,19(3):25-30.
[53]黄明权,张大雷,姜洋等.影响生物质固化成型因素的研究.农村能源,1999,1:17-18.
[54]盛奎川,钱湘群.切碎棉秆高密度压缩成型的试验研究.浙江大学学报,2003,28(2).
[55]马彦华.新鲜草物料直接压缩过程基本规律的试验研究.内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2004,5.
[56]毕玉革.新鲜草物料压缩过程中压缩力变化规律的试验研究.内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2004,11.
[57]樊峰鸣,张百良,李保谦等.大粒径生物质成型燃料物理特性研究.农业环境科学学报,2005,24(2):398-402.
[58]程佩芝,赵东,张建中等.玉米秆碎料模压成型密度的试验研究.研究与探索,2005,5:19-22.
[59]王艳云,吴杰.粉碎棉秆含水率对压缩成型的影响.农机化研究.2005,9:164-165.
[60]Marchant W T B,Millard D E C.Preliminary packing trials with NaOH treated straw.File Note FN/FC/07011/21978/1.National Imstitutr of Agricultural Engineering,Silsoe,1978.
[61]Shepperson G,Marchant W.T.B,WiIkins R.J,Rayoond W.F.The techniques and technical problems associated with the Processing of naturally and artificially dried forage.Symposium on Processing.of Roughages.Proceedings of British Society of Animal Production,1972:41-45.
[62]Butler J L.Energy comparisons in processing coastal Bermuda grass and alfalfa.Transactions of American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1985,8(2):175-176.
[63]Federov M F.Study of the process of compression of straw.Traktoryi Selkhozmashiny,1972.5:21-24.
[64]Orth H W,Lowe R.Influence of temperature on wafering in a continuou sextrusion process.Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1977,22(3):283-289.
[65]Vinogradov V I,Dimitriev G N.Modelling of the process of comperssing straw material.Zemledelbchaskaya Mekhaniki,1969,12:62-74.
[66]李保谦,张百良,马孝琴等.液压驱动式秸秆成型技术研究及其产业化.2000年国际可再生能源研讨会论文集,2000.
[67]Reece F N.Power requirements for forming wafers in a closed die process.Transactions of American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1967,10(2):150-151.
[68]Naidu B S K.biomass briquetting-An Indian Perspective.Proceedings of the international workshop on biomass briquetting.New Delhi,India,1995.
[69]Beker U G.Briquetting of Asfin-Elbistan lignite of Turkey using different waste materials.Fuel processing Technol,1997:137.
[70]Smith I E,Probert S D,Stokes R J,etal.The briquetting of wheat straw.Fuel processing Technol,1997:105.
[71]Taylor J W,Hennah L.The effect of binder displacements during briquetting on the strength of formed coke.Fuel,1991:873.
[72]杨俊成.秸秆开模压饼工艺的试验研究.农业工程学报,1997,13(增刊):125-129.
[73]王民,郭康权.秸秆制作成型燃料的试验研究.农业工程学报,1993,9(1):99-103.
[74]盛奎川,Ahmed EI-Behery,Hassan Gomaa.棉秆切碎及压缩成型的试验研究.农业工程学报,1999,15(4):221-225.
[75]孟庆兰.农业废弃物综合利用技术的试验研究.农业工程学报,1994,10(2):78-82.
[76]胡建军,雷廷宙,何晓峰等.小麦秸秆颗粒燃料冷态压缩成型参数试验研究.太阳能学报,2008.29(2):241-245
[77]Vinogradov V I,Dimitriev G N.Modelling of the process of comperssing straw,material.Zemledelbchaskaya.Mekhaniki,1969,12:62-74.
[78]王春光,杨明韶.农业纤维物抖压缩流变研究现状.农业机械学报,1998,29(1):141-143.
[79]杨中平.秸秆碎料凸向模压成型流变特性的实验研究.农业工程学报,2000,16(6):11-17.
[80]王春光,杨明韶.牧草在高密度压捆时的应力松弛研究.农业工程学报,1997,13(3):45-52.
[81]袁志发,周静芋主编.试验设计与分析.高等教育出版社,2001,6:372-387.
[82]Guo Kangquan,Takaki Satake and Dhigeru Yoshizakj.Pellerization of several Agricultural wastes.Journal of the Society of PowderTechnology Japan,1986,25(25):789-804.
[83]龙驭球.有限元法概论.北京:人民教育出版社,1978.
[84]Lee YK.Finite elastoplastic deformation in metalform in processes with a complete formulation for sliding friction.Internation Journal of Plasticity,1991,7:567-605.
[85]蒋友谅.非线性有限元法.北京工学院出版社,1988.
[86]王龙飞.冷弯成型过程的有限元数值模拟.昆明理工大学硕士学位论文,2004,2:13-18.
[87]高名望.松散生物质热压成型有限元模拟与分析.山东大学硕士学位论文,2005.5.
[88]宋天霞.非线性结构有限元计算.华中理工大学出版社,1996.4.
[89]宋天霞,郭建生.非线性固体计算力学.华中理工大学出版社,2002.11.
[90]薛守义编著.弹塑性力学.中国建材工业出版社,2006,1:281-302.
[91]吴振强.冷弯成型有限元分析及实验研究.昆明理工大学硕士学位论文,2004.2:11-27.
[92]龚晓南.结构分析中的非线性有限元素法.北航出版社,1986.
[93]Dinaggio F L,Sandler 1S.Materials models for granular soils of the engineering mechanics division.ASCE,1971(3):935-950.
[94]Wang P T A.Constitutive model for consolidation of granular material.Powder technology,1998,54:107-118.
[95]Morimotoy,Hayashit,Takeit.Mechanical behavior of powder during compaction in a mold with variabe crossections.The Interational Journal of Plasticity,1991,7:567-605.
[96]Tran D V,Lewis R W.An investigation of powder compaction processes.International journal of powder metallurgy,1994,30(4):385-398.
[97]Tran D V,Lewis R W.Numerical element simulation in metal powder die compaction.Powder metallurgy,1993,36(4):257-263.
[98]Green R J.Aplasticity theory for porous solids.Int.J.of Mech.Sci,1972,14(3):285-291.
[99]Oyane M,Shima S.Theory of plasticity for porous metals.Bull JSME,1977,16:1254-1260.
[100]Bathurst R J,Rothenburg L.Micromechanical aspects of isotropic granular assemblies with linear contact interactions.Journal of applied mechanics,1998,55:17-23.
[101]Kumar P.C,Jain.Modified formulation for extrusion of porous power performs using finite-element method.Numerical Method in Industry Press,Swansea,U.K,1982.
[102]Desai P V.Berry T T.ComPuter simulation of forced and natural convection during filling a casting.AFS Transactions,1984:519-528.
[103]张亚欧,谷志飞,宋勇编著.ANSYS7.0有限元分析实用教程.清华大学出版社,2004,7:276-296.
[104]王成,邵敏.有限元基础原理和数值方法.清华大学出版社,1997.3.
[105]Shima S,Inamoto J.The finite element method for the analysis of elastic-plastic deformation of porous metals.J Jap Soc Tech.Plast,1975,16:660-667.
[106]ANSYS藕合场分析指南.美国ANSYS公司,1998.
[107]Morl K,Osakada K.Analysis of the foring process of sintered power materials by a rigid-plastic finite element method.Int J Mech sci,1987,29(4):229-238.
[108]赵东.玉米秆粉粒体模压成型的试验研究及有限元分析[学位论文].北京:中国农业大学图书馆,1998.
[109]龚曙光,谢桂兰编著.ANSYS操作命令与参数化编程.机械工业出版社,2004,4:189-203.
[110]董玉平,高名望,孙启新.秸秆类生物质固化成型有限元模拟.山东大学学报,2005,5:9-13.
[111]汤爱君,马海龙,董玉平.生物质挤压过程中的静水压应力.RENEWABLE ENERGY,2006,2:28-31.
[112]刘玉松,胡青春.利用ANSYS分析模型结构对竹纤维粉体模压成型的影响.机电工程技术,2003,32(3):46-47.
[113]盛奎川,吴杰.生物质成型燃料的物理品质和成型机理的研究进展.农业工程学报,2004,20(2):242-245.
[114]雷亚芳.刨花板热压过程中传热特性的研究.北京林业大学博士学位论文,2005,6.
[115]孙骊.麦秆压缩剪切特性的研究.西北农业大学学报,1998,26(4):106-109.
[116]高梦祥,郭康权,杨中平.玉米秸秆的力学特性测试研究.农业机械学报,2003,34(4):47-52.
[117]张新昌,高振江,坎杂等.玉米秸秆剪切特性的试验分析.石河子农学院学报,1993,4:66-69.
[118]张彦河.玉米秸破碎力学特性的研究.黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2003,15(4):43-45.
[119]程佩芝.玉米秆碎料模压成型制品尺寸稳定性的研究.北京林业大学硕士论文,2005,6.
[120]刘圣勇.生物质(秸秆)成型燃料燃烧设备研制及试验研究.河南农业大学博士论文,2003,12.
[121]杬锡根,余观夏编著.《木材物理学》.中国林业出版社,2005,6:157-164.
[122]潘欣A J,泽龙Carlde著.《木材学》.中国林业出版社,1987,10:95-138.
[123]张璧光主编.《木材科学与技术研究进展》.中国环境科学出版社,2004,1:46-50.
[124]约翰·F·肖著.《木材传热传质过程》.中国林业出版社,1983,11:128-129.
[125]Limpiti S.Effect of moisture content and Stage of maturity on mechanical properties of wheat straw.Thai Journal of Agricultural Science,1980,13:277-283.
[126]科尔曼F.F.P著.《木材工艺学原理》.中国林业出版社,1991,2:207-212.
[127]许冬生编.纤维素衍生物.化学工业出版社,2000.
[128]蒋挺大编著.木质素.北京:化学工业出版社,2000.
[129]Sitkei,G.Mechanics of Agricultural Materials.Amsterdam:Elsevier,1986.
[130]Kushwaha,R.L,Vaishnav,A.S,Zoer,G.C.Shear strength of wheat straw.Canadian agriculture engineering,1983,25(2):163-166.
[131]邵卓平.竹材在压缩大变形下的力学行为Ⅱ.微观变形特征.木材工业,2004,18(1):27-29.
[132]Paivi Lehtikangas.Quality properties of pelletised sawdust,logging residues and bark.Biomass and Bioenergy,2001(20):351-360.
[133]腰希申.《中国主要木材构造》.中国林业出版社,1988.8.
[134]刘一星,赵广杰主编.《木质资源材料学》.中国林业出版社,2006,11:295-336.
[135]谢宇峰,郝剑英,高媛.环模式压粒机设计要点及参数选择.农机化研究,2002,5:70-71.
[136]杨慧明.颗粒饲料压制机模辊间隙的探讨.广东农机,1996,1:12-15.
[137]黄传海.环模制粒机的主要技术参数.广东饲料,1996,5:30-32.
[138]黄传海.环模颗粒机的环模强度.饲料工业,1991,12(1):14-15.
[139]邓勇,史建新,董富民.环模制粒机中环模的有限元分析.饲料加工,2004.4.
[140]何晓峰,雷廷宙,李在峰等.生物质颗粒燃料冷成形技术试验研究.太阳能学报,2006,27(9):937-940.
[141]胡建军,沈胜强,雷廷宙等.秸秆颗粒成型机吨料电耗影响因素的试验研究.太阳能学报,2007,28(12):1350-1353.