生长激素作用的靶基因在猪肝脏和肌肉上的表达及调控
|
摘要
一、二花脸猪和大白猪生长及生长轴有关激素和受体基因表达的发育性变化
为了探讨动物生长发育的神经内分泌及分子生物学机理，本研究以生长慢的纯种二花脸猪和生长快的纯种欠白猪为动物模型，用相对定量RT-PCR方法和RIA法，对出生后(0、3、20、30、45、90、120、180日龄)二品种猪肝脏和背最长肌的GHR、IGF-I及IGF-IR mRNA水平、组织中IGF-I含量以及血清中瘦蛋白。T_3、T_4，胰岛素和胰高血糖素浓度进行了系统的比较研究，结果如下：
1、体重增长及肝脏和肌肉器官生长规律：从出生到180日龄大白猪体重和平均日增重高于二花脸猪；大白猪肝脏重量和平均日增重高于二花脸猪，但二品种肝脏相对重量无明显差异；大白猪背最长肌重量、相对重量和平均日增重均高于二花脸猪；二花脸猪体重、平均日增重、肝脏和肌肉绝对重量、相对重量和平均日增重均无明显的性别差异。
2、血中几种激素水平的发育性变化：二花脸猪和大白猪(1)血中瘦蛋白水平发育性变化模式一致，30日龄前较低，90～180日龄维持在较高水平，总体上二花脸猪高于大白猪，雌性高于雄性；(2)血清中T_3和T_4水平发育性变化模式基本相同，T_3无明显的品种和性别差异，而二花脸猪T_4高于大白猪，但无性别差异；(3)血清中胰岛素发育性变化模式不同，二花脸猪0～120日龄随日龄增加呈上升趋势，随后呈下降趋势，而大白猪0～20日龄增加，随后无明显变化。总体上二花脸猪明显高于大白猪，雄性高于雌性；二品种猪血清中胰高血糖素水平的发育性变化模式相同，但无明显品种和性别差异。
3、肝脏GHR、IGF-I和IGF-IR基因表达发育性变化：(1)二品种猪肝脏GHR mRNA水平发育性变化模式基本一致，即从出生到120日龄肝脏GHR丰度随年龄增加而增力，120日龄后维持在较高水平；30日龄前同日龄比较差异不明显，90、120、180日龄时大白猪高于二花脸猪；总体上大白猪高于二花脸猪(P＜0.01)，但雌性和雄性二花脸猪差异不明显(P＞0.05)；(2)二品种猪肝脏IGF-I mRNA水平发育性变化与GHR mRNA相似，随日龄增加而增加，二者呈明显正相关(R=0.70，P＜0.01)，其中大白猪R=0.58(P＜0.01)，二花脸猪R=0.75(P＜0.01)；肝组织中IGF-I含量发育性变化规律与GHR和IGF-I mRNA一致，与二者均呈明显正相关，其中与GHR mRNA相关系数为R=0.67(P＜0.01)，与IGF-I mRNA相关系数R=0.78(P＜0.01)；肝脏GHR(R=0.95，P＜0.01)，IGF-I mRNA(R=0.91，P＜0.01)丰度及肝组织IGF-I含量(R=0.97，P＜0.01)均与动物平均日增重呈明显正相关；总体上大白猪肝脏IGF-I mRNA水平(P＜0.01)及组织IGF-I含量(P＜0.05)均高于二花脸猪；提示肝脏IGF-I的合成由GHR介导，二者在猪生长发育中起重要作用。(3)肝脏IGF-IR mRNA无明显的年龄、
臀清富 生长激素作用的靶基因在猪肝脏和肌肉上的表达及调控
品种和性别差异（P＞0．05）。
4、背最长肌 GHR、IGFI和 IGFIR基因表达发育性变化：（l）二花脸猪和大白
猪背最长肌 GHR mRNA相对丰度发育性变化模式基本一致，随年龄增加有增加的趋
势，其中二花脸猪在20和90日龄有两峰值，30，120～180日龄有所下降，而大白猪
在20～90日龄随日龄增力。而增加，随后维持在较高水平；总体上大白猪高于二花脸猪
（P＜0．05）；（2）H品种间背最长肌＊F二 相对丰度的发育性变化模式相似，
0～30日龄较低且无明显变化，30～90日龄显著增加，随后保持在较高水平Z 二品种背
最长肌组织中＊F－I含量从出生（0天）到90日龄呈上升趋势；随后呈下降趋势；总
体上二品种1＊PlmRNA无明显差异（P＞0刀5），但组织中1＊卜1含量大白猪高于二花
脸猪（P＜0．05）；提示月几肉＊F－I基因表达有转录后调节；GHR二RNA相对丰度与＊F－I
＜ RNRNA（＊一0．忙，P刃刀1）和组织中IG卜1含量（＊一O．69，＊＜0．01）明显正相关，提
示背最长肌 GHR也参与介导组织局部 IGF－I的合成；（3）IGF－IR mRNA无明显发育
性变化（P＞0刀5），但总体上大白猪高于二花脸猪（P＜O刀5）；（4）二花脸猪背最长肌
GHR、IGF－I和＊F－IR ＞RNA均无明显的性别差异（P＞0．05）。
二、重组生长激素对猪生长、血清有关激素水平肌脏和肌肉GHR和！GFJ基因表
达的影响
16头去势长白 X大白杂交公猪，随机分成试验组和对照组，每组 8头。试验组肌
肉注射pGH卜 mg．d“’），而对照组注射等体积生理盐水。28天后屠宰采样，用相对
定量 RT－PCR方法坝11定肝脏、背最长j几和半侧几 GHR和＊F－IIRNA丰度；并用 RIA
法测血中有关激素浓度。结果显示：（1）与对照组相比，试验组平均日增重提高21．6％
（P＜0．05），血清＊F－I水平提高70．94O（P＜0．of），胰岛素提高58．90（P＜0．05）；IL－2
水平的有增力。的趋势（提高16）％，P＝O．14），而T3、T4、胰高血糖素无明显变化
（P＞0．05）。门）试验组肝脏 GHR、IGF。ImRNA相对丰度和肝组织中＊F－I含量分别
提高24．凸％（P＜O．05），巧30％（P＜0刀1）和2引％（P＜0．01）；（3）试验组背最长肌
GHR（P＞0．05）和＊F－I＞RNA（P＞0．05）相对丰度无明显变化，而背最
1 Studies on Growth and Developmental Changes of Serum Level of Some Hormones and Expression of Target Genes for Growth Hormone Action in Erhualian pigs and Large White pigs
In order to research the neuroendocrinological and molecular biology mechanism of animal growth and development, purebred male Large White (LW), male and female Erhualian (EHL) pigs with significant differences in growth rate were employed in present study to investigate the developmental changes of serum levels of some hormones and expression of target gene for growth hormone action in the liver and skeletal muscle. The animals were fed according to the breeding standards of USA NRC and Chinese Local Pigs respectively. Four piglets of each breeds or sexes (EHL) were slaughtered at 0, 3, 20, 30, 45, 90, 120 and 180 day respectively for liver, longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle and blood sampling. Serum levels of leptin, insulin, glucagon, T3 and T4 were determined by RIA. The total RNA of liver and LD muscle was extracted and the abundance of liver growth hormone receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-I) and IGF-IR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was determined by relative quantitative reverse transcr
iption polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with 18S rRNA as internal standard. Results showed as follows:
1.1 Developmental changes of body, liver and LD weight gain in EHL and LW pigs. From day 0 to day 180, the body weight (BW), average daily body weight gain (ABWG), liver weight, average daily liver weight gain (DLWG), LD muscle weight, average daily LD weight gain (DLDWG) and rate of LD weight to body weight of male LW at each age were higher than those of male EHL. However, no significant differences of relative liver weight to body weight between male EHL and LW pigs, BW, ABWG, liver weight, LD weight, rate of liver and LD weight to BW, DLWG and DLDWG between male and female EHL pigs were found.
1.2 Developmental changes of serum levels of some hormones in EHL and LW pigs. (1) The pattern of developmental changes of serum level of leptin in EHL and LW pigs were similar, which being low before day 30 and high from day 90 to day 180 in both breeds. The serum leptin concentration was higher in male EHL pigs than in male LW pigs (P<0.01), and in female than in male EHL (P<0.01). (2) Similar developmental changes of serum level of T3 or T4 in EHL and LW pigs were also observed. There was higher serum level of T4 (P<0.05) but T3 (P>0.05) in male EHL pigs than in male LW pigs, while both T3 (P>0.05) and T4 (P>0.05) were not markedly different between male and female EHL pigs. (3) The serum insulin concentration in male EHL pigs had a potential increase from day 0 to day
120 and then potential decrease, while in male LW it had a potential increase from birth to day 20 and no significant changes thereafter. The serum level of insulin in male LW was lower than that in EHL (P<0.01), while there was no detectable difference of serum glucogan level between breeds (P>0.05)
1.3 Developmental changes of hepatic GHR, IGF-I and IGF-IR mRNA abundance in EHL and LW pigs. (1) The pattern of developmental changes of relative abundance of hepatic GHR mRNA in EHL and LW pigs were similar, which increased with age before day 120 and kept high level thereafter. The relative abundance of hepatic GHR mRNA was lower in male EHL than in male LW (P<0.01), but not than in female EHL pigs (P>0.05). (2) The changes of hepatic IGF-I mRNA abundance and the protein level of IGF-I in liver tissue with ages were consistent with that of hepatic GHR mRNA abundance. There was a strong correlation between GHR and IGF-I mRNA level (R=0.70, P<0.01, R=0.58 in LW, P<0.01; R=0.75 in EHL, PO.01), GHR mRNA and IGF-I protein level (R=0.67, P<0.01), IGF-I mRNA and protein level (R=0.78, P<0.01). The ABWG also correlated strongly with hepatic GHR mRNA (R=0.95, PO.01), IGF-I mRNA (R=0.91, PO.01) and IGF-I protein level (R=0.97, PO.01). The IGF-I mRNA (PO.01) and protein level (PO.05) were lower in male EHL pigs than male LW pigs, but not than in female EHL pigs (P>0.
为了探讨动物生长发育的神经内分泌及分子生物学机理，本研究以生长慢的纯种二花脸猪和生长快的纯种欠白猪为动物模型，用相对定量RT-PCR方法和RIA法，对出生后(0、3、20、30、45、90、120、180日龄)二品种猪肝脏和背最长肌的GHR、IGF-I及IGF-IR mRNA水平、组织中IGF-I含量以及血清中瘦蛋白。T_3、T_4，胰岛素和胰高血糖素浓度进行了系统的比较研究，结果如下：
1、体重增长及肝脏和肌肉器官生长规律：从出生到180日龄大白猪体重和平均日增重高于二花脸猪；大白猪肝脏重量和平均日增重高于二花脸猪，但二品种肝脏相对重量无明显差异；大白猪背最长肌重量、相对重量和平均日增重均高于二花脸猪；二花脸猪体重、平均日增重、肝脏和肌肉绝对重量、相对重量和平均日增重均无明显的性别差异。
2、血中几种激素水平的发育性变化：二花脸猪和大白猪(1)血中瘦蛋白水平发育性变化模式一致，30日龄前较低，90～180日龄维持在较高水平，总体上二花脸猪高于大白猪，雌性高于雄性；(2)血清中T_3和T_4水平发育性变化模式基本相同，T_3无明显的品种和性别差异，而二花脸猪T_4高于大白猪，但无性别差异；(3)血清中胰岛素发育性变化模式不同，二花脸猪0～120日龄随日龄增加呈上升趋势，随后呈下降趋势，而大白猪0～20日龄增加，随后无明显变化。总体上二花脸猪明显高于大白猪，雄性高于雌性；二品种猪血清中胰高血糖素水平的发育性变化模式相同，但无明显品种和性别差异。
3、肝脏GHR、IGF-I和IGF-IR基因表达发育性变化：(1)二品种猪肝脏GHR mRNA水平发育性变化模式基本一致，即从出生到120日龄肝脏GHR丰度随年龄增加而增力，120日龄后维持在较高水平；30日龄前同日龄比较差异不明显，90、120、180日龄时大白猪高于二花脸猪；总体上大白猪高于二花脸猪(P＜0.01)，但雌性和雄性二花脸猪差异不明显(P＞0.05)；(2)二品种猪肝脏IGF-I mRNA水平发育性变化与GHR mRNA相似，随日龄增加而增加，二者呈明显正相关(R=0.70，P＜0.01)，其中大白猪R=0.58(P＜0.01)，二花脸猪R=0.75(P＜0.01)；肝组织中IGF-I含量发育性变化规律与GHR和IGF-I mRNA一致，与二者均呈明显正相关，其中与GHR mRNA相关系数为R=0.67(P＜0.01)，与IGF-I mRNA相关系数R=0.78(P＜0.01)；肝脏GHR(R=0.95，P＜0.01)，IGF-I mRNA(R=0.91，P＜0.01)丰度及肝组织IGF-I含量(R=0.97，P＜0.01)均与动物平均日增重呈明显正相关；总体上大白猪肝脏IGF-I mRNA水平(P＜0.01)及组织IGF-I含量(P＜0.05)均高于二花脸猪；提示肝脏IGF-I的合成由GHR介导，二者在猪生长发育中起重要作用。(3)肝脏IGF-IR mRNA无明显的年龄、
臀清富 生长激素作用的靶基因在猪肝脏和肌肉上的表达及调控
品种和性别差异（P＞0．05）。
4、背最长肌 GHR、IGFI和 IGFIR基因表达发育性变化：（l）二花脸猪和大白
猪背最长肌 GHR mRNA相对丰度发育性变化模式基本一致，随年龄增加有增加的趋
势，其中二花脸猪在20和90日龄有两峰值，30，120～180日龄有所下降，而大白猪
在20～90日龄随日龄增力。而增加，随后维持在较高水平；总体上大白猪高于二花脸猪
（P＜0．05）；（2）H品种间背最长肌＊F二 相对丰度的发育性变化模式相似，
0～30日龄较低且无明显变化，30～90日龄显著增加，随后保持在较高水平Z 二品种背
最长肌组织中＊F－I含量从出生（0天）到90日龄呈上升趋势；随后呈下降趋势；总
体上二品种1＊PlmRNA无明显差异（P＞0刀5），但组织中1＊卜1含量大白猪高于二花
脸猪（P＜0．05）；提示月几肉＊F－I基因表达有转录后调节；GHR二RNA相对丰度与＊F－I
＜ RNRNA（＊一0．忙，P刃刀1）和组织中IG卜1含量（＊一O．69，＊＜0．01）明显正相关，提
示背最长肌 GHR也参与介导组织局部 IGF－I的合成；（3）IGF－IR mRNA无明显发育
性变化（P＞0刀5），但总体上大白猪高于二花脸猪（P＜O刀5）；（4）二花脸猪背最长肌
GHR、IGF－I和＊F－IR ＞RNA均无明显的性别差异（P＞0．05）。
二、重组生长激素对猪生长、血清有关激素水平肌脏和肌肉GHR和！GFJ基因表
达的影响
16头去势长白 X大白杂交公猪，随机分成试验组和对照组，每组 8头。试验组肌
肉注射pGH卜 mg．d“’），而对照组注射等体积生理盐水。28天后屠宰采样，用相对
定量 RT－PCR方法坝11定肝脏、背最长j几和半侧几 GHR和＊F－IIRNA丰度；并用 RIA
法测血中有关激素浓度。结果显示：（1）与对照组相比，试验组平均日增重提高21．6％
（P＜0．05），血清＊F－I水平提高70．94O（P＜0．of），胰岛素提高58．90（P＜0．05）；IL－2
水平的有增力。的趋势（提高16）％，P＝O．14），而T3、T4、胰高血糖素无明显变化
（P＞0．05）。门）试验组肝脏 GHR、IGF。ImRNA相对丰度和肝组织中＊F－I含量分别
提高24．凸％（P＜O．05），巧30％（P＜0刀1）和2引％（P＜0．01）；（3）试验组背最长肌
GHR（P＞0．05）和＊F－I＞RNA（P＞0．05）相对丰度无明显变化，而背最
1 Studies on Growth and Developmental Changes of Serum Level of Some Hormones and Expression of Target Genes for Growth Hormone Action in Erhualian pigs and Large White pigs
In order to research the neuroendocrinological and molecular biology mechanism of animal growth and development, purebred male Large White (LW), male and female Erhualian (EHL) pigs with significant differences in growth rate were employed in present study to investigate the developmental changes of serum levels of some hormones and expression of target gene for growth hormone action in the liver and skeletal muscle. The animals were fed according to the breeding standards of USA NRC and Chinese Local Pigs respectively. Four piglets of each breeds or sexes (EHL) were slaughtered at 0, 3, 20, 30, 45, 90, 120 and 180 day respectively for liver, longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle and blood sampling. Serum levels of leptin, insulin, glucagon, T3 and T4 were determined by RIA. The total RNA of liver and LD muscle was extracted and the abundance of liver growth hormone receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-I) and IGF-IR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was determined by relative quantitative reverse transcr
iption polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with 18S rRNA as internal standard. Results showed as follows:
1.1 Developmental changes of body, liver and LD weight gain in EHL and LW pigs. From day 0 to day 180, the body weight (BW), average daily body weight gain (ABWG), liver weight, average daily liver weight gain (DLWG), LD muscle weight, average daily LD weight gain (DLDWG) and rate of LD weight to body weight of male LW at each age were higher than those of male EHL. However, no significant differences of relative liver weight to body weight between male EHL and LW pigs, BW, ABWG, liver weight, LD weight, rate of liver and LD weight to BW, DLWG and DLDWG between male and female EHL pigs were found.
1.2 Developmental changes of serum levels of some hormones in EHL and LW pigs. (1) The pattern of developmental changes of serum level of leptin in EHL and LW pigs were similar, which being low before day 30 and high from day 90 to day 180 in both breeds. The serum leptin concentration was higher in male EHL pigs than in male LW pigs (P<0.01), and in female than in male EHL (P<0.01). (2) Similar developmental changes of serum level of T3 or T4 in EHL and LW pigs were also observed. There was higher serum level of T4 (P<0.05) but T3 (P>0.05) in male EHL pigs than in male LW pigs, while both T3 (P>0.05) and T4 (P>0.05) were not markedly different between male and female EHL pigs. (3) The serum insulin concentration in male EHL pigs had a potential increase from day 0 to day
120 and then potential decrease, while in male LW it had a potential increase from birth to day 20 and no significant changes thereafter. The serum level of insulin in male LW was lower than that in EHL (P<0.01), while there was no detectable difference of serum glucogan level between breeds (P>0.05)
1.3 Developmental changes of hepatic GHR, IGF-I and IGF-IR mRNA abundance in EHL and LW pigs. (1) The pattern of developmental changes of relative abundance of hepatic GHR mRNA in EHL and LW pigs were similar, which increased with age before day 120 and kept high level thereafter. The relative abundance of hepatic GHR mRNA was lower in male EHL than in male LW (P<0.01), but not than in female EHL pigs (P>0.05). (2) The changes of hepatic IGF-I mRNA abundance and the protein level of IGF-I in liver tissue with ages were consistent with that of hepatic GHR mRNA abundance. There was a strong correlation between GHR and IGF-I mRNA level (R=0.70, P<0.01, R=0.58 in LW, P<0.01; R=0.75 in EHL, PO.01), GHR mRNA and IGF-I protein level (R=0.67, P<0.01), IGF-I mRNA and protein level (R=0.78, P<0.01). The ABWG also correlated strongly with hepatic GHR mRNA (R=0.95, PO.01), IGF-I mRNA (R=0.91, PO.01) and IGF-I protein level (R=0.97, PO.01). The IGF-I mRNA (PO.01) and protein level (PO.05) were lower in male EHL pigs than male LW pigs, but not than in female EHL pigs (P>0.
引文
1 Hartman ML, Veldhuis JD and Thorner MO. Normal control of growth hormone secretion. Horm Res. 1993, 40:37-47
2 Muller EE, Locatell V and Cocchi D. Neuroendocrine control of growth hormone secretion. Physiological Reviews. 1999, 79(2): 511-607
3 Buonomo FC and Baile CA. The neurophysiological regulation of growth hormone secretion. Domestic Anim. Endocrinology. 1990, 7(4): 435-450
4 Etherton TD and Bauman DE. Biology of Somatotropin in growth and lactation of domestic Animals. Physiological Reviews. 1998, 78(3): 745-761
5 太湖猪育种委员会编著。中国太湖猪．上海科学技术出版社，1991年8月第一版
6 Godowski PJ, Leung DW, Meacham LR, et al. Characterization of the human growth hormone receptor gene and demonstration of a partial gene deletion in two patients with Laron-type dwarfism..Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989, 86(20): 8083-8087
7 曾燕，卢建．生长激素受体与Laron型侏儒症．国外医学(生理、病理科学与临床)．1994，14(1)：37-39
8 Schnoebelen-Combes S, Louveau I, Postel-Vinay MC, et al. Ontogeny of GH receptor and GH-binding protein in the pig. J Endocrinol. 1996, 148(2): 249-255
9 郑友民，王立贤．国外对太湖猪的研究进展．国外畜牧科技．1998，25(4)：22-26
10 Louveau I and Bonneau M. Effect of a growth hormone infusion on plasma insulin-like growth factor-I in Meishan and large white pigs. Reprod Nutr Dev. 1996, 36(3): 301-310
11 Louveau. I, Bonneau. M and Salter DN1. Age-related changes in plama porcine growth hormone (GH)profiles and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in Large White and Meishan pigs.Repord Nutr Rev. 1991, 31(3): 205-216
12 Matteri RL, Becker, BA and Lamberson WR. Somatotroph and lactotroph function in relation to growth in six-week-old pigs reared in a hot or cool environment. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1994, 11(1): 101-114
13 Vasilatos-Younken R and Scanes CG. Growth hormone and Insulin-like growth factors in poultry growth required, optimal or ineffective? Poultry Science. 1991, 70:1764-1780
14 Reiprich K, Muhlbauer E and Decuypere E. Characterization of growth hormone expression n Pituitary and Plasma growth hormone Concentration during post hatch development in Chicken. J. Endocrinology. 1995, 145:343-353
15 赵茹茜，李四桂．禽类生长轴发育及其对生长的调节．畜牧与兽医．1999，31(4)：35-37
16 Crew MD, Stephen SR, Walford RT, et al. Age-related decrease of growth hormone and prolactin gene expression in the mouse pituitary. Endocrinol. 1987, 121: 1251-1255
17 Velasco B, Cacicedo L, Lopez-Fernandez J, et al. Growth hormone gene expression and secretion in aging rats is age dependent and not age-associated weight increase related. Endocrinology. 1998,139(3): 1314-1320.
18 徐金先．二花脸猪垂体生长激素基因表达的发育性变化及其与大白猪的比较研究：垂体GH mRNA发育变化的比较研究．南京农业大学硕士论文，2001，7
19 葛云山，徐筠遐，杨锐，等．二长脸猪胚胎期生长发育特性的研究．畜牧兽医学报．1982．13(2)：89-92
20 Tsushima T. Technics of growth hormone receptor assay. Nippon Rinsho. 1976, 34(3): 461-465
21 Waters MJ and Friesen HG. Purification and partial characterization of a nonprimate growth hormone receptor. J Bio.I Chem. 1979, 254(14): 6815-6825
22 Wallis M. Growth-hormone receptor cloned. Nature. 1987, 330(6148): 521-522
23 Argetsinger LS and Carter-Su C. Mechanism of signaling by growth hormone receptor. Physiol Rev.1996, 76(4): 1089-1107
24 焦凯．生长激素受体．国外医学(内分泌分册)．1993，13(6)：58-60
25 张信娜，卢雄斌，朱尚权．豚鼠生长激素cDNA的克隆。生物化学与生物物理学通报．2000，32(1)：81-83
26 孙逊，朱尚权，生长激素受体的结构、功能及其信号转导．国外医学(生理、病理科学与临床分册)．1999，19(1)：9-14
27 Cioffi JA,Wang X and Kopchick JJ.Porcine growth hormone receptor cDNA sequence.Nucleic Acids Res.1990,18(21):645
28 赵茹茜．鸡生长激素受体研究新进展．中国家禽．1999，21(6)：41-42
29 刘守仁．生长激素作用的分子机制．草食家畜．1998，3：3-6
30 赵晋华，林祥通，苏原良．生长激素—受体复合物的结构和受体信号转导．国外医学(放射医学核医学分册)．1996，20(3)：110-112
31 刘秀．生长激素结合蛋白的研究．生命的化学．1994，14(2)：15-17
32 曾凡星，杨显祉，杨则宜．人生长激素与生长激素受体和生长激素结合蛋白的关系．天津体育学院学报．1997，12(2)：9-13
33 李静．人生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子 1：作用的分子机制．国外医学(内分泌学分册)．1999，19(3)：113-116
34 Baumann G, Stolar MW, Ambum K, et al. A specific growth hormone-binding protein in human plasma: initial characterization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986, 62(1): 134-141
35 李虹．生长激素结合蛋白．生命的化学．2001，21(1)：67-68
36 黎建绿．人生长激素结合蛋白研究概况．广西医学．1998，20(4)：622-625
37 赵红．胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ的基础与临床研究进展．国外医学(内分泌学分册)．2000．20(6)：302-305
38 华益民，林浩然．胰岛素样生长因子(IGFs)研究概况．中山大学学报(自然科学版)．1996，35(S2)：105-110
39 Daughaday WH AND Rotwein P. Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2: peptide, messenger ribonucleic acid and genes structures, serum, and tissue concentrations. Endocrine Reviews. 1989,10:68-91
40 Jones JI, Gockerman A, Busby WH, et al. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 stimulates cell migration and binds to the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin by means of its Arg-Gly-Asp sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993, 90(22): 10553-10557
41 Florini JR, Ewton DZ and Coolican SA. Growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factor system in myogenesis. Endocr Rev. 1996, 17:481-517
42 Guevara-Aguirre J, Vasconez O, Martinez V, et al. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial on safety and efficacy of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ in children with growth hormone receptor deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995, 80(4): 1393-1398
43 O'Dell SD and Day IN. Insulin-like growth factor Ⅱ (IGF-Ⅱ). Int J Biochem Cell Bio. 1998, 30(7):767-771
44 Jones JR and Clemmons DR. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions. Endocrine Reviews. 1995, 16:3-34
45 贺淹才．胰岛素样生长因子的发现及生理作用．生命的化学．1994．14(3)：23-25
46 Rechler MM, and Clemmons Regulatory action of Insulin-like growth factor-proteins. Trends
Endocrinol Metab. 1998, 9(5): 176-181
47 钟艳玲，王振来．胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)的研究进展．饲料研究．1997，12：12-13
48 胡倡华，许梓荣．胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白研究进展．湖南畜牧兽医．2000，2：2-5
49 杜清友，王会信．胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白研究进展．生物化学与生物物理进展．1998，25(1)：104-105
50 Li J, Gilmour RS, Saunders JC, et al. Activation of the adult mode of ovine growth hormone receptor gene expression by cortisol during late fetal development. FASEB J 1999, 13(3): 545-552
51 LeRoith D, L Scavo and A Butle. What is the role of circulating IGF-Ⅰ? TREND in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001, 12:48-52
52 Rechler MM. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Vitam Horm. 1993, 47: 1-I 14
53 Yakar S. Normal growth and development in the absence of hepatic insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999, 96:7324-7329
54 Cox GN, McDermott MJ, Merkel E, et al. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-1 inhibits somatic growth stimulated by IGF-Ⅰ and growth hormone in hypophysectomized rats. Endocrinology. 1994, 135(5): 1913-1920
55 Dai Z, Xing Y, Boney CM, et al. Clemmons DR Human insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (hIGFBP-1) in transgenic mice: characterization and insights into the regulation of IGFBP-1 expression. Endocrinology. 1994, 135(4): 1316-1327
56 Bartke A. Role of growth hormone and prolactin in the control of reproduction: what are we learning from transgenic and knock-out animals. Steroids. 1999, 64:598-604
57 刘宝英，王会信．胰岛素样生长因子1受体激活机制及信号转导特异性．生理科学进展 1998，29(3)：249-252
58 Blakesley VA, Scrimgeour A, Esposito D, et al. Signaling via the insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ receptor: does it differ from insulin receptor signaling? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 1996, 7(2):153-159
59 扬在清．胰岛素，IGF-Ⅰ和IGF-Ⅱ及其对卵巢的作用．西北农业大学学报．1992，20(3)：111-116
60 Emolon DZ, Falen SL and Florini JR. The type Ⅱ Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor has low affinity for IGF-Ⅰ analogs: Pleiotypic action of IGFs on Myolalsts are appavently mediated by type Ⅰ receptot. Enocrinology. 1987, 120(1): 115-123
61 Series DG and Swiger LA. Influence of liver weight, age and sex on circulation growth hormone levels in swine. J Anim. Sci. 1970, 32(6): 1229-1232.
62 Baumbach WR, Horner DL and Logan JS. The growth hormone-binding protein in rat serum is an alternatively spliced form of the rat growth hormone receptor. Genes Dev. 1989, 3(8): 1199-1205
63 Mathews LS, Enberg Band Norstedt G. Regulation of rat growth hormone receptor gene expression. J Biol Chem. 1989, 264(17): 9905-9910
64 Hauser SD, McGrath MF, Collier RJ, et al. Cloning and in vivo expression of bovine growth hormone receptor mRNA. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1990, 72(3): 187-200
65 Martini JF, Villares SM, Nagano M, et ai. Quantitative analysis by polymerase chain reaction of growth hormone receptor gene expression in human liver and muscle. Endocrinology. 1995, 136(4):1355-1360
66 Edens A and Talamantes F. Alternative processing of growth hormone receptor transcripts. Endocr Rev. 1998, 19(5): 559-582
67 Moffat JG, Edens A and Talamantes F. Structure and expression of the mouse growth hormone receptor/growth hormone binding protein gene. J Mol Endocrinol. 1999, 23(1): 33-44
68 Godowski PJ, Leung DW, Meacham LR, et al. Characterization of the human growth hormone receptor gene and demonstration of a partial gene deletion in two patients with Laron-type dwarfism.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989, 86(20) : 8083-8087
69 Pekhletskii RI, Chernov BK and Rubtsov PM. Amplification using one-sided polymerase chain reaction, cloning and determination of primary structure of 5'-untranslated cDNA segments coding the somatogenic growth hormone receptor from rat liver. Mol Biol (Mosk). 1991, 25(5) : 1418-1423
70 O'Mahoney JV, Brandon MR, Adams TE, et al. Identification of a liver-specific promoter for the ovine growth hormone receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1994, 101(1-2) : 129-139
71 Adams TE. Differential expression of growth hormone receptor messenger RNA from a second promoter. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1995, 108(1-2) : 23-33
72 Southard JN, Barrett BA, Bikbulatova L.Growth hormone (GH) receptor and GH-binding protein messenger ribonucleic acids with alternative 5'-untranslated regions are differentially expressed in mouse liver and placenta. Endocrinology. 1995, 136(7) : 2913-2921
73 Ilkbahar YN, Southard JN, et al. Talamantes F Transcriptional upregulation of hepatic GH receptor and GH-binding protein expression during pregnancy in the mouse. J Mol Endocrinol. 1999, 23(1) : 85-96
74 刘根桃,陈伟华,郑元林等,胰岛素样生长因子-1的放射免疫测定方法的建立。南京农业大学学报。 1999, 22(2) : 63-66
75 Oppenheimer JH and Surks MI. Biochemical basis of thyroid hormone action Biochemical Actions of Hormone (Vol.III). Litwack G(Ed), Academic press, New York, 1975, 199-159
76 Domene HM, Marin G, Sztein J, et al. Estradiol inhibits growth hormone receptor gene expression in rabbit liver. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1994, 103(1-2) : 81-87
77 Domene HM, Cassorla F, Werner H, et al. Rat growth hormone receptor/growth hormone-binding protein mRNAs with divergent 5'-untranslated regions are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. DNA Cell Biol. 1995, 14(3) : 195-204
78 Heap D, Collier RJ, Boyd CK, et al. Expression of alternate growth hormone receptor messenger RNA in ovary and uterus of cattle. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1996, 13(5) : 421-430
79 Liu J, Carroll JA,-Matteri RL, et al. Expression of two variants of growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in porcine liver.J Anim Sci. 2000, 78(2) : 306-317
80 Jiang H, Okamura CS, Boyd CK, et al. Identification of Spl as the transcription factor for the alternative promoter P2 of the bovine growth hormone receptor gene. J Mol Endocrinol. 2000, 24(2) : 203-214
81 Jiang H, Okamura CS and Lucy MC. Isolation and characterization of a novel promoter for the bovine growth hormone receptor gene. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274(12) : 7893-790
82 Jiang H and Lucy MC. Variants of the 5'-untranslated region of the bovine growth hormone receptor mRNA: isolation, expression and effects on translational efficiency. Gene . 2001, 265(1-2) : 45-53
83 Combes S, Louveau I and Bonneau M. Effect of GH administration on GH and IGF-I receptors in porcine skeletal muscle and liver in relation to plasma GH-binding protein. J Endocrinol. 1997, 155(1) : 19-26
84 Pekhletsky RI, Chernov BK and Rubtsov PM. Variants of the 5'-untranslated sequence of human growth hormone receptor mRNA. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1992, 90(1) : 103-109
85 Kobayashi Y, Boyd CK, Bracken CJ, et al. Reduced growth hormone receptor (GHR) messenger ribonucleic acid in liver of periparturient cattle is caused by a specific down-regulation of GHR 1A that is associated with decreased insulin-like growth factor I. Endocrinology. 1999, 140(9) : 3947-3954
86 Zou L, Burmeister LA and Sperling MA. Isolation of a liver-specific promoter for human growth hormone receptor gene. Endocrinology. 1997, 138(4) : 1771-1774．
87 Ballesteros M,-Leung KC, Ross RJ, et al. Distribution and abundance of messenger ribonucleic
acid for growth hormone receptor isoforms in human tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000, 85(8) : 2865-2871
88 Brameld JM, Atkinson JL, Saunders JC, et al. Effects of growth hormone administration and dietary protein intake on insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone receptor mRNA Expression in porcine liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. J Anim Sci. 1996, 74(8) : 1832-1841
89 Dunaiski V, Dunshea FR, Walton PE, et al. Effect of growth hormone administration on IGF binding protein-3 mRNA levels in porcine tissues. J Mol Endocrinol. 1999, 22: 261-272
90 Frick GP, Tai LR, et al. Baumbach WR. Tissue distribution, turnover, and glycosylation of the long and short growth hormone receptor isoforms in rat tissues. Endocrinology. 1998, 139(6) : 2824-2830
91 Hull KL, Harvey S. Autoregulation of growth hormone receptor and growth hormone binding protein transcripts in brain and peripheral tissues of the rat. A Growth Horm IGF Res. 1998, 8(2) : 167-173
92 Klempt M, Bingham B, Breier BH, et al. Tissue distribution and ontogeny of growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and ligand binding to hepatic tissue in the midgestation sheep fetus. Endocrinology. 1993,132(3) : 1071-1077
93 Menon RK, Stephan DA, Rao RH, et al. Tissue-specific regulation of the growth hormone receptor gene in streptozocin-induced diabetes in the rat. J Endocrinol. 1994, 142(3) : 453-462
94 Menon RK, Shaufl A, Yu JH, et al. Identification and characterization of a novel transcript of the murine growth hormone receptor gene exhibiting development-and tissue-specific expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2001, 172(1-2) : 135-146-
95 Brent GA, Moore DD and Larsen PR. Thyroid hormone regulation of gene expression (Review) Annu Rev Physiol. 1991,53: 17-35
96 Mertani HC and Morel G. In situ gene expression of growth hormone (GH) receptor and GH binding protein in adult male rat tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1995, 109(1) : 47-61
97 Kirby CJ, Thatcher WW, Collier RJ, et al. Effects of growth hormone and pregnancy on expression of growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor-I, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 and-3 genes in bovine uterus, ovary, and oviduct Biol Reprod. 1996, 55(5) : 996-1002
98 Grant AL, Helferich W G, Kramer S A, et al. Administration of growth hormone to pig alters the relative amount of insulin-like factor-I mRNA in liver and skeletal muscle. J. Endocrinology. 1991, 130:331-338
100 Ambler GR, Breier BH, Surus A, et al. The interrelationship between and the regulation of hepatic growth hormone receptors and circulating GH binding protein in the pig. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1992, 126: 155-161
101 Frick GP, Leonard JL and Goodman HM. Effect of hypophysectomy on growth hormone receptor gene expression in rat tissues. Endocrinology. 1990, 126(6) : 3076-3082
102 Owens PC, Johnson RJ, Campbell RG, et al. Growth hormone increases insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and decreases IGF-II in plasma of growing pigs. J Endocrinol. 1990, 124(2) : 269-275
103 Dunshea FR, King RH, Owens PC, et al. Moderate doses of porcine somatotropin do not increase plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) or IGF binding protein-3． Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1999, 16(3) : 149-157
104 Adams TE, Baker L. Fiddes RJ, et al. The sheep growth hormone receptor: molecular cloning and ontogeny of mRNA expression in the liver. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1990, 22, 73(2-3) : 135-145
105 Badinga L, Collier RJ, Thatcher WW, et al. Ontogeny of hepatic bovine growth hormone receptors in cattle. J Anim Sci. 1991, 69(5) : 1925-1934
106 Bursten PJ, Darznin, Johnson CJ, et al. The effect of Hypothroidism on growth, serum growth hormone, the growth hormone-dependent somatomedin, insulin-like growth factor, and its carrier protein in rat. Endocrinology. 1979,104(4) : 1107-1111
107 Simard M, Manthos H, Giaid A, et al. Ontogeny of growth hormone receptors in human tissues: an immunohistochemical study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996,81(8) : 3097-3102
108 Tiong TS and Herington AC. Ontogeny of messenger RNA for the rat growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1992,83(2-3) : 133-141
109 Yu YM, Domene HM, Sztein J, et al. Developmental changes and differential regulation by testosterone and estradiol of growth hormone receptor expression in the rabbit. Eur J Endocrinol. 1996, 135(5) : 583-590
110 Peng M, Pelletier G, Palin MF.et al. Ontogeny of IGFs and IGFBPs mRNA levels and tissue concentrations in liver, kidney and skeletal muscle of pig. Growth Dev Aging. 1996, 60(3-4) : 171-187
111 Burnside J and Cogburn LA. Developmental expression of hepatic growth hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA in the chicken. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1992, 89(1-2) : 91-96
112 Ezzat S, Laks D Oster J, et al. Growth hormone regulation in primary fetal and neonatal rat pituitary cell cultures: the role of thyroid hormone. Endocrinology. 1991, 128: 937-943
113 Goodyer CG, Figueiredo RM, Krackovitch S, et al. Characterization of the growth hormone receptor in human dermal fibroblasts and liver during development. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001, 281(6) : 1213-E1220
114 Shoba L, An MR, Frank SJ, et al. Developmental regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I and growth hormone receptor gene expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1999 25, 152(1-2) : 125-136
115 Maes M, De Hertogh R, Watrin-Granger P, et al. Ontogeny of liver somatotropic and lactogenic binding sites in male and female rat. Endocrinology. 1983, 113(4) : 1325-32
116 Daughaday WH, Yanow CE and Kapadia M. Insulin-like growth factors I and II in maternal and fetal guinea pig serum. Endocrinology. 1986,119(2) : 490-4
117 Mathews LS, Hammer RE, Brinster RL, et al. Expression of insulin-like growth factor I in transgenic mice with elevated levels of growth hormone is correlated with growth. Endocrinology. 1988, 123(1) : 433-437
118 Breier BH, Gluckman PD, Blair HT, et al. Somatotrophic receptors in hepatic tissue of the developing male pig. J Endocrinol. 1989 Oct, 123(1) : 25-31
119 Zogopoulos G, Figueiredo R, Jenab A, et al. Expression of exon 3-retaining and-deleted human growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid isoforms during development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996, 81: 775-782
120 Ymer SI and Herington AC. Developmental expression of the growth hormone receptor gene in rabbit tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1992, 83(1) : 39-49
121 Walker JL, Moats-Staats BM, Stiles AD, et al. Tissue-specific developmental regulation of the messenger ribonucleic acids encoding the growth hormone receptor and the growth hormone binding protein in rat fetal and postnatal tissues. Pediatr Res. 1992, 31(4) : 335-339
122 Matsuo K, Yamashita S Niwa M, et al. Thyroid hormone regulates rat pituitary insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. Endocrinology. 1990,126: 550-554
123 Schnoebelen-Combes S, Louveau I, Postel-Vinay MC, et al. Ontogeny of GH receptor and GH-binding protein in the pig.J Endocrinol. 1996, 148(2) : 249-255
124 Min SH, Mackenzie DD, Breier BH, et al. Ontogeny of IGF-I responsiveness to bGH in young lambsDomest Anim Endocrinol. 1999, 17(4) : 409-419
125 Lee CY, Chung CS and Simmen FA. Ontogeny of the porcine insulin-like growth factor system. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1993, 93: 71-80
126 Armstrong DG and Hogg CO. Type-I insulin-like growth factor receptor gene expression in the chick. Developmental changes and the effect of selection for increased growth on the amount of receptor mRNA. J Mol Endocrinol. 1994, 12(1) : 3-12
127 Cordano P, Hammon HM, Morel C, et al. mRNA of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) quantification and presence of IGF binding proteins, and receptors for growth hormone, IGF-I and insulin, determined by reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction, in the liver of growing and mature male cattle. Domest Anim Endocrinol.2000, 19(3) : 191-208
128 Gerrard DE, Okamura CS and Grant AL. Expression and location of IGF binding proteins-2,-4, and-5 in developing fetal tissues. J Anim Sci. 1999,77(6) : 1431-1441
129 Seo H, Refetoff S, Martino E, et al. The differential stimulatory effect of thyroid hormone on growth hormone synthesis and estrogen on prolactin synthesis duo to accumulation of specific messenger ribonucleic. Endocrinology. 1979, 104: 1083-1089
130 Gruppuso PA, Walker TD and Carter PA. Ontogeny of hepatic type I insulin-like growth factor receptors in the rat. Pediatr Res. 1991． 29(3) : 226-230
131 Hausman GJ,, Campion DR and Buonomo FC. Concentration of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) in tissues of developing lean and obese pig fetuses. Growth Dev Aging. 1991, 55(1) : 43-52
132 Louveau I, Combes S, Cochard A, et al. Developmental changes in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor levels and plasma IGF-I concentrations in Large White and Meishan pigs. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 1996． 104(1) : 29-36
133 Matsumura Y, Domeki M, Sugahara K, et al. Nutritional regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor mRNA levels in growing chickens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1996, 60(6) : 979-982
134 Roemmich J N, Rogol A D . Role of leptin during childhood growth and development. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999,28(4) : 749-764
135 McMurtry JP and Brocht DM Developmental changes in embryonic and extra-embryonic insulin-like growth factor-I tissue concentrations in the turkey embryo. Poult Sci. 1997, 76(6) : 894-900
136 21 Gill M S, Toogood A A, O'Neill P A, et al. Relationship between growth hormone (GH) status, serum leptin and body composition in healthy and GH deficient elderly subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997,47(2) : 161-167
137 Owens PC, Waters MJ, Thorburn GD, et al. Insulin-like growth factor receptor in fetal lamb liver: characterization and developmental changes. Endocrinology. 1985, 117(3) : 982-990
138 Bianda T L, Glatz Y, Boeni-Schnetzler M, et al.Effects of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I on serum leptin in GH-deficient adults. Diabetologia. 1997; 40(3) : 363-364
139 Rauch F, Westermann F, Englaro P,et al.Serum leptin is suppressed by growth hormone therapy in growth hormone-deficient children.Horm Res. 1998, 50(1) : 18-21．
140 Pfuender M, Sauerwein H, Funk B, et al. The insulin-like growth factor-II mannose-6-phosphate receptor is present in fetal bovine tissues throughout gestation. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1995, 12(4) : 317-324
141 Alexandrides T, Moses AC and Smith RJ. Developmental expression of receptors for insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and IGF-II in rat skeletal muscle. Endocrinology. 1989, 124(2) : 1064-1076
142 Crown AL, He XL, Holly JM, et al. Characterisation of the IGF system in a primary adult human skeletal muscle cell model, and comparison of the effects of insulin and IGF-I on protein metabolism. J Endocrinol. 2000, 167(3) : 403-415
143 Gerrard DE, Okamura CS, Ranalletta MA, et al. Developmental expression and location of IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA and protein in skeletal muscle. J Anim Sci. 1998, 76(4) : 1004-1011
144 Gotz W, Dittjen O, Wicke M,te al. Immunohistochemical detection of components of the insulin-like growth factor system during skeletal muscle growth in the pig. Anat Histol. Embryol. 2001, 30(1) : 49-56
145 Listrat A, Jammes H, Djianne J, et al. Characterisation and location of insulin-like-growth factor (IGF) receptors in the foetal bovine Semitendinosus muscle. Reprod Nutr Dev. 1999, 39(4) : 467-479．
146 Saunders MC, Gemmell RT and Curlewis JD. Plasma concentrations of thyroxine and growth hormone in the developing marsupial bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2000; 12(5-6) : 263-7．
147 Chen X, Lin J, Hausman DB, et al. Alterations in fetal adipose tissue leptin expression correlate with the development of adipose tissue. Biol Neonate. 2000,78(1) : 41-47
148 Azain MJ, Bullock KD, Kasser TR, et al. Relationship of mode of porcine somatotropin administration and dietary fat to the growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 1992, 70(10) : 3086-3095
149 Buonomo FC and Klindt J. Ontogeny of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and IGF binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) in genetically lean and obese swine. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1993, 10(3) : 257-265
150 Arnold AM, Peralta JM and Thonney ML. Ontogeny of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, estradiol and cortisol in the growing lamb: effect of testosterone. J Endocrinol. 1996, 150(3) : 391-399
151 Qian H, Barb CR, Compton MM, et al.Leptin mRNA expression and serum leptin concentrations as influenced by age, weight, and estradiol in pigs. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1999; 16(2) : 135-43
152 Leidy JW, Romano TM, Millard WJ, et al. Developmental and sex-related changes of the growth hormone axis in lean and obese Zucker rats. Neuroendocrinology. 1993, 57(2) :213-223
153 Baumbach WR and Bingham B. One class of growth hormone (GH) receptor and binding protein messenger ribonucleic acid in rat liver, GHR1, is sexually dimorphic and regulated by GH. Endocrinology. 1995 ,136(2) : 749-760
154 Kobayashi Y, Vandehaar MJ. et al. Expression of growth hormone receptor lA messenger ribonucleic acid in liver of dairy cows during lactation and after administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin. J Dairy Sci. 1999,82(9) : 1910-1916
155 Menon RK, Stephan DA, Singh M, et al. Cloning of the promoter-regulatory region of the murine growth hormone receptor gene. Identification of a developmental!y regulated enhancer element. J Biol Chem 1995, 14 ,270(15) : 8851-8859
156 Lewis AJ, Wester TJ, Burrin DG, et al. Exogenous growth hormone induces somatotrophic gene expression in neonatal liver and skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000, 278(4) : R838-R844
157 llkbahar YN, Wu K, Thordarson G, ET AL. Expression and distribution of messenger ribonucleic acids for growth hormone (GH) receptor and GH-binding protein in mice during pregnancy. Endocrinology. 1995, 136(2) : 386-392
158 Gluckman PD, Butler JH and Elliott TB. The ontogeny of somatotropic binding sites in ovine hepatic membranes. Endocrinology. 1983, 112(5) : 1607-1612
159 Daughaday WH, Trivedi B and Andrews BA. The ontogeny of serum GH binding protein in man:a possible indicator of hepatic GH receptor development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987 ,65(5) : 1072-1074
160 Owens PC, Conlon MA, Campbell RG, et al. Developmental changes in growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and IGF-binding proteins in plasma of young growing pigs. J Endocrinol. 1991, 128(3) : 439-447
161 McCusker RH, Campion DR, Jones WK, et al. The insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins of porcine serum: endocrine and nutritional regulation. Endocrinology. 1989, 125(1) : 501-509
162 Kampman KA, Ramsay TG and White ME. Developmental changes in hepatic IGF-2 and IGFBP-2
mRNA levels in intrauterine growth-retarded and control swine. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1993, 104(2) : 415-421
163 Listrat, A, Gerrard, D E, Boulle, N, et al. In situ localization of muscle insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA in developing bovine fetuses. J Endocrinol. 1994, 140(2) : 179-87
164 Gerrard DE and Grant AL. Insulin-like growth factor-II expression in developing skeletal muscle of double muscled and normal cattle. Dottiest Anim Endocrinol 1994, 11(4) : 339-347
165 Mahoney JV, Brandon MR and Adams TE. Developmental and tissue-specific regulation of ovine insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) mRNA expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1991, 78(1-2) : 87-96
166 Moses AC, Nissley SP, Short PA, et al. Increased levels of multiplication-stimulating activity, an insulin-like growth factor, in fetal rat serum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1980,77(6) : 3649-3653
167 Mesiano S, Young IR, Hey AW, et al. Hypophysectomy of the fetal lamb leads to a fall in the plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), but not IGF-II. Endocrinology. 1989, 124(3) : 1485-1491
168 Zapf J, Walter H, and Froesch ER. Radioimmunological determination of insulinlike growth factors I and II in normal subjects and in patients with growth disorders and extrapancreatic tumor hypoglycemia.. J Clin Invest. 1981,68(5) : 1321-1330
169 D'Ercole AJ, Foushee DB and Underwood LE. Somatomedin-C receptor ontogeny and levels in porcine fetal and human cord serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1976, 43(5) : 1069-1077
170 Oliver MH, Harding JE, Breier BH, et al. The effects of ovine placental lactogen infusion on metabolites, insulin-like growth factors and binding proteins in the fetal sheep. J Endocrinol. 1995,144(2) : 333-338
171 Mann DR, Akinbami MA, Gould KG, et al. A longitudinal study of leptin during development in the male rhesus monkey: the effect of body composition and season on circulating leptin levels. Biol Reprod. 2000; 62(2) : 285-291
172 Peng M, Abribat T, Calvo E, et al. Ontogeny of insulin-like growth factors (IGF), IGF binding proteins, IGF receptors, and growth hormone receptor mRNA levels in porcine pancreas. J Anim Sci. 1998,76(4) : 1178-1188
173 Hassink SG, de Lancey E, Sheslow DV, etal. Placental leptin: an important new growth factor in intrauterine and neonatal development? Pediatrics. 1997; 100(1) : El
174 Ilkbahar YN, Thordarson G, Camarillo IG, et al. Differential expression of the growth hormone receptor and growth hormone-binding protein in epithelia and stroma of the mouse mammary gland at various physiological stages. J Endocrinol. 1999, 161(1) : 77-87
175 Devaskar SU, Ollesch C,et al. Developmental changes in ob gene expression and circulating leptin peptide concentrations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997, 238(1) : 44-47
176 Carlsson B, Ankarberg C, Rosberg S, et aj. Serum leptin concentrations in relation to pubertal development. Arch Dis Child. 1997;77(5) : 396-400
177 Lobie PE, Breipohl W, Aragon JG, et al. Cellular localization of the growth hormone receptor/binding protein in the male and female reproductive systems. Endocrinology. 1990, 126: 2214-2221．
178 Ehrhardt RA, Slepetis RM, Siegal-Willott J, etal. Development of a specific radioimmunoassay to measure physiological changes of circulating leptin in cattle and sheep.J Endocrinol. 2000, 166(3) : 519-528
179 Geary M, Herschkovitz R, Pringle PJ et al. Ontogeny of serum leptin concentrations in the human. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1999, 51(2) : 189-192
180 Hasegawa O, Minami S, Sugihara H, et al. Developmental expression of the growth hormone receptor gene in the rat hypothalamus. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1993, 74(2) : 287-290
181 Duchamp C, Burton KA, Herpin P, et al. Perinatal ontogeny of porcine growth hormone receptor
gene expression is modulated by thyroid status. Eur J Endocrinol. 1996, 134(4) : 524-531
182 Li J, Owens JA, Owens PC, et al. The ontogeny of hepatic growth hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor I gene expression in the sheep fetus during late gestation: developmental regulation by cortisol. Endocrinology. 1996, 137(5) : 1650-1657
183 Mao IN, Burnside J, Postel-Vinay MC, et al. Ontogeny of growth hormone receptor gene expression in tissue of growth-selected strains of broiler chickens. J Endocrinol. 1998, 156(1) : 67-75
184 Lee CY, Bazer FW, Etherton TD, et al. Ontogeny of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and IGF-binding proteins in porcine serum during fetal and postnatal development. Endocrinology. 1991, 128(5) : 2336-2344
185 Dauncey MJ, Burton KA, White P, et al. Nutritional regulation of growth hormone receptor gene expression. FASEB J. 1994, 8(1) : 81-88
186 Jaquet D, Leger J, Levy-Marchal C, et al. Ontogeny of leptin in human fetuses and newborns: effect of intrauterine growth retardation on serum leptin concentrations.] Clin Endocrinol Metab.1998; 83(4) : 1243-1246
187 Weller PA, Dauncey MJ, Bates PC, et al. Regulation of porcine insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone receptor mRNA expression by energy status. Am J Physiol. 1994, 266(5 Pt 1) : E776-E785
188 Woodall SM, Bassett NS, Gluckman PD, et al. Consequences of maternal undernutrition for fetal and postnatal hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I, growth hormone receptor and growth hormone binding protein gene regulation in the rat. J Mol Endocrinol 1998, 20(3) : 313-326
189 Cameron ND, Penman JC and McCullough E. Serum leptin concentration in pigs selected for high or low daily food intake. Genet Res. 2000; 75(2) : 209-13
190 Collier GR, Walder K, Lewandowski P, et al. Leptin and the development of obesity and diabetes in Psammomys obesus.Obes Res. 1997; 5(5) : 455-458
191 Ramsay TG, Yan X and Morrison C The obesity gene in swine: sequence and expression of porcine leptin. J Anim Sci. 1998; 76(2) : 484-90
192 Matteri RL, Dyer CJ, Touchette KJ, et al. Effects of weaning on somatotrophic gene expression and circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-2 in pigs. Domest Anim Endocrinol.2000 ,19(4) : 247-259
193 Sjogren, K, et al. 1999． Liver-derived insulin-like growth factor 1 is pricipal source of IGF-1 in blood but is not required for postnal body growth in mice. Natl Acad Sci USA. 96: 7088-7092
194 Yu JH, Schwartzbauer G, Kazlman A, et al. Role of the Sp family of transcription factors in the ontogeny of growth hormone receptor gene expression. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274 (48) : 34327-34336
195 Zou L and Menon RK. A member of the CTF/NF-1 transcription factor family regulates murine growth hormone receptor gene promoter activity. Endocrinology. 1995, 136 (11) : 5236-5239．
196 Schwartzbauer G, Yu JH, Cheng H, et al. Transcription factor MSY-1 regulates expression of the murine growth hormone receptor gene. J Biol Chem 1998,273 (38) : 24760-24769
197 Clark AM, Samaras SE, Hammond JM, et al. Changes in the messenger ribonucleic acid for insulin-like growth factor-1 and-II in the porcine testis during and between two waves of testicular development. Biol Reprod. 1994, 50: 993-999
198 Bassas L, de Pablo F, Lesniak MA. et al. Ontogeny of receptors for insulin-like peptides in chick embryo tissues: early dominance of insulin-like growth factor over insulin receptors in brain. Endocrinology. 1985 Dec ,117(6) : 2321-2329
199 Batchelor DC, Hutchins AM, Klempt M, et al. Developmental changes in the expression patterns of IGFs, type 1 IGF receptor and IGF-binding proteins-2 and-4 in perinatal rat lung.J Mol Endocrinol. 1995, 15(2) : 105-115
200 Fu Z, Kubo T, Noguchi T, et al. Developmental changes in the mRNA levels of IGF-1 and its related
genes in the reproductive organs of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Growth Horm IGF Res. 2001, 11(1) : 24-33
201 Hiney JK, Srivastava V, Nyberg CL, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I of peripheral origin acts centrally to accelerate the initiation of female puberty. Endocrinology. 1996, 137(9) : 3717-3728
202 Hogg J, Hill DJ and Han VK. The ontogeny of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF-binding protein gene expression in the rat pancreas. J Mol Endocrinol. 1994, 13(1) : 49-58
203 De Simone V and Cortese R. Transcription factors and liver-specific genes.Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992,1132: 119-123
204 Kampman KA, Ramsay TG and White ME. Developmental changes in serum IGF-1 and IGFBP levels and liver 1GFBP-3 mRNA expression in intrauterine growth-retarded and control swine. Comp Biochem Physiol Biochem Mol Biol 1994, 108(3) : 337-347
205 Kikuchi K, Bichell DP and Rotwein P. Chromatin changes accompany the developmental activation of insulin-like growth factor I gene transcription. J Biol Chem. 1992 Oct 25, 267(30) : 21505-21511
206 Latimer AM, Hausman GJ, McCusker RH, et al. The effects of thyroxine on serum and tissue concentrations of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and-II) and IGF-binding proteins in the fetal pig. Endocrinology. 1993, 133(3) : 1312-1319
207 Moromisato DY, Moromisato MY, Zanconato S, et al. Effect of hypoxia on lung, heart, and liver insulin-like growth factor-I gene and receptor expression in the newborn rat. Crit Care Med 1996, 24(6) : 919-924
208 Menuelle P, Babajko S and Plas C. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins modulate the glucocorticoid-dependent biological effects of IGF-II in cultured fetal rat hepatocytes. Endocrinology. 1999, 140(5) : 2232-2240
209 Rhoads RP, Greenwood PL, Bell AW, et al. Nutritional regulation of the genes encoding the acid-labile subunit and other components of the circulating insulin-like growth factor system in the sheep. J Anim Sci. 2000, 78(10) : 2681-2689
210 Santos A, Yusta B, Fernandez-Moreno MD, et al. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor gene in rat brain and liver during development and in regenerating adult rat liver. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1994, 101(1-2) :85-93
211 Sladek FM. Orphan receptor HNF-4 and liver-specific gene expression.Receptor.1993, 3: 223-232．
212 Thakur A, Sase M, Lee JJ, et al. Ontogeny of insulin-like growth factor 1 in a rabbit model of growth retardation. J Surg Res. 2000, 91(2) : 135-140
213 Ward WE, Donovan SM and Atkinson SA. Dexamethasone-induced abnormalities in growth and bone metabolism in piglets are partially attenuated by growth hormone with no synergistic effect of insulin-like growth factor-I. Pediatr Res. 1998, 44(2) : 215-221
214 Baumann G. Growth hormone binding protein 2001． J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.2001, 14 (4) : 355-375
215 Yang H, Ney DM, Peterson CA,ET AL. Stimulation of intestinal growth is associated with increased insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 mRNA in the jejunal mucosa of insulin-like growth factor-I-treated parenterally fed rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1997, 216(3) : 438-445
216 Zung A, Phillip M, Chalew SA,et al. Testosterone effect on growth and growth mediators of the GH-IGF-I axis in the liver and epiphyseal growth plate of juvenile rats. J Mol Endocrinol 1999, 23(2) : 209-221
217 Schoknecht PA, McGuire MA, Cohick WS, et al. Effect of chronic infusion of placental lactogen on ovine fetal growth in late gestation. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1996,13(6) : 519-528
218 Forhead AJ, Li J, Gilmour RS, et al. Thyroid hormones and the mRNA of the GH receptor and IGFs in skeletal muscle of fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002, 282(1) : E80-E86
219 Brameld JM, Weller PA, Saunders JC, et al. Hormonal control of insulin-like growth factor-I and
growth hormone receptor mRNA expression by porcine hepatocytes in culture. J Endocrinol.1995, 146(2) : 239-245
220 Hausman GJ and Wright JT. Ontogeny of the response to thyroxine (T4) in the porcine fetus: interrelationships between serum T4, serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and differentiation of skin and several adipose tissues. Obes Res. 1996, 4(3) : 283-292
221 Hanaire-Broutin H, Sallerin-Caute B, Poncet MF, et al. Insulin therapy and GH-IGF-I axis disorders in diabetes: impact of glycaemic control and hepatic insulinization. Diabetes Metab. 1996, 22(4) : 245-250
222 Clayton KL, Holly JM, Carlsson LM, et al. Loss of the normal relationships between growth hormone, growth hormone-binding protein and insulin-like growth factor-I in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1994, 41(4) : 517-524
223 Bereket A, Lang CH and Wilson TA. Alterations in the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Horm Metab Res. 1999, 31(2-3) :172-181
224 Federici M, Zucaro L, Porzio O, et al. Increased expression of insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I hybrid receptors in skeletal muscle of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects.. J Clin Invest. 1996, 98(12) : 2887-2893
225 Ramsay TG, Wolverton CK and Steele NC. Alteration in IGF-I mRNA content of fetal swine tissues in response to maternal diabetes. Am J Physio! 1994 Nov,267(5 Pt 2) :R1391-R139
226 Breier BH. Regulation of protein and energy metabolism by the somatotropic axis. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1999, 17(2-3) : 209-218
227 Louveau I,-Quesnel H, and Prunier A. GH and IGF-I binding sites in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle and ovaries of feed-restricted gilts. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2000, 40(6) : 571-578
228 Katsumata M, Cattaneo D, White P. et al. Growth hormone receptor gene expression in porcine skeletal and cardiac muscles is selectively regulated by postnatal undernutrition. J Nutr. 2000． 130(10) : 2482-2488
229 Liu J, Boyd CK, Kobayashi Y, et al. A novel phenotype for Lardon dwarfism in miniature Bos indicus cattle suggests that the expression of growth hormone receptor 1A in liver is required for normal growth. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1999, 17(4) : 421-437
230 Parkes MJ and Bassett JM. Antagonism by growth hormone of insulin action in fetal sheep. J Endocrinol. 1985, 105(3) : 379-82．
231 Mathews LS, Norstedt G and Palmiter RD. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I gene expression by growth hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986, 83(24) : 9343-9347
232 Mathews LS, Hammer RE, Bchringer RR, D'Ercole AJ, Bell GI, Brinster RL, Palmiter RD. Growth enhancement of transgenic mice expressing human insulin-like growth factor I. Endocrinology. 1988, 123(6) : 2827-2833
233 Bassett NS and Gluckman PD. Pulsatile growth hormone secretion in the ovine fetus and neonatal lamb. J Endocrinol. 1986, 109(3) : 307-312
234 Breier BH, Gluckman PD and Bass JJ. Plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin in the infant calf: ontogeny and influence of altered nutrition. J Endocrinol. 1988, 119(1) : 43-50
235 Blair HT, McCutcheon SN, Mackenzie DD, et al. Genetic selection for insulin-like growth factor-1 in growing mice is associated with altered growth. Endocrinology. 1988,123(3) : 1690-1692
236 Mao JNC, Cogburn LA and Burnside J. Growth hormone down-regulates growth hormone receptor mRNA in chickens but developmental increases in growth hormone receptor mRNA occur independently of growth hormone action. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1997, 129(2) : 135-143
237 Handwerger S and Freemark M. The roles of placental growth hormone and placental lactogen in the regulation of human fetal growth and development. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000, 13(4) :
343-56
238 Butler AA, Funk B, Breier BH, et al. Growth hormone (GH) status regulates GH receptor and GH binding protein mRNA in a tissue-and transcript-specific manner but has no effect on insulin-like growth factor-I receptor mRNA in the rat. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1996, 116(2) : 181-189
239 Coleman ME, Russell L and Etherton TD. Porcine somatotropin (pST) increases IGF-I mRNA abundance in liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle of growing pigs. J Anim Sci. 1994, 2(4) : 918-924
240 Currie MJ, Bassett NS, Breier BH, et al. Differential effects of maternal ovine placental lactogen and growth hormone (GH) administration on GH receptor, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-l and IGF binding protein-3 gene expression in the pregnant and fetal sheep. Growth Regul. 1996, 6(3) : 123-129
241 Liu JL iverand LeRoith D. Insulin-like growth factor I is essential for postnatal growth in response to growth hormone. Endocrinology. 1999, 140(11) : 5178-5184
242 Philipps AF, Dvorak B, Kling PJ, et al. Absorption of milk-borne insulin-like growth factor-I into portal blood of suckling rats. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000, 31(2) : 128-135
243 Ren MQ, Kuhn G, Wegner J, et al. Feeding daidzein to late pregnant sows influences the estrogen receptor beta and type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor mRNA expression in newborn piglets. J Endocrinol. 2001, 170(1) : 129-135
244 Simmen FA, Badinga L, Green ML, et al. The porcine insulin-like growth factor system: at the interface of nutrition, growth and reproduction. J Nutr. 1998, 128(2 Suppl): 315S-320S
245 Xu RJ and Wang T. Gastrointestinal absorption of insulin-like growth factor-1 in neonatal pigs. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1996, 23(4) : 430-437
246 Xu RJ, Mellor DJ, Dirties MJ, et al. Effects of oral IGF-I or IGF-II on digestive organ growth in newborn piglets. Biol Neonate. 1994;66(5) : 280-287
247 Burrin DG, Wester TJ, Davis TA, et al. Orally administered IGF-I increases intestinal mucosal growth in formula-fed neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol. 1996, 270(5 Pt 2) : R1085-R1091
248 Shen WH and Xu RJ. Stability of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the gastrointestinal lumen in neonatal pigs.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000, 30(3) : 299-304
249 Wester TJ, Davis TA, Fiorotto ML, et al. Exogenous growth hormone stimulates somatotropic axis function and growth in neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol. 1998, 274: E29-37
250 Gill ZP, Perks CM, Newcomb P, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP-3) predisposes breast cancer cells to programmed cell death in a non-IGF-dependent manner. J Biol Chem. 1997, 272(41) : 25602-25607
251 Hassink SG, Sheslow DV, De Lancey E, et al. Serum leptin in children with obesity: relationship to gender and development. Pediatrics. 1996, 98(2 Pt 1) : 201-203
252 Falorni A, Bini V, Molinari D, et al. Leptin serum levels in normal weight and obese children and adolescents: relationship with age, sex, pubertal development, body mass index and insulin. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997, 21(10) : 881-890
253 Kauter K, Ball M, Kearney P, et al. Adrenaline, insulin and glucagon do not have acute effects on plasma leptin levels in sheep: development and characterisation of an ovine leptin ELISA. J Endocrinol. 2000, 166(1) : 127-135
254 Chung CS, Meserole VK and Etherton TD. Temporal nature of insulin binding and insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in isolated swine adipocytes. J Anim Sci.1983, 56(1) : 58-66
255． Etherton TD. The role of insulin-receptor interactions in regulation of nutrient utilization by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: A review. J Anim Sci. 1982, 54(1) : 58-66
256 Lin J, Barb CR, Matteri RL, et al. Long form leptin receptor mRNA expression in the brain, pituitary, and other tissues in the pig. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2000, 19(1) : 53-61
257 阎国来,张崇德。胎儿内分泌学。人民卫生出版社,1994,P46-90;149-193
258 Noda K, Minoura H, Toyoda N. Relative expression of insulin genes I and II during pancreatic development in fetuses of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Life Sci. 1997; 60(10) : 707-714
259 Zamorano PL, Mahesh VB and Brann DW. Quantiative RT-PCR for neuroendocrine studies. Neuo-endocrine. 1996,63:397-407
260 Kb'hler TH, La bbb ner D, Rost AK, et al. Quantitation of mRNA by polymerase china Printed by reaction. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (Germany). 1995, Part 1-Part 3
261 Norrelund H, Gravholt CH, Englaro P, et al. Increased levels but preserved diurnal variation of serum leptin in GH-deficient patients: lack of impact of different modes of GH administration. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998,138 (6) : 644-652
262 Chen XL, Hausman DB, Dean RG, et al. Hormonal regulation of leptin mRNA expression and preadipocyte recruitment and differentiation in porcine primary cultures of S-V cells. Obes.Res. 1998,6: 164-172
263 Mastronardi CA, Walczewska A., Yu WH, et al. The possible role of prolactin in the circadian rhythm of leptin secretion in male rats. Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med. 2000, 224(3) : 152-158
264 Grunfeld C, Sherman BM and Cavalieri RR. The acute effects of human growth hormone administration on thyroid function in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988, 67 (5) : 1111-1114,.
265 Fisker S, Vahl N, Nansen TB, et al. Serum leptin is increased in growth-hormone deficient adults: relationship to body composition and effect of placebo-controlled growth hormone therapy for 1 year. Metabolism. 1997, 46: 812-817
266 Gill MS, Toogood A.A, Jones J, et al. Serum leptin response to the acute and chronic administration of growth hormone (GH) to elderly subjects with GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999, 84 (4) : 1288-1295
267 Jorgensen JO, Moller J, Laursen T, et al. Growth hormone administration stimulates energy expenditure and extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in a dose-dependent manner and suppresses circadian thyrotrophin levels: studies in GH-deficient adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1994, 41(5) : 609-614
268 Jorgensen JO, Ovesen P, Juul A, ET AL. Impact of growth hormone administration on other hormonal axes. Horm Res. 1999;51 Suppl 3: 121-126
269 Moller J, Jorgensen JO, Moller N, et al. Effects of growth hormone administration on fuel oxidation and thyroid function in normal man. Metabolism. 1992, 41(7) : 728-731
270 Domene H, Krishnamurthi K, et al. Growth hormone (GH) stimulates insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-I-binding protein-3, but not GH receptor gene expression in livers of juvenile rats. Endocrinology. 1993, 133(2) : 675-682
271 Baxter RC, Bryson JM and Turtle JR. Somatogenic receptor of rat liver: regulation by insulin. Endocrinology. 1980, 107(4) : 1176-1180
272 Husman B, Andersson G, Norstedt G, et al. Characterization and subcellular distribution of the somatogenic receptor in rat liver. Endocrinology. 1985, 116(6) : 2605-2611
273 范少光,丁桂凤。神经内分泌系统与免疫系统之间的关系(综述)。中国应用生理学杂志,1992。 8 (3) : 281-288
274 沈惠忠。动物生长激素及其应。中国兽药杂志。2000, 34(5) : 49-53
2 Muller EE, Locatell V and Cocchi D. Neuroendocrine control of growth hormone secretion. Physiological Reviews. 1999, 79(2): 511-607
3 Buonomo FC and Baile CA. The neurophysiological regulation of growth hormone secretion. Domestic Anim. Endocrinology. 1990, 7(4): 435-450
4 Etherton TD and Bauman DE. Biology of Somatotropin in growth and lactation of domestic Animals. Physiological Reviews. 1998, 78(3): 745-761
5 太湖猪育种委员会编著。中国太湖猪．上海科学技术出版社，1991年8月第一版
6 Godowski PJ, Leung DW, Meacham LR, et al. Characterization of the human growth hormone receptor gene and demonstration of a partial gene deletion in two patients with Laron-type dwarfism..Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989, 86(20): 8083-8087
7 曾燕，卢建．生长激素受体与Laron型侏儒症．国外医学(生理、病理科学与临床)．1994，14(1)：37-39
8 Schnoebelen-Combes S, Louveau I, Postel-Vinay MC, et al. Ontogeny of GH receptor and GH-binding protein in the pig. J Endocrinol. 1996, 148(2): 249-255
9 郑友民，王立贤．国外对太湖猪的研究进展．国外畜牧科技．1998，25(4)：22-26
10 Louveau I and Bonneau M. Effect of a growth hormone infusion on plasma insulin-like growth factor-I in Meishan and large white pigs. Reprod Nutr Dev. 1996, 36(3): 301-310
11 Louveau. I, Bonneau. M and Salter DN1. Age-related changes in plama porcine growth hormone (GH)profiles and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in Large White and Meishan pigs.Repord Nutr Rev. 1991, 31(3): 205-216
12 Matteri RL, Becker, BA and Lamberson WR. Somatotroph and lactotroph function in relation to growth in six-week-old pigs reared in a hot or cool environment. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1994, 11(1): 101-114
13 Vasilatos-Younken R and Scanes CG. Growth hormone and Insulin-like growth factors in poultry growth required, optimal or ineffective? Poultry Science. 1991, 70:1764-1780
14 Reiprich K, Muhlbauer E and Decuypere E. Characterization of growth hormone expression n Pituitary and Plasma growth hormone Concentration during post hatch development in Chicken. J. Endocrinology. 1995, 145:343-353
15 赵茹茜，李四桂．禽类生长轴发育及其对生长的调节．畜牧与兽医．1999，31(4)：35-37
16 Crew MD, Stephen SR, Walford RT, et al. Age-related decrease of growth hormone and prolactin gene expression in the mouse pituitary. Endocrinol. 1987, 121: 1251-1255
17 Velasco B, Cacicedo L, Lopez-Fernandez J, et al. Growth hormone gene expression and secretion in aging rats is age dependent and not age-associated weight increase related. Endocrinology. 1998,139(3): 1314-1320.
18 徐金先．二花脸猪垂体生长激素基因表达的发育性变化及其与大白猪的比较研究：垂体GH mRNA发育变化的比较研究．南京农业大学硕士论文，2001，7
19 葛云山，徐筠遐，杨锐，等．二长脸猪胚胎期生长发育特性的研究．畜牧兽医学报．1982．13(2)：89-92
20 Tsushima T. Technics of growth hormone receptor assay. Nippon Rinsho. 1976, 34(3): 461-465
21 Waters MJ and Friesen HG. Purification and partial characterization of a nonprimate growth hormone receptor. J Bio.I Chem. 1979, 254(14): 6815-6825
22 Wallis M. Growth-hormone receptor cloned. Nature. 1987, 330(6148): 521-522
23 Argetsinger LS and Carter-Su C. Mechanism of signaling by growth hormone receptor. Physiol Rev.1996, 76(4): 1089-1107
24 焦凯．生长激素受体．国外医学(内分泌分册)．1993，13(6)：58-60
25 张信娜，卢雄斌，朱尚权．豚鼠生长激素cDNA的克隆。生物化学与生物物理学通报．2000，32(1)：81-83
26 孙逊，朱尚权，生长激素受体的结构、功能及其信号转导．国外医学(生理、病理科学与临床分册)．1999，19(1)：9-14
27 Cioffi JA,Wang X and Kopchick JJ.Porcine growth hormone receptor cDNA sequence.Nucleic Acids Res.1990,18(21):645
28 赵茹茜．鸡生长激素受体研究新进展．中国家禽．1999，21(6)：41-42
29 刘守仁．生长激素作用的分子机制．草食家畜．1998，3：3-6
30 赵晋华，林祥通，苏原良．生长激素—受体复合物的结构和受体信号转导．国外医学(放射医学核医学分册)．1996，20(3)：110-112
31 刘秀．生长激素结合蛋白的研究．生命的化学．1994，14(2)：15-17
32 曾凡星，杨显祉，杨则宜．人生长激素与生长激素受体和生长激素结合蛋白的关系．天津体育学院学报．1997，12(2)：9-13
33 李静．人生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子 1：作用的分子机制．国外医学(内分泌学分册)．1999，19(3)：113-116
34 Baumann G, Stolar MW, Ambum K, et al. A specific growth hormone-binding protein in human plasma: initial characterization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986, 62(1): 134-141
35 李虹．生长激素结合蛋白．生命的化学．2001，21(1)：67-68
36 黎建绿．人生长激素结合蛋白研究概况．广西医学．1998，20(4)：622-625
37 赵红．胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ的基础与临床研究进展．国外医学(内分泌学分册)．2000．20(6)：302-305
38 华益民，林浩然．胰岛素样生长因子(IGFs)研究概况．中山大学学报(自然科学版)．1996，35(S2)：105-110
39 Daughaday WH AND Rotwein P. Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2: peptide, messenger ribonucleic acid and genes structures, serum, and tissue concentrations. Endocrine Reviews. 1989,10:68-91
40 Jones JI, Gockerman A, Busby WH, et al. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 stimulates cell migration and binds to the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin by means of its Arg-Gly-Asp sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993, 90(22): 10553-10557
41 Florini JR, Ewton DZ and Coolican SA. Growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factor system in myogenesis. Endocr Rev. 1996, 17:481-517
42 Guevara-Aguirre J, Vasconez O, Martinez V, et al. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial on safety and efficacy of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ in children with growth hormone receptor deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995, 80(4): 1393-1398
43 O'Dell SD and Day IN. Insulin-like growth factor Ⅱ (IGF-Ⅱ). Int J Biochem Cell Bio. 1998, 30(7):767-771
44 Jones JR and Clemmons DR. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions. Endocrine Reviews. 1995, 16:3-34
45 贺淹才．胰岛素样生长因子的发现及生理作用．生命的化学．1994．14(3)：23-25
46 Rechler MM, and Clemmons Regulatory action of Insulin-like growth factor-proteins. Trends
Endocrinol Metab. 1998, 9(5): 176-181
47 钟艳玲，王振来．胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)的研究进展．饲料研究．1997，12：12-13
48 胡倡华，许梓荣．胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白研究进展．湖南畜牧兽医．2000，2：2-5
49 杜清友，王会信．胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白研究进展．生物化学与生物物理进展．1998，25(1)：104-105
50 Li J, Gilmour RS, Saunders JC, et al. Activation of the adult mode of ovine growth hormone receptor gene expression by cortisol during late fetal development. FASEB J 1999, 13(3): 545-552
51 LeRoith D, L Scavo and A Butle. What is the role of circulating IGF-Ⅰ? TREND in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001, 12:48-52
52 Rechler MM. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Vitam Horm. 1993, 47: 1-I 14
53 Yakar S. Normal growth and development in the absence of hepatic insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999, 96:7324-7329
54 Cox GN, McDermott MJ, Merkel E, et al. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-1 inhibits somatic growth stimulated by IGF-Ⅰ and growth hormone in hypophysectomized rats. Endocrinology. 1994, 135(5): 1913-1920
55 Dai Z, Xing Y, Boney CM, et al. Clemmons DR Human insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (hIGFBP-1) in transgenic mice: characterization and insights into the regulation of IGFBP-1 expression. Endocrinology. 1994, 135(4): 1316-1327
56 Bartke A. Role of growth hormone and prolactin in the control of reproduction: what are we learning from transgenic and knock-out animals. Steroids. 1999, 64:598-604
57 刘宝英，王会信．胰岛素样生长因子1受体激活机制及信号转导特异性．生理科学进展 1998，29(3)：249-252
58 Blakesley VA, Scrimgeour A, Esposito D, et al. Signaling via the insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ receptor: does it differ from insulin receptor signaling? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 1996, 7(2):153-159
59 扬在清．胰岛素，IGF-Ⅰ和IGF-Ⅱ及其对卵巢的作用．西北农业大学学报．1992，20(3)：111-116
60 Emolon DZ, Falen SL and Florini JR. The type Ⅱ Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor has low affinity for IGF-Ⅰ analogs: Pleiotypic action of IGFs on Myolalsts are appavently mediated by type Ⅰ receptot. Enocrinology. 1987, 120(1): 115-123
61 Series DG and Swiger LA. Influence of liver weight, age and sex on circulation growth hormone levels in swine. J Anim. Sci. 1970, 32(6): 1229-1232.
62 Baumbach WR, Horner DL and Logan JS. The growth hormone-binding protein in rat serum is an alternatively spliced form of the rat growth hormone receptor. Genes Dev. 1989, 3(8): 1199-1205
63 Mathews LS, Enberg Band Norstedt G. Regulation of rat growth hormone receptor gene expression. J Biol Chem. 1989, 264(17): 9905-9910
64 Hauser SD, McGrath MF, Collier RJ, et al. Cloning and in vivo expression of bovine growth hormone receptor mRNA. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1990, 72(3): 187-200
65 Martini JF, Villares SM, Nagano M, et ai. Quantitative analysis by polymerase chain reaction of growth hormone receptor gene expression in human liver and muscle. Endocrinology. 1995, 136(4):1355-1360
66 Edens A and Talamantes F. Alternative processing of growth hormone receptor transcripts. Endocr Rev. 1998, 19(5): 559-582
67 Moffat JG, Edens A and Talamantes F. Structure and expression of the mouse growth hormone receptor/growth hormone binding protein gene. J Mol Endocrinol. 1999, 23(1): 33-44
68 Godowski PJ, Leung DW, Meacham LR, et al. Characterization of the human growth hormone receptor gene and demonstration of a partial gene deletion in two patients with Laron-type dwarfism.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989, 86(20) : 8083-8087
69 Pekhletskii RI, Chernov BK and Rubtsov PM. Amplification using one-sided polymerase chain reaction, cloning and determination of primary structure of 5'-untranslated cDNA segments coding the somatogenic growth hormone receptor from rat liver. Mol Biol (Mosk). 1991, 25(5) : 1418-1423
70 O'Mahoney JV, Brandon MR, Adams TE, et al. Identification of a liver-specific promoter for the ovine growth hormone receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1994, 101(1-2) : 129-139
71 Adams TE. Differential expression of growth hormone receptor messenger RNA from a second promoter. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1995, 108(1-2) : 23-33
72 Southard JN, Barrett BA, Bikbulatova L.Growth hormone (GH) receptor and GH-binding protein messenger ribonucleic acids with alternative 5'-untranslated regions are differentially expressed in mouse liver and placenta. Endocrinology. 1995, 136(7) : 2913-2921
73 Ilkbahar YN, Southard JN, et al. Talamantes F Transcriptional upregulation of hepatic GH receptor and GH-binding protein expression during pregnancy in the mouse. J Mol Endocrinol. 1999, 23(1) : 85-96
74 刘根桃,陈伟华,郑元林等,胰岛素样生长因子-1的放射免疫测定方法的建立。南京农业大学学报。 1999, 22(2) : 63-66
75 Oppenheimer JH and Surks MI. Biochemical basis of thyroid hormone action Biochemical Actions of Hormone (Vol.III). Litwack G(Ed), Academic press, New York, 1975, 199-159
76 Domene HM, Marin G, Sztein J, et al. Estradiol inhibits growth hormone receptor gene expression in rabbit liver. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1994, 103(1-2) : 81-87
77 Domene HM, Cassorla F, Werner H, et al. Rat growth hormone receptor/growth hormone-binding protein mRNAs with divergent 5'-untranslated regions are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. DNA Cell Biol. 1995, 14(3) : 195-204
78 Heap D, Collier RJ, Boyd CK, et al. Expression of alternate growth hormone receptor messenger RNA in ovary and uterus of cattle. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1996, 13(5) : 421-430
79 Liu J, Carroll JA,-Matteri RL, et al. Expression of two variants of growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in porcine liver.J Anim Sci. 2000, 78(2) : 306-317
80 Jiang H, Okamura CS, Boyd CK, et al. Identification of Spl as the transcription factor for the alternative promoter P2 of the bovine growth hormone receptor gene. J Mol Endocrinol. 2000, 24(2) : 203-214
81 Jiang H, Okamura CS and Lucy MC. Isolation and characterization of a novel promoter for the bovine growth hormone receptor gene. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274(12) : 7893-790
82 Jiang H and Lucy MC. Variants of the 5'-untranslated region of the bovine growth hormone receptor mRNA: isolation, expression and effects on translational efficiency. Gene . 2001, 265(1-2) : 45-53
83 Combes S, Louveau I and Bonneau M. Effect of GH administration on GH and IGF-I receptors in porcine skeletal muscle and liver in relation to plasma GH-binding protein. J Endocrinol. 1997, 155(1) : 19-26
84 Pekhletsky RI, Chernov BK and Rubtsov PM. Variants of the 5'-untranslated sequence of human growth hormone receptor mRNA. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1992, 90(1) : 103-109
85 Kobayashi Y, Boyd CK, Bracken CJ, et al. Reduced growth hormone receptor (GHR) messenger ribonucleic acid in liver of periparturient cattle is caused by a specific down-regulation of GHR 1A that is associated with decreased insulin-like growth factor I. Endocrinology. 1999, 140(9) : 3947-3954
86 Zou L, Burmeister LA and Sperling MA. Isolation of a liver-specific promoter for human growth hormone receptor gene. Endocrinology. 1997, 138(4) : 1771-1774．
87 Ballesteros M,-Leung KC, Ross RJ, et al. Distribution and abundance of messenger ribonucleic
acid for growth hormone receptor isoforms in human tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000, 85(8) : 2865-2871
88 Brameld JM, Atkinson JL, Saunders JC, et al. Effects of growth hormone administration and dietary protein intake on insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone receptor mRNA Expression in porcine liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. J Anim Sci. 1996, 74(8) : 1832-1841
89 Dunaiski V, Dunshea FR, Walton PE, et al. Effect of growth hormone administration on IGF binding protein-3 mRNA levels in porcine tissues. J Mol Endocrinol. 1999, 22: 261-272
90 Frick GP, Tai LR, et al. Baumbach WR. Tissue distribution, turnover, and glycosylation of the long and short growth hormone receptor isoforms in rat tissues. Endocrinology. 1998, 139(6) : 2824-2830
91 Hull KL, Harvey S. Autoregulation of growth hormone receptor and growth hormone binding protein transcripts in brain and peripheral tissues of the rat. A Growth Horm IGF Res. 1998, 8(2) : 167-173
92 Klempt M, Bingham B, Breier BH, et al. Tissue distribution and ontogeny of growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and ligand binding to hepatic tissue in the midgestation sheep fetus. Endocrinology. 1993,132(3) : 1071-1077
93 Menon RK, Stephan DA, Rao RH, et al. Tissue-specific regulation of the growth hormone receptor gene in streptozocin-induced diabetes in the rat. J Endocrinol. 1994, 142(3) : 453-462
94 Menon RK, Shaufl A, Yu JH, et al. Identification and characterization of a novel transcript of the murine growth hormone receptor gene exhibiting development-and tissue-specific expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2001, 172(1-2) : 135-146-
95 Brent GA, Moore DD and Larsen PR. Thyroid hormone regulation of gene expression (Review) Annu Rev Physiol. 1991,53: 17-35
96 Mertani HC and Morel G. In situ gene expression of growth hormone (GH) receptor and GH binding protein in adult male rat tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1995, 109(1) : 47-61
97 Kirby CJ, Thatcher WW, Collier RJ, et al. Effects of growth hormone and pregnancy on expression of growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor-I, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 and-3 genes in bovine uterus, ovary, and oviduct Biol Reprod. 1996, 55(5) : 996-1002
98 Grant AL, Helferich W G, Kramer S A, et al. Administration of growth hormone to pig alters the relative amount of insulin-like factor-I mRNA in liver and skeletal muscle. J. Endocrinology. 1991, 130:331-338
100 Ambler GR, Breier BH, Surus A, et al. The interrelationship between and the regulation of hepatic growth hormone receptors and circulating GH binding protein in the pig. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1992, 126: 155-161
101 Frick GP, Leonard JL and Goodman HM. Effect of hypophysectomy on growth hormone receptor gene expression in rat tissues. Endocrinology. 1990, 126(6) : 3076-3082
102 Owens PC, Johnson RJ, Campbell RG, et al. Growth hormone increases insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and decreases IGF-II in plasma of growing pigs. J Endocrinol. 1990, 124(2) : 269-275
103 Dunshea FR, King RH, Owens PC, et al. Moderate doses of porcine somatotropin do not increase plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) or IGF binding protein-3． Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1999, 16(3) : 149-157
104 Adams TE, Baker L. Fiddes RJ, et al. The sheep growth hormone receptor: molecular cloning and ontogeny of mRNA expression in the liver. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1990, 22, 73(2-3) : 135-145
105 Badinga L, Collier RJ, Thatcher WW, et al. Ontogeny of hepatic bovine growth hormone receptors in cattle. J Anim Sci. 1991, 69(5) : 1925-1934
106 Bursten PJ, Darznin, Johnson CJ, et al. The effect of Hypothroidism on growth, serum growth hormone, the growth hormone-dependent somatomedin, insulin-like growth factor, and its carrier protein in rat. Endocrinology. 1979,104(4) : 1107-1111
107 Simard M, Manthos H, Giaid A, et al. Ontogeny of growth hormone receptors in human tissues: an immunohistochemical study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996,81(8) : 3097-3102
108 Tiong TS and Herington AC. Ontogeny of messenger RNA for the rat growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1992,83(2-3) : 133-141
109 Yu YM, Domene HM, Sztein J, et al. Developmental changes and differential regulation by testosterone and estradiol of growth hormone receptor expression in the rabbit. Eur J Endocrinol. 1996, 135(5) : 583-590
110 Peng M, Pelletier G, Palin MF.et al. Ontogeny of IGFs and IGFBPs mRNA levels and tissue concentrations in liver, kidney and skeletal muscle of pig. Growth Dev Aging. 1996, 60(3-4) : 171-187
111 Burnside J and Cogburn LA. Developmental expression of hepatic growth hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA in the chicken. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1992, 89(1-2) : 91-96
112 Ezzat S, Laks D Oster J, et al. Growth hormone regulation in primary fetal and neonatal rat pituitary cell cultures: the role of thyroid hormone. Endocrinology. 1991, 128: 937-943
113 Goodyer CG, Figueiredo RM, Krackovitch S, et al. Characterization of the growth hormone receptor in human dermal fibroblasts and liver during development. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001, 281(6) : 1213-E1220
114 Shoba L, An MR, Frank SJ, et al. Developmental regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I and growth hormone receptor gene expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1999 25, 152(1-2) : 125-136
115 Maes M, De Hertogh R, Watrin-Granger P, et al. Ontogeny of liver somatotropic and lactogenic binding sites in male and female rat. Endocrinology. 1983, 113(4) : 1325-32
116 Daughaday WH, Yanow CE and Kapadia M. Insulin-like growth factors I and II in maternal and fetal guinea pig serum. Endocrinology. 1986,119(2) : 490-4
117 Mathews LS, Hammer RE, Brinster RL, et al. Expression of insulin-like growth factor I in transgenic mice with elevated levels of growth hormone is correlated with growth. Endocrinology. 1988, 123(1) : 433-437
118 Breier BH, Gluckman PD, Blair HT, et al. Somatotrophic receptors in hepatic tissue of the developing male pig. J Endocrinol. 1989 Oct, 123(1) : 25-31
119 Zogopoulos G, Figueiredo R, Jenab A, et al. Expression of exon 3-retaining and-deleted human growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid isoforms during development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996, 81: 775-782
120 Ymer SI and Herington AC. Developmental expression of the growth hormone receptor gene in rabbit tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1992, 83(1) : 39-49
121 Walker JL, Moats-Staats BM, Stiles AD, et al. Tissue-specific developmental regulation of the messenger ribonucleic acids encoding the growth hormone receptor and the growth hormone binding protein in rat fetal and postnatal tissues. Pediatr Res. 1992, 31(4) : 335-339
122 Matsuo K, Yamashita S Niwa M, et al. Thyroid hormone regulates rat pituitary insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. Endocrinology. 1990,126: 550-554
123 Schnoebelen-Combes S, Louveau I, Postel-Vinay MC, et al. Ontogeny of GH receptor and GH-binding protein in the pig.J Endocrinol. 1996, 148(2) : 249-255
124 Min SH, Mackenzie DD, Breier BH, et al. Ontogeny of IGF-I responsiveness to bGH in young lambsDomest Anim Endocrinol. 1999, 17(4) : 409-419
125 Lee CY, Chung CS and Simmen FA. Ontogeny of the porcine insulin-like growth factor system. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1993, 93: 71-80
126 Armstrong DG and Hogg CO. Type-I insulin-like growth factor receptor gene expression in the chick. Developmental changes and the effect of selection for increased growth on the amount of receptor mRNA. J Mol Endocrinol. 1994, 12(1) : 3-12
127 Cordano P, Hammon HM, Morel C, et al. mRNA of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) quantification and presence of IGF binding proteins, and receptors for growth hormone, IGF-I and insulin, determined by reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction, in the liver of growing and mature male cattle. Domest Anim Endocrinol.2000, 19(3) : 191-208
128 Gerrard DE, Okamura CS and Grant AL. Expression and location of IGF binding proteins-2,-4, and-5 in developing fetal tissues. J Anim Sci. 1999,77(6) : 1431-1441
129 Seo H, Refetoff S, Martino E, et al. The differential stimulatory effect of thyroid hormone on growth hormone synthesis and estrogen on prolactin synthesis duo to accumulation of specific messenger ribonucleic. Endocrinology. 1979, 104: 1083-1089
130 Gruppuso PA, Walker TD and Carter PA. Ontogeny of hepatic type I insulin-like growth factor receptors in the rat. Pediatr Res. 1991． 29(3) : 226-230
131 Hausman GJ,, Campion DR and Buonomo FC. Concentration of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) in tissues of developing lean and obese pig fetuses. Growth Dev Aging. 1991, 55(1) : 43-52
132 Louveau I, Combes S, Cochard A, et al. Developmental changes in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor levels and plasma IGF-I concentrations in Large White and Meishan pigs. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 1996． 104(1) : 29-36
133 Matsumura Y, Domeki M, Sugahara K, et al. Nutritional regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor mRNA levels in growing chickens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1996, 60(6) : 979-982
134 Roemmich J N, Rogol A D . Role of leptin during childhood growth and development. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999,28(4) : 749-764
135 McMurtry JP and Brocht DM Developmental changes in embryonic and extra-embryonic insulin-like growth factor-I tissue concentrations in the turkey embryo. Poult Sci. 1997, 76(6) : 894-900
136 21 Gill M S, Toogood A A, O'Neill P A, et al. Relationship between growth hormone (GH) status, serum leptin and body composition in healthy and GH deficient elderly subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997,47(2) : 161-167
137 Owens PC, Waters MJ, Thorburn GD, et al. Insulin-like growth factor receptor in fetal lamb liver: characterization and developmental changes. Endocrinology. 1985, 117(3) : 982-990
138 Bianda T L, Glatz Y, Boeni-Schnetzler M, et al.Effects of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I on serum leptin in GH-deficient adults. Diabetologia. 1997; 40(3) : 363-364
139 Rauch F, Westermann F, Englaro P,et al.Serum leptin is suppressed by growth hormone therapy in growth hormone-deficient children.Horm Res. 1998, 50(1) : 18-21．
140 Pfuender M, Sauerwein H, Funk B, et al. The insulin-like growth factor-II mannose-6-phosphate receptor is present in fetal bovine tissues throughout gestation. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1995, 12(4) : 317-324
141 Alexandrides T, Moses AC and Smith RJ. Developmental expression of receptors for insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and IGF-II in rat skeletal muscle. Endocrinology. 1989, 124(2) : 1064-1076
142 Crown AL, He XL, Holly JM, et al. Characterisation of the IGF system in a primary adult human skeletal muscle cell model, and comparison of the effects of insulin and IGF-I on protein metabolism. J Endocrinol. 2000, 167(3) : 403-415
143 Gerrard DE, Okamura CS, Ranalletta MA, et al. Developmental expression and location of IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA and protein in skeletal muscle. J Anim Sci. 1998, 76(4) : 1004-1011
144 Gotz W, Dittjen O, Wicke M,te al. Immunohistochemical detection of components of the insulin-like growth factor system during skeletal muscle growth in the pig. Anat Histol. Embryol. 2001, 30(1) : 49-56
145 Listrat A, Jammes H, Djianne J, et al. Characterisation and location of insulin-like-growth factor (IGF) receptors in the foetal bovine Semitendinosus muscle. Reprod Nutr Dev. 1999, 39(4) : 467-479．
146 Saunders MC, Gemmell RT and Curlewis JD. Plasma concentrations of thyroxine and growth hormone in the developing marsupial bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2000; 12(5-6) : 263-7．
147 Chen X, Lin J, Hausman DB, et al. Alterations in fetal adipose tissue leptin expression correlate with the development of adipose tissue. Biol Neonate. 2000,78(1) : 41-47
148 Azain MJ, Bullock KD, Kasser TR, et al. Relationship of mode of porcine somatotropin administration and dietary fat to the growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 1992, 70(10) : 3086-3095
149 Buonomo FC and Klindt J. Ontogeny of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and IGF binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) in genetically lean and obese swine. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1993, 10(3) : 257-265
150 Arnold AM, Peralta JM and Thonney ML. Ontogeny of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, estradiol and cortisol in the growing lamb: effect of testosterone. J Endocrinol. 1996, 150(3) : 391-399
151 Qian H, Barb CR, Compton MM, et al.Leptin mRNA expression and serum leptin concentrations as influenced by age, weight, and estradiol in pigs. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1999; 16(2) : 135-43
152 Leidy JW, Romano TM, Millard WJ, et al. Developmental and sex-related changes of the growth hormone axis in lean and obese Zucker rats. Neuroendocrinology. 1993, 57(2) :213-223
153 Baumbach WR and Bingham B. One class of growth hormone (GH) receptor and binding protein messenger ribonucleic acid in rat liver, GHR1, is sexually dimorphic and regulated by GH. Endocrinology. 1995 ,136(2) : 749-760
154 Kobayashi Y, Vandehaar MJ. et al. Expression of growth hormone receptor lA messenger ribonucleic acid in liver of dairy cows during lactation and after administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin. J Dairy Sci. 1999,82(9) : 1910-1916
155 Menon RK, Stephan DA, Singh M, et al. Cloning of the promoter-regulatory region of the murine growth hormone receptor gene. Identification of a developmental!y regulated enhancer element. J Biol Chem 1995, 14 ,270(15) : 8851-8859
156 Lewis AJ, Wester TJ, Burrin DG, et al. Exogenous growth hormone induces somatotrophic gene expression in neonatal liver and skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000, 278(4) : R838-R844
157 llkbahar YN, Wu K, Thordarson G, ET AL. Expression and distribution of messenger ribonucleic acids for growth hormone (GH) receptor and GH-binding protein in mice during pregnancy. Endocrinology. 1995, 136(2) : 386-392
158 Gluckman PD, Butler JH and Elliott TB. The ontogeny of somatotropic binding sites in ovine hepatic membranes. Endocrinology. 1983, 112(5) : 1607-1612
159 Daughaday WH, Trivedi B and Andrews BA. The ontogeny of serum GH binding protein in man:a possible indicator of hepatic GH receptor development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987 ,65(5) : 1072-1074
160 Owens PC, Conlon MA, Campbell RG, et al. Developmental changes in growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and IGF-binding proteins in plasma of young growing pigs. J Endocrinol. 1991, 128(3) : 439-447
161 McCusker RH, Campion DR, Jones WK, et al. The insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins of porcine serum: endocrine and nutritional regulation. Endocrinology. 1989, 125(1) : 501-509
162 Kampman KA, Ramsay TG and White ME. Developmental changes in hepatic IGF-2 and IGFBP-2
mRNA levels in intrauterine growth-retarded and control swine. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1993, 104(2) : 415-421
163 Listrat, A, Gerrard, D E, Boulle, N, et al. In situ localization of muscle insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA in developing bovine fetuses. J Endocrinol. 1994, 140(2) : 179-87
164 Gerrard DE and Grant AL. Insulin-like growth factor-II expression in developing skeletal muscle of double muscled and normal cattle. Dottiest Anim Endocrinol 1994, 11(4) : 339-347
165 Mahoney JV, Brandon MR and Adams TE. Developmental and tissue-specific regulation of ovine insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) mRNA expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1991, 78(1-2) : 87-96
166 Moses AC, Nissley SP, Short PA, et al. Increased levels of multiplication-stimulating activity, an insulin-like growth factor, in fetal rat serum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1980,77(6) : 3649-3653
167 Mesiano S, Young IR, Hey AW, et al. Hypophysectomy of the fetal lamb leads to a fall in the plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), but not IGF-II. Endocrinology. 1989, 124(3) : 1485-1491
168 Zapf J, Walter H, and Froesch ER. Radioimmunological determination of insulinlike growth factors I and II in normal subjects and in patients with growth disorders and extrapancreatic tumor hypoglycemia.. J Clin Invest. 1981,68(5) : 1321-1330
169 D'Ercole AJ, Foushee DB and Underwood LE. Somatomedin-C receptor ontogeny and levels in porcine fetal and human cord serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1976, 43(5) : 1069-1077
170 Oliver MH, Harding JE, Breier BH, et al. The effects of ovine placental lactogen infusion on metabolites, insulin-like growth factors and binding proteins in the fetal sheep. J Endocrinol. 1995,144(2) : 333-338
171 Mann DR, Akinbami MA, Gould KG, et al. A longitudinal study of leptin during development in the male rhesus monkey: the effect of body composition and season on circulating leptin levels. Biol Reprod. 2000; 62(2) : 285-291
172 Peng M, Abribat T, Calvo E, et al. Ontogeny of insulin-like growth factors (IGF), IGF binding proteins, IGF receptors, and growth hormone receptor mRNA levels in porcine pancreas. J Anim Sci. 1998,76(4) : 1178-1188
173 Hassink SG, de Lancey E, Sheslow DV, etal. Placental leptin: an important new growth factor in intrauterine and neonatal development? Pediatrics. 1997; 100(1) : El
174 Ilkbahar YN, Thordarson G, Camarillo IG, et al. Differential expression of the growth hormone receptor and growth hormone-binding protein in epithelia and stroma of the mouse mammary gland at various physiological stages. J Endocrinol. 1999, 161(1) : 77-87
175 Devaskar SU, Ollesch C,et al. Developmental changes in ob gene expression and circulating leptin peptide concentrations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997, 238(1) : 44-47
176 Carlsson B, Ankarberg C, Rosberg S, et aj. Serum leptin concentrations in relation to pubertal development. Arch Dis Child. 1997;77(5) : 396-400
177 Lobie PE, Breipohl W, Aragon JG, et al. Cellular localization of the growth hormone receptor/binding protein in the male and female reproductive systems. Endocrinology. 1990, 126: 2214-2221．
178 Ehrhardt RA, Slepetis RM, Siegal-Willott J, etal. Development of a specific radioimmunoassay to measure physiological changes of circulating leptin in cattle and sheep.J Endocrinol. 2000, 166(3) : 519-528
179 Geary M, Herschkovitz R, Pringle PJ et al. Ontogeny of serum leptin concentrations in the human. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1999, 51(2) : 189-192
180 Hasegawa O, Minami S, Sugihara H, et al. Developmental expression of the growth hormone receptor gene in the rat hypothalamus. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1993, 74(2) : 287-290
181 Duchamp C, Burton KA, Herpin P, et al. Perinatal ontogeny of porcine growth hormone receptor
gene expression is modulated by thyroid status. Eur J Endocrinol. 1996, 134(4) : 524-531
182 Li J, Owens JA, Owens PC, et al. The ontogeny of hepatic growth hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor I gene expression in the sheep fetus during late gestation: developmental regulation by cortisol. Endocrinology. 1996, 137(5) : 1650-1657
183 Mao IN, Burnside J, Postel-Vinay MC, et al. Ontogeny of growth hormone receptor gene expression in tissue of growth-selected strains of broiler chickens. J Endocrinol. 1998, 156(1) : 67-75
184 Lee CY, Bazer FW, Etherton TD, et al. Ontogeny of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and IGF-binding proteins in porcine serum during fetal and postnatal development. Endocrinology. 1991, 128(5) : 2336-2344
185 Dauncey MJ, Burton KA, White P, et al. Nutritional regulation of growth hormone receptor gene expression. FASEB J. 1994, 8(1) : 81-88
186 Jaquet D, Leger J, Levy-Marchal C, et al. Ontogeny of leptin in human fetuses and newborns: effect of intrauterine growth retardation on serum leptin concentrations.] Clin Endocrinol Metab.1998; 83(4) : 1243-1246
187 Weller PA, Dauncey MJ, Bates PC, et al. Regulation of porcine insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone receptor mRNA expression by energy status. Am J Physiol. 1994, 266(5 Pt 1) : E776-E785
188 Woodall SM, Bassett NS, Gluckman PD, et al. Consequences of maternal undernutrition for fetal and postnatal hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I, growth hormone receptor and growth hormone binding protein gene regulation in the rat. J Mol Endocrinol 1998, 20(3) : 313-326
189 Cameron ND, Penman JC and McCullough E. Serum leptin concentration in pigs selected for high or low daily food intake. Genet Res. 2000; 75(2) : 209-13
190 Collier GR, Walder K, Lewandowski P, et al. Leptin and the development of obesity and diabetes in Psammomys obesus.Obes Res. 1997; 5(5) : 455-458
191 Ramsay TG, Yan X and Morrison C The obesity gene in swine: sequence and expression of porcine leptin. J Anim Sci. 1998; 76(2) : 484-90
192 Matteri RL, Dyer CJ, Touchette KJ, et al. Effects of weaning on somatotrophic gene expression and circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-2 in pigs. Domest Anim Endocrinol.2000 ,19(4) : 247-259
193 Sjogren, K, et al. 1999． Liver-derived insulin-like growth factor 1 is pricipal source of IGF-1 in blood but is not required for postnal body growth in mice. Natl Acad Sci USA. 96: 7088-7092
194 Yu JH, Schwartzbauer G, Kazlman A, et al. Role of the Sp family of transcription factors in the ontogeny of growth hormone receptor gene expression. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274 (48) : 34327-34336
195 Zou L and Menon RK. A member of the CTF/NF-1 transcription factor family regulates murine growth hormone receptor gene promoter activity. Endocrinology. 1995, 136 (11) : 5236-5239．
196 Schwartzbauer G, Yu JH, Cheng H, et al. Transcription factor MSY-1 regulates expression of the murine growth hormone receptor gene. J Biol Chem 1998,273 (38) : 24760-24769
197 Clark AM, Samaras SE, Hammond JM, et al. Changes in the messenger ribonucleic acid for insulin-like growth factor-1 and-II in the porcine testis during and between two waves of testicular development. Biol Reprod. 1994, 50: 993-999
198 Bassas L, de Pablo F, Lesniak MA. et al. Ontogeny of receptors for insulin-like peptides in chick embryo tissues: early dominance of insulin-like growth factor over insulin receptors in brain. Endocrinology. 1985 Dec ,117(6) : 2321-2329
199 Batchelor DC, Hutchins AM, Klempt M, et al. Developmental changes in the expression patterns of IGFs, type 1 IGF receptor and IGF-binding proteins-2 and-4 in perinatal rat lung.J Mol Endocrinol. 1995, 15(2) : 105-115
200 Fu Z, Kubo T, Noguchi T, et al. Developmental changes in the mRNA levels of IGF-1 and its related
genes in the reproductive organs of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Growth Horm IGF Res. 2001, 11(1) : 24-33
201 Hiney JK, Srivastava V, Nyberg CL, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I of peripheral origin acts centrally to accelerate the initiation of female puberty. Endocrinology. 1996, 137(9) : 3717-3728
202 Hogg J, Hill DJ and Han VK. The ontogeny of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF-binding protein gene expression in the rat pancreas. J Mol Endocrinol. 1994, 13(1) : 49-58
203 De Simone V and Cortese R. Transcription factors and liver-specific genes.Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992,1132: 119-123
204 Kampman KA, Ramsay TG and White ME. Developmental changes in serum IGF-1 and IGFBP levels and liver 1GFBP-3 mRNA expression in intrauterine growth-retarded and control swine. Comp Biochem Physiol Biochem Mol Biol 1994, 108(3) : 337-347
205 Kikuchi K, Bichell DP and Rotwein P. Chromatin changes accompany the developmental activation of insulin-like growth factor I gene transcription. J Biol Chem. 1992 Oct 25, 267(30) : 21505-21511
206 Latimer AM, Hausman GJ, McCusker RH, et al. The effects of thyroxine on serum and tissue concentrations of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and-II) and IGF-binding proteins in the fetal pig. Endocrinology. 1993, 133(3) : 1312-1319
207 Moromisato DY, Moromisato MY, Zanconato S, et al. Effect of hypoxia on lung, heart, and liver insulin-like growth factor-I gene and receptor expression in the newborn rat. Crit Care Med 1996, 24(6) : 919-924
208 Menuelle P, Babajko S and Plas C. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins modulate the glucocorticoid-dependent biological effects of IGF-II in cultured fetal rat hepatocytes. Endocrinology. 1999, 140(5) : 2232-2240
209 Rhoads RP, Greenwood PL, Bell AW, et al. Nutritional regulation of the genes encoding the acid-labile subunit and other components of the circulating insulin-like growth factor system in the sheep. J Anim Sci. 2000, 78(10) : 2681-2689
210 Santos A, Yusta B, Fernandez-Moreno MD, et al. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor gene in rat brain and liver during development and in regenerating adult rat liver. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1994, 101(1-2) :85-93
211 Sladek FM. Orphan receptor HNF-4 and liver-specific gene expression.Receptor.1993, 3: 223-232．
212 Thakur A, Sase M, Lee JJ, et al. Ontogeny of insulin-like growth factor 1 in a rabbit model of growth retardation. J Surg Res. 2000, 91(2) : 135-140
213 Ward WE, Donovan SM and Atkinson SA. Dexamethasone-induced abnormalities in growth and bone metabolism in piglets are partially attenuated by growth hormone with no synergistic effect of insulin-like growth factor-I. Pediatr Res. 1998, 44(2) : 215-221
214 Baumann G. Growth hormone binding protein 2001． J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.2001, 14 (4) : 355-375
215 Yang H, Ney DM, Peterson CA,ET AL. Stimulation of intestinal growth is associated with increased insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 mRNA in the jejunal mucosa of insulin-like growth factor-I-treated parenterally fed rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1997, 216(3) : 438-445
216 Zung A, Phillip M, Chalew SA,et al. Testosterone effect on growth and growth mediators of the GH-IGF-I axis in the liver and epiphyseal growth plate of juvenile rats. J Mol Endocrinol 1999, 23(2) : 209-221
217 Schoknecht PA, McGuire MA, Cohick WS, et al. Effect of chronic infusion of placental lactogen on ovine fetal growth in late gestation. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1996,13(6) : 519-528
218 Forhead AJ, Li J, Gilmour RS, et al. Thyroid hormones and the mRNA of the GH receptor and IGFs in skeletal muscle of fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002, 282(1) : E80-E86
219 Brameld JM, Weller PA, Saunders JC, et al. Hormonal control of insulin-like growth factor-I and
growth hormone receptor mRNA expression by porcine hepatocytes in culture. J Endocrinol.1995, 146(2) : 239-245
220 Hausman GJ and Wright JT. Ontogeny of the response to thyroxine (T4) in the porcine fetus: interrelationships between serum T4, serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and differentiation of skin and several adipose tissues. Obes Res. 1996, 4(3) : 283-292
221 Hanaire-Broutin H, Sallerin-Caute B, Poncet MF, et al. Insulin therapy and GH-IGF-I axis disorders in diabetes: impact of glycaemic control and hepatic insulinization. Diabetes Metab. 1996, 22(4) : 245-250
222 Clayton KL, Holly JM, Carlsson LM, et al. Loss of the normal relationships between growth hormone, growth hormone-binding protein and insulin-like growth factor-I in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1994, 41(4) : 517-524
223 Bereket A, Lang CH and Wilson TA. Alterations in the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Horm Metab Res. 1999, 31(2-3) :172-181
224 Federici M, Zucaro L, Porzio O, et al. Increased expression of insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I hybrid receptors in skeletal muscle of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects.. J Clin Invest. 1996, 98(12) : 2887-2893
225 Ramsay TG, Wolverton CK and Steele NC. Alteration in IGF-I mRNA content of fetal swine tissues in response to maternal diabetes. Am J Physio! 1994 Nov,267(5 Pt 2) :R1391-R139
226 Breier BH. Regulation of protein and energy metabolism by the somatotropic axis. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1999, 17(2-3) : 209-218
227 Louveau I,-Quesnel H, and Prunier A. GH and IGF-I binding sites in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle and ovaries of feed-restricted gilts. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2000, 40(6) : 571-578
228 Katsumata M, Cattaneo D, White P. et al. Growth hormone receptor gene expression in porcine skeletal and cardiac muscles is selectively regulated by postnatal undernutrition. J Nutr. 2000． 130(10) : 2482-2488
229 Liu J, Boyd CK, Kobayashi Y, et al. A novel phenotype for Lardon dwarfism in miniature Bos indicus cattle suggests that the expression of growth hormone receptor 1A in liver is required for normal growth. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1999, 17(4) : 421-437
230 Parkes MJ and Bassett JM. Antagonism by growth hormone of insulin action in fetal sheep. J Endocrinol. 1985, 105(3) : 379-82．
231 Mathews LS, Norstedt G and Palmiter RD. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I gene expression by growth hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986, 83(24) : 9343-9347
232 Mathews LS, Hammer RE, Bchringer RR, D'Ercole AJ, Bell GI, Brinster RL, Palmiter RD. Growth enhancement of transgenic mice expressing human insulin-like growth factor I. Endocrinology. 1988, 123(6) : 2827-2833
233 Bassett NS and Gluckman PD. Pulsatile growth hormone secretion in the ovine fetus and neonatal lamb. J Endocrinol. 1986, 109(3) : 307-312
234 Breier BH, Gluckman PD and Bass JJ. Plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin in the infant calf: ontogeny and influence of altered nutrition. J Endocrinol. 1988, 119(1) : 43-50
235 Blair HT, McCutcheon SN, Mackenzie DD, et al. Genetic selection for insulin-like growth factor-1 in growing mice is associated with altered growth. Endocrinology. 1988,123(3) : 1690-1692
236 Mao JNC, Cogburn LA and Burnside J. Growth hormone down-regulates growth hormone receptor mRNA in chickens but developmental increases in growth hormone receptor mRNA occur independently of growth hormone action. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1997, 129(2) : 135-143
237 Handwerger S and Freemark M. The roles of placental growth hormone and placental lactogen in the regulation of human fetal growth and development. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000, 13(4) :
343-56
238 Butler AA, Funk B, Breier BH, et al. Growth hormone (GH) status regulates GH receptor and GH binding protein mRNA in a tissue-and transcript-specific manner but has no effect on insulin-like growth factor-I receptor mRNA in the rat. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1996, 116(2) : 181-189
239 Coleman ME, Russell L and Etherton TD. Porcine somatotropin (pST) increases IGF-I mRNA abundance in liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle of growing pigs. J Anim Sci. 1994, 2(4) : 918-924
240 Currie MJ, Bassett NS, Breier BH, et al. Differential effects of maternal ovine placental lactogen and growth hormone (GH) administration on GH receptor, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-l and IGF binding protein-3 gene expression in the pregnant and fetal sheep. Growth Regul. 1996, 6(3) : 123-129
241 Liu JL iverand LeRoith D. Insulin-like growth factor I is essential for postnatal growth in response to growth hormone. Endocrinology. 1999, 140(11) : 5178-5184
242 Philipps AF, Dvorak B, Kling PJ, et al. Absorption of milk-borne insulin-like growth factor-I into portal blood of suckling rats. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000, 31(2) : 128-135
243 Ren MQ, Kuhn G, Wegner J, et al. Feeding daidzein to late pregnant sows influences the estrogen receptor beta and type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor mRNA expression in newborn piglets. J Endocrinol. 2001, 170(1) : 129-135
244 Simmen FA, Badinga L, Green ML, et al. The porcine insulin-like growth factor system: at the interface of nutrition, growth and reproduction. J Nutr. 1998, 128(2 Suppl): 315S-320S
245 Xu RJ and Wang T. Gastrointestinal absorption of insulin-like growth factor-1 in neonatal pigs. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1996, 23(4) : 430-437
246 Xu RJ, Mellor DJ, Dirties MJ, et al. Effects of oral IGF-I or IGF-II on digestive organ growth in newborn piglets. Biol Neonate. 1994;66(5) : 280-287
247 Burrin DG, Wester TJ, Davis TA, et al. Orally administered IGF-I increases intestinal mucosal growth in formula-fed neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol. 1996, 270(5 Pt 2) : R1085-R1091
248 Shen WH and Xu RJ. Stability of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the gastrointestinal lumen in neonatal pigs.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000, 30(3) : 299-304
249 Wester TJ, Davis TA, Fiorotto ML, et al. Exogenous growth hormone stimulates somatotropic axis function and growth in neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol. 1998, 274: E29-37
250 Gill ZP, Perks CM, Newcomb P, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP-3) predisposes breast cancer cells to programmed cell death in a non-IGF-dependent manner. J Biol Chem. 1997, 272(41) : 25602-25607
251 Hassink SG, Sheslow DV, De Lancey E, et al. Serum leptin in children with obesity: relationship to gender and development. Pediatrics. 1996, 98(2 Pt 1) : 201-203
252 Falorni A, Bini V, Molinari D, et al. Leptin serum levels in normal weight and obese children and adolescents: relationship with age, sex, pubertal development, body mass index and insulin. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997, 21(10) : 881-890
253 Kauter K, Ball M, Kearney P, et al. Adrenaline, insulin and glucagon do not have acute effects on plasma leptin levels in sheep: development and characterisation of an ovine leptin ELISA. J Endocrinol. 2000, 166(1) : 127-135
254 Chung CS, Meserole VK and Etherton TD. Temporal nature of insulin binding and insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in isolated swine adipocytes. J Anim Sci.1983, 56(1) : 58-66
255． Etherton TD. The role of insulin-receptor interactions in regulation of nutrient utilization by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: A review. J Anim Sci. 1982, 54(1) : 58-66
256 Lin J, Barb CR, Matteri RL, et al. Long form leptin receptor mRNA expression in the brain, pituitary, and other tissues in the pig. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2000, 19(1) : 53-61
257 阎国来,张崇德。胎儿内分泌学。人民卫生出版社,1994,P46-90;149-193
258 Noda K, Minoura H, Toyoda N. Relative expression of insulin genes I and II during pancreatic development in fetuses of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Life Sci. 1997; 60(10) : 707-714
259 Zamorano PL, Mahesh VB and Brann DW. Quantiative RT-PCR for neuroendocrine studies. Neuo-endocrine. 1996,63:397-407
260 Kb'hler TH, La bbb ner D, Rost AK, et al. Quantitation of mRNA by polymerase china Printed by reaction. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (Germany). 1995, Part 1-Part 3
261 Norrelund H, Gravholt CH, Englaro P, et al. Increased levels but preserved diurnal variation of serum leptin in GH-deficient patients: lack of impact of different modes of GH administration. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998,138 (6) : 644-652
262 Chen XL, Hausman DB, Dean RG, et al. Hormonal regulation of leptin mRNA expression and preadipocyte recruitment and differentiation in porcine primary cultures of S-V cells. Obes.Res. 1998,6: 164-172
263 Mastronardi CA, Walczewska A., Yu WH, et al. The possible role of prolactin in the circadian rhythm of leptin secretion in male rats. Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med. 2000, 224(3) : 152-158
264 Grunfeld C, Sherman BM and Cavalieri RR. The acute effects of human growth hormone administration on thyroid function in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988, 67 (5) : 1111-1114,.
265 Fisker S, Vahl N, Nansen TB, et al. Serum leptin is increased in growth-hormone deficient adults: relationship to body composition and effect of placebo-controlled growth hormone therapy for 1 year. Metabolism. 1997, 46: 812-817
266 Gill MS, Toogood A.A, Jones J, et al. Serum leptin response to the acute and chronic administration of growth hormone (GH) to elderly subjects with GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999, 84 (4) : 1288-1295
267 Jorgensen JO, Moller J, Laursen T, et al. Growth hormone administration stimulates energy expenditure and extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in a dose-dependent manner and suppresses circadian thyrotrophin levels: studies in GH-deficient adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1994, 41(5) : 609-614
268 Jorgensen JO, Ovesen P, Juul A, ET AL. Impact of growth hormone administration on other hormonal axes. Horm Res. 1999;51 Suppl 3: 121-126
269 Moller J, Jorgensen JO, Moller N, et al. Effects of growth hormone administration on fuel oxidation and thyroid function in normal man. Metabolism. 1992, 41(7) : 728-731
270 Domene H, Krishnamurthi K, et al. Growth hormone (GH) stimulates insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-I-binding protein-3, but not GH receptor gene expression in livers of juvenile rats. Endocrinology. 1993, 133(2) : 675-682
271 Baxter RC, Bryson JM and Turtle JR. Somatogenic receptor of rat liver: regulation by insulin. Endocrinology. 1980, 107(4) : 1176-1180
272 Husman B, Andersson G, Norstedt G, et al. Characterization and subcellular distribution of the somatogenic receptor in rat liver. Endocrinology. 1985, 116(6) : 2605-2611
273 范少光,丁桂凤。神经内分泌系统与免疫系统之间的关系(综述)。中国应用生理学杂志,1992。 8 (3) : 281-288
274 沈惠忠。动物生长激素及其应。中国兽药杂志。2000, 34(5) : 49-53