苏北滨海湿地土地资源开发利用与生态安全动态分析
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摘要
本文以江苏盐城滨海湿地为研究对象,利用GIS技术对研究区ETM遥感影像图进行湿地信息提取,并结合历年统计年鉴数据,运用生态系统服务价值理论、马尔科夫转移矩阵、压力—状态—响应的生态安全评价概念框架,分析了苏北滨海地区土地利用类型的现状和动态变化,在时间序列上对研究区生态安全进行评价,以及分析土地利用变化对生态环境的影响。
     运用遥感和地理信息系统技术,得到了苏北滨海湿地土地利用变化图,根据分析苏北滨海湿地土地利用动态变化,得到了苏北滨海湿地1983-2009年土地利用时空演变过程。利用“中国生态系统生态服务价值当量因子表”对盐城滨海地区1983年、2001年和2009年的生态系统服务经济价值进行了估算。盐城滨海地区生态系统服务功能价值1983年为252.83亿元/年,2001年增长到344.48亿元/年,2009年增长到为349.26亿元/年,生态系统服务价值呈上升趋势。
     采用马尔科夫模型对苏北滨海地区未来土地利用结构进行情景模拟,在假设外界干扰不变的前提下,模拟出苏北滨海地区2010-2050年的土地利用结构及其稳定状态。2010-2050年苏北滨海地区的土地利用结构变化主要为村镇用地和耕地占总面积的概率逐步增加,而芦苇地和海水养殖所占比率的逐步下降,减少的芦苇地主要向耕地转变。结合生态系统服务价值理论对未来土地变化情景模拟结果进行分析,研究结果显示,苏北滨海地区的土地利用方式变化趋势为林地、排灌渠道河流等生态服务价值较高的土地利用类型逐渐增加,而生态系统服务价值较低的村镇用地面积增加显著。与此同时滩涂、芦苇地、米草地等不断减少,这几类土地利用类型生态服务价值较高。在制定未来土地资源开发利用开发政策时,应对芦苇地、滩涂地以及米草地等土地资源合理开发利用,对于村镇用地、工业用地的增长应采取适当措施加以控制,以提高苏北盐城滨海地区生态系统服务功能价值。并对土地变化驱动力进行了研究。
     在压力—状态—响应的概念框架的指导下,采用层次分析法构建了目标层、准则层和指标层三个层次,其中包括3个子系统,14个指标,构成盐城湿地生态安全评价指标体系。以行政区域(县级市)为评价单元,运用层次分析法与熵值法组合赋权法进行各指标权重的确定,采用多级加权求和模型对研究区2001年和2009年两个时间段进行生态安全评价。评估结果显示,总体上苏北滨海地区生态环境安全等级有所提高,生态环境质量有好转趋势,与生态系统服务价值变化趋势相符合,但某些区段的安全指数处于中警、预警状态,生态安全潜在的威胁较大。最后针对生态安全评价结果进行提出相应的调控对策。
     最后明确了本文的主要结论与创新点。
In this paper, we took Yanchen coastal wetland of northern Jiangsu as the research object. The paper extracted the data of land use from the remote sensing images by using geographic information systems (GIS) technology and combined with some statistical yearbook data. We use some theories and methods, such as Ecosystem service value, Markov shift matrix forecast method, and P-S-R (Pressure-Status-Response) frame work to study the current status and temporal dynamics of the types of land-use. The paper evaluated the ecological safety from the time-series and analyzed the influence of land-use change on the ecological environment.
     Application of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) technology, we got the land-use map of the Yancheng coastal wetland.According to the analysis of dynamic change of land use, we obtained 1983-2009 land use spatial-temporal evolution. Then evaluate ecosystem service value of Yancheng coastal areas in 1983,2001 and 2009, by using equivalent weight factor table of ecosystem services of terrestrial ecosystems in China. The ecosystem services value in 1983 was 25.283 billion RMB/year.It increased to 34,448 RMB/year in 2001, growth to 34,926 RMB/year in the year of 2009. The ecosystem services value showed ascendant trend.
     Markov model was utilized to simulate future land use structure assumes that external interference was constant.We predicted the land use structure of North Jiangsu coastal wetlands land from 2010 to 2050 and its stability. The results indicated that the percentage of town land and farmland increased gradually, meanwhile reed land and Marine aquaculture land percentage declined. Reduction of reed land was mainly changed to farmland. We used the theory of ecosystem service value to analyse prediction results. Land use patterns in this area changes are high value of types of land use, such as forest land, irrigation ditch and rivers increased, at the same time, low value of types, such as town land improved greatly. However, mudflats, reed land and grassland continually decreased, which had higher value than other types. To improve ecosystem service function value of North Jiangsu coastal wetlands land, we should use mudflats, reed land and grassland rationally, and control the land for residential housing construction appropriately in the following land use planning and ecological construction. In the end, land use change drivers were analyzed.
     Under the guidance of the P-S-R(Pressure-Status-Response) framework,we use AHP method to construct the target layer, rule layer and index layer three administrative levels,which includes 3 subsystems,14 indicators, that constituted ecological security evaluation index system of Yancheng wetland.We took administrative district (county-level city) for the evaluation unit, using AHP and entropy method of combination weighting method to determine the weight of each index.Then we multi-level weighted sum model to evaluate the ecological safety of the study area in 2001 and 2009. The results of regional ecological security showed that the northern Jiangsu coastal wetlands ecological security level was improved as a whole and eco-environment quality took on an ascending trend which coincided with ecosystem service value trends. But the ecological security indexes of some sections were also in alarm or warning status and the potential threat was serious. Some countermeasures were advanced to protect the ecological security of coastal wetland.
     In the end, the main conclusion and innovations in the dissertation are summarized.
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