论北约转型
摘要
本论文以历史唯物主义方法论为指导,将北约转型置于全球化和冷战后国际格局大变动的整体背景下,从影响北约转型的各种推动力量及互动关系的角度,探讨北约转型与国际格局的变更和联盟成员国利益需求变化之间的内在联系,揭示北约转型的内因与外因及北约转型对北约联盟自身与当代国际关系的影响。
本论文主体部分共分为四章。
第一、第二章主要研究北约从成立到迄今为止的60年里战略是如何演变的。其基本线索是把北约放在冷战时期美苏对峙的两极国际格局和冷战结束后的多极化国际格局两个不同的国际政治大背景下进行比较分析,通过对北约军事战略、政治战略、组织机制冷战前和冷战后的对比,说明北约性质、功能、战略目标和组织机制的发展变化。北约成立时,北约性质的定位是军事政治组织,是一个集体防御组织。冷战后,面对变化了的安全环境,美国和欧洲盟国对北约有两大要求:一方面希望北约成为实现欧洲统一和稳定的工具,这就要求不断强化北约的政治职能;另一方面,希望北约能够转变军事战略,应付新形势下新的安全问题,这就要求北约具备处理危机的快速反应能力。北约转型正是沿着这两条线索发展的:第一,强化北约的政治职能,在保留集体防御条款的同时,使双边和多边安全合作成为联盟的重要手段,使北约发展成为开放性的泛欧安全合作体系的基础,逐渐由集体防御组织向集体安全组织演变。第二,确立处理危机和反恐战略,突破域外行动限制,并在指挥系统和军事部署方面进行大幅度的调整。
第三章主要分析和论述了北约转型的内因与外因。一方面,由于国际格局和安全环境的深刻变化,导致北约存在的理念基础、有效性基础和制度基础受到削弱,在这种情况下北约必须转型,以适应新的安全形势需要,化解生存危机。另一方面,北约转型反映了西方国家对于巩固他们在冷战结束后新的国际结构中相对权力地位,以及谋求他们自身安全利益的考虑。对于美国、英国、法国、德国等北约组织内的大国来说,不仅能够从北约中获得共同的安全利益,北约还有助于他们或实施全球战略、或强化在区域中的相对实力、或均衡其他大国的势力或提高自己在国际体系中的地位和影响力。因此,美欧共同推动北约转型。就北约转型的外部变量俄罗斯因素来说,俄罗斯因素不仅是北约构建欧洲新安全秩序所必须要考虑的,也是影响北约存在和扩大的关键性变量。
第四章主要分析了北约转型的影响与挑战。就北约转型的影响来说,它不仅关系到北约在新的历史条件下自身的存在,而且也引出了有关欧亚大陆战略角逐、美俄欧三角、中国在美“两洋”战略中的地缘战略处境等一系列重大问题的讨论,其影响是深远的。就北约转型面临的内外挑战来看,由于美欧在北约内部的矛盾与分歧,以及俄罗斯与北约在北约扩大和对欧洲安全格局主导权的争夺中存在着不可调和的矛盾,再加上国际机制和国际格局的制约,注定北约转型的进程不会是一帆风顺的。就北约未来的发展趋势来说,由于美欧双方都有改善、加强双方关系的需求,这就决定了未来美欧联盟总体的稳定性与可持续性,美欧关系将呈现出战略性合作与战术性分歧并存的特点;就北约扩大的步伐将迈向何方来看,未来北约的扩大将会沿着两个方向进行,一是面向西巴尔干地区;二是沿着乌克兰-外高加索-中亚一线,甚至可能推向蒙古。就北约与俄罗斯的关系来看,双方的关系只能是遏制与反遏制、冲突与合作并存,坚持“斗而不破”的底线。
论文的结论部分指出,一方面,北约转型的成功与否将在根本上取决于它是否能够满足北约各国,尤其是其主要成员国所理解的各自对外战略和国家利益的需要。当他们认为该联盟不能满足于这些需要时,这一联盟的作用乃至它持续存在的前景是令人怀疑的。另一方面,北约唯有顺应国际社会发展大势,其转型之路才能越走越宽,否则必将难以为继,走入“死胡同”。
This paper, under the guidance of historical materialism, by putting NATO’s transformation under the background of globalization and changes of international patterns after cold war, by taking all driving forces affecting NATO’s transformation and their interrelations into account, analyzed the interrelations between NATO’s transformation, changes of international patterns and changes of the interest of its member countries, internal and external causes of NATO’s transformation, and influences of NATO’s transformation on the alliance and contemporary international relations.
This paper includes four chapters.
The first two chapters mainly discussed the evolution of NATO’s strategy in the past 60 years since its establishment. The first two chapters, by putting NATO into two different international political backgrounds, namely the US-Soviet bipolar pattern in cold war and multi-polar pattern after cold war, by comparative analysis on NATO’s military strategies, political strategies and organizational mechanisms in cold war and after cold war, explained changes and developments of NATO’s nature, function, strategic objectives and organizational mechanisms. After its establishment, NATO had been a military-political organization, an organization for collective defense. After cold war, in the face of the changed security environment, the US and its European alliances set two objectives for NATO: on one hand, NATO was expected to be the tool for unifying and stabilizing Europe, which means that NATO’s political function shall be strengthened ceaselessly; on the other hand, NATO was expected to change its military strategy in order to deal with new security issues under new situation, namely NATO was required to have quick reaction capabilities for handling crisis. NATO’s transformation developed along with these two directions. First, NATO’s political function had been strengthened, together with reserving its collective defense article, bilateral and multi-lateral security cooperation had become the alliance’s main tools, and NATO had been the base of an opening trans-European cooperative security system, and it had changed from a collective defense organization into a collective security organization. Second, NATO had set crisis handling and anti-terrorism strategy, broken through restrictions on actions out of defense zone, and greatly adjusted its command system and military deployment.
The third chapter mainly analyzed and discussed the internal and external causes of NATO’s transformation. On one hand, due to the profound changes of international patterns and security environment, NATO’s theoretical foundation, validity foundation and systematic foundation had been weaken, therefore, NATO was expected to transform in order to fulfill the requirement of new security situation and deal with its existential crisis. On the other hand, NATO’s transformation reflected western countries’desire to consolidate their relative superiority in international pattern after cold war and pursue their security interests. For the US, U.K., France, Germany and other big powers in NATO, on one hand, they could pursue their common security interests through NATO; on the other hand, NATO was helpful for them to implement their global strategy, or strengthen their relative power in their own region, or balance other powers’influence, or improve their status and influences in international system. Thus, both American and Europeans drove NATO to transform after cold war. For Russia, one of the external causes for NATO’s transformation, it not only had influences on NATO’s effort for constructing new security order in Europe, but also had key influences on NATO’s existence and enlargement.
The fourth chapter mainly analyzed the influences and challenges of NATO’s transformation. For its influences, NATO’s transformation not only had influences on NATO’s existence, but also led discussions on several key issues, like strategic games on Eurasia, triangle relations among the US, Russia and the European Union, and China’s geo-strategic role in US’s bi-oceanic strategy, and etc. Its influences were profound. For internal and external challenges in NATO’s transformation, since both the US and European Union had the requirement to improve and strengthen bilateral relations, the US-EU alliance would maintain stable and sustainable generally in the future, US-EU relations would characterize as a mixture of strategic cooperation and tactical disputes. For NATO’s enlargement, it would continue its enlargement towards two directions, one would be western Balkans, the other would be Ukraine-Transcaucasia-Central Asia, and even Mongolia. For the NATO-Russia relations, both parties had no option but to continue to contain and anti-contain, conflict and cooperate, they would maintain their conflict but without complete break.
The conclusion was that, on one hand, the success or not of NATO’s transformation would mainly lie on its satisfaction or not with its member countries’particularly its key members’diplomatic strategies and requirements on national interests. If they did not satisfy with the alliance’s actions, the function and future of the alliance would be doubtful; on the other hand, NATO had no option but to go along with world trends so as to continue its transformation, or it would go into cul-de-sac.
本论文主体部分共分为四章。
第一、第二章主要研究北约从成立到迄今为止的60年里战略是如何演变的。其基本线索是把北约放在冷战时期美苏对峙的两极国际格局和冷战结束后的多极化国际格局两个不同的国际政治大背景下进行比较分析,通过对北约军事战略、政治战略、组织机制冷战前和冷战后的对比,说明北约性质、功能、战略目标和组织机制的发展变化。北约成立时,北约性质的定位是军事政治组织,是一个集体防御组织。冷战后,面对变化了的安全环境,美国和欧洲盟国对北约有两大要求:一方面希望北约成为实现欧洲统一和稳定的工具,这就要求不断强化北约的政治职能;另一方面,希望北约能够转变军事战略,应付新形势下新的安全问题,这就要求北约具备处理危机的快速反应能力。北约转型正是沿着这两条线索发展的:第一,强化北约的政治职能,在保留集体防御条款的同时,使双边和多边安全合作成为联盟的重要手段,使北约发展成为开放性的泛欧安全合作体系的基础,逐渐由集体防御组织向集体安全组织演变。第二,确立处理危机和反恐战略,突破域外行动限制,并在指挥系统和军事部署方面进行大幅度的调整。
第三章主要分析和论述了北约转型的内因与外因。一方面,由于国际格局和安全环境的深刻变化,导致北约存在的理念基础、有效性基础和制度基础受到削弱,在这种情况下北约必须转型,以适应新的安全形势需要,化解生存危机。另一方面,北约转型反映了西方国家对于巩固他们在冷战结束后新的国际结构中相对权力地位,以及谋求他们自身安全利益的考虑。对于美国、英国、法国、德国等北约组织内的大国来说,不仅能够从北约中获得共同的安全利益,北约还有助于他们或实施全球战略、或强化在区域中的相对实力、或均衡其他大国的势力或提高自己在国际体系中的地位和影响力。因此,美欧共同推动北约转型。就北约转型的外部变量俄罗斯因素来说,俄罗斯因素不仅是北约构建欧洲新安全秩序所必须要考虑的,也是影响北约存在和扩大的关键性变量。
第四章主要分析了北约转型的影响与挑战。就北约转型的影响来说,它不仅关系到北约在新的历史条件下自身的存在,而且也引出了有关欧亚大陆战略角逐、美俄欧三角、中国在美“两洋”战略中的地缘战略处境等一系列重大问题的讨论,其影响是深远的。就北约转型面临的内外挑战来看,由于美欧在北约内部的矛盾与分歧,以及俄罗斯与北约在北约扩大和对欧洲安全格局主导权的争夺中存在着不可调和的矛盾,再加上国际机制和国际格局的制约,注定北约转型的进程不会是一帆风顺的。就北约未来的发展趋势来说,由于美欧双方都有改善、加强双方关系的需求,这就决定了未来美欧联盟总体的稳定性与可持续性,美欧关系将呈现出战略性合作与战术性分歧并存的特点;就北约扩大的步伐将迈向何方来看,未来北约的扩大将会沿着两个方向进行,一是面向西巴尔干地区;二是沿着乌克兰-外高加索-中亚一线,甚至可能推向蒙古。就北约与俄罗斯的关系来看,双方的关系只能是遏制与反遏制、冲突与合作并存,坚持“斗而不破”的底线。
论文的结论部分指出,一方面,北约转型的成功与否将在根本上取决于它是否能够满足北约各国,尤其是其主要成员国所理解的各自对外战略和国家利益的需要。当他们认为该联盟不能满足于这些需要时,这一联盟的作用乃至它持续存在的前景是令人怀疑的。另一方面,北约唯有顺应国际社会发展大势,其转型之路才能越走越宽,否则必将难以为继,走入“死胡同”。
This paper, under the guidance of historical materialism, by putting NATO’s transformation under the background of globalization and changes of international patterns after cold war, by taking all driving forces affecting NATO’s transformation and their interrelations into account, analyzed the interrelations between NATO’s transformation, changes of international patterns and changes of the interest of its member countries, internal and external causes of NATO’s transformation, and influences of NATO’s transformation on the alliance and contemporary international relations.
This paper includes four chapters.
The first two chapters mainly discussed the evolution of NATO’s strategy in the past 60 years since its establishment. The first two chapters, by putting NATO into two different international political backgrounds, namely the US-Soviet bipolar pattern in cold war and multi-polar pattern after cold war, by comparative analysis on NATO’s military strategies, political strategies and organizational mechanisms in cold war and after cold war, explained changes and developments of NATO’s nature, function, strategic objectives and organizational mechanisms. After its establishment, NATO had been a military-political organization, an organization for collective defense. After cold war, in the face of the changed security environment, the US and its European alliances set two objectives for NATO: on one hand, NATO was expected to be the tool for unifying and stabilizing Europe, which means that NATO’s political function shall be strengthened ceaselessly; on the other hand, NATO was expected to change its military strategy in order to deal with new security issues under new situation, namely NATO was required to have quick reaction capabilities for handling crisis. NATO’s transformation developed along with these two directions. First, NATO’s political function had been strengthened, together with reserving its collective defense article, bilateral and multi-lateral security cooperation had become the alliance’s main tools, and NATO had been the base of an opening trans-European cooperative security system, and it had changed from a collective defense organization into a collective security organization. Second, NATO had set crisis handling and anti-terrorism strategy, broken through restrictions on actions out of defense zone, and greatly adjusted its command system and military deployment.
The third chapter mainly analyzed and discussed the internal and external causes of NATO’s transformation. On one hand, due to the profound changes of international patterns and security environment, NATO’s theoretical foundation, validity foundation and systematic foundation had been weaken, therefore, NATO was expected to transform in order to fulfill the requirement of new security situation and deal with its existential crisis. On the other hand, NATO’s transformation reflected western countries’desire to consolidate their relative superiority in international pattern after cold war and pursue their security interests. For the US, U.K., France, Germany and other big powers in NATO, on one hand, they could pursue their common security interests through NATO; on the other hand, NATO was helpful for them to implement their global strategy, or strengthen their relative power in their own region, or balance other powers’influence, or improve their status and influences in international system. Thus, both American and Europeans drove NATO to transform after cold war. For Russia, one of the external causes for NATO’s transformation, it not only had influences on NATO’s effort for constructing new security order in Europe, but also had key influences on NATO’s existence and enlargement.
The fourth chapter mainly analyzed the influences and challenges of NATO’s transformation. For its influences, NATO’s transformation not only had influences on NATO’s existence, but also led discussions on several key issues, like strategic games on Eurasia, triangle relations among the US, Russia and the European Union, and China’s geo-strategic role in US’s bi-oceanic strategy, and etc. Its influences were profound. For internal and external challenges in NATO’s transformation, since both the US and European Union had the requirement to improve and strengthen bilateral relations, the US-EU alliance would maintain stable and sustainable generally in the future, US-EU relations would characterize as a mixture of strategic cooperation and tactical disputes. For NATO’s enlargement, it would continue its enlargement towards two directions, one would be western Balkans, the other would be Ukraine-Transcaucasia-Central Asia, and even Mongolia. For the NATO-Russia relations, both parties had no option but to continue to contain and anti-contain, conflict and cooperate, they would maintain their conflict but without complete break.
The conclusion was that, on one hand, the success or not of NATO’s transformation would mainly lie on its satisfaction or not with its member countries’particularly its key members’diplomatic strategies and requirements on national interests. If they did not satisfy with the alliance’s actions, the function and future of the alliance would be doubtful; on the other hand, NATO had no option but to go along with world trends so as to continue its transformation, or it would go into cul-de-sac.
引文
①Timothy P. Ireland, Creating the Entangling Alliance: The Origins of the North Atlantic Alliance (Westport, CI: Greanwood Press, 1981); Escott Reid, Time of Fear and Hope: The Making of the North Atlantic Treaty (Toronto: McClellan and Stewart, 1977) ;有关北约历史起源方面的研究还可参考:Lawrence S. Kaplan, A Community of Interests (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1980) and The United States and NATO: The Formative Years (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1984); John Baylis, The Diplomacy of Pragmatism: Britain and the Formation of NATO, 1942-1949 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1993).
②U.S, Congress, Congressional Research Service, NATO at 40: Bibliographic Resources (CRS Report for Congress, 89-175l, march 1999).
③Richard L. Kugler, Commitment to Purpose: How Alliance Partnership Won the Cold War (Santa Moncia, CA: RAND, 1993); NATO Military Strategy for the Post-Cold War Era: Issues and Options, R-4217-AF (Santa Monica: RAND, 1992).
④Bradley S. Klein,“Hegemony and Strategic Culture: American Power Projection and Alliance Defense Politics”, Review of International Studies, 1988, Vol. 14, No. 2; Andre de Staercke et al., NATO’s Anxious Birth: The Prophetic Vision of the 1940s (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985).
⑤S. F. Giffin,“Untangling An Alliance”, Orbis, Fall 1963, Vol. 7, No.3; Richard Hart Sinnreich,“NATO’s Doctrinal Dilemma”, Orbis, Summer 1975, Vol . 19, No. 2; William J. Thies,“The‘Demise’of NATO: A Postmortem”, Parameters, June 1990, Vol. 20. No .2; Joseph Lepgold, The Declining Hegemon: The Untied States and European Defense, 1960-1990 (New York: Praeger, 1990); Robert E. Osgood, NATO: The Entangling Alliance (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963); Richard Kugler, The Great Strategy Debate: NATO’s Evolution in the 1960s (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1991).
⑥The Chatham House Study Group, Atlantic Alliance: NATO’s Role in the Free World (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs); Mary Margaret Ball, NATO and the European Union Movement (New York: Praeger, 1959); Karl Kaiser, Europe and the United States: The Future of the Relationship (Washington D.C.: Columbia Books, 1973).
①此方面的研究参见:Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, National Security, the Truman Administrative, and the Cold War (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1992); Peter Duignan, NATO, Its Past, Present and Future (Stanford University Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 2000); Ashton B. Carter and William J. Perry, Preventive Defense-A New Security Strategy for America (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1999); Paul Cornish, Partnership in Crisis: The US, Europe and the Fall and Rise of NATO (London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1997); David S. Yost, NATO Transformed: The Alliance’s New Roles in International Security (Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1998).
②此方面的研究参见:Gerald B. Solomon, The NATO Enlargement Debate, 1990-1997: Blessings of Liberty (Westport: Praeger, 1998); Andrew A. Michta (ed.), America’s New Allies, Poland, Hungry, and the Czech Republic in NATO (University of Washington Press, 1999); Stephen J. Blank, ed., From Madrid to Brussels: Perspectives on NATO Enlargement (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 1997).
③Ronald D. Asmus, Richard L. Kugler and F. Stephen Larrabee,“Building a New NATO”, Foreign Affairs (September/October 1993), p.28.
④1991年2月15日,捷克斯洛伐克共和国、匈牙利、波兰在匈牙利的维谢格莱德镇召开会议。三国保证相互之间进行合作,以尽快融入到欧洲的政治、经济和安全体系之中。维谢格莱德国家的名称由此而来。捷克共和国、斯洛伐克共和国各自独立后,维谢格莱德国家即指四个国家:捷克共和国、斯洛伐克共和国、波兰、匈牙利。
⑤Ronald D. Asmus, Richard L. Kugler and F. Stephen Larrabee,“Building a New NATO”, Foreign Affairs, September/October 1993, pp.32-39.
①Gerald B. Solomon,“The NATO Enlargement Debate, 1990-1997”, Westport: Praeger, 1998.
②Martin Smith, Where is NATO going? (London: Routledge, 1996).
③Frank R. Douglas, The United States, NATO, and a new multilateral relationship (Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International, 2000).
④Aurel Braun, Nato-Russia relations in the twenty-first century (New York, NY: Rourledge, 2000).
①Strobe Talbott,“Why NATO Should Grow”, New York Review of Books, August 10, 1995, pp.27-34.
②Anthony Lake,“Effective engagement in a changing world”, Bulletin of USIS, December 20, 1993.
③Sam Nunn,“The Future of NATO in an Uncertain World: Expansion Deserves Thorough and Careful Consideration”, Vital Speech of the Day, Vol. LXI, No. 19, July 15, 1995, p. 584.
④Gale A. Mattox, Arthur R. Rachwald"Enlarging NATO: the national debates",Boulder, Colo. : Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001.
⑤此方面的研究参见:Ellen Hallams,“The Transatlantic Alliance renewed: the United States and NATO since 9.11”, Journal of Transatlantic Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2009; Zoltan Barany, The Future of NATO Expansion: Four Case Studies (Cambridge University Press, 2003); Jaap de Hoop Scheffer,“A new NATO needed: Security interests of U.S. and Europe converge”, The Washington Times, June 2, 2003; John J. Lis and Zachary Selden, NATO burdensharing after enlargement (New York: Novinka Books, 2003).
⑥Richard E. Rupp, NATO after 9·11: an alliance in continuing decline (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
①Dimitris Keridis, NATO future: strategy and system in the Western alliance (New York: Palgrave, 2000).
②邱恩田:《北约:从冷战到热战》,北京:新华出版社,1999年版;刘传、杨学平:《解读北约》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999年版;祁长松:《走向疯狂—北约50年之路》,北京:东方出版社,1999年版;许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版。许海云:《锻造冷战联盟—美国大西洋联盟政策研究(1945-1955)》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007年版。
③胡立博:《聚焦北约》,北京:知识出版社,1999年版;侯小河:《联盟战车:北约军事战略发展与现状》,北京:军事科学出版社,2002年版;韩旭东:《北约军情内幕》,北京:新华出版社,2002年版;王美权:《为了谁的安全—北约军事战略大透视》,北京:新华出版社,2002年版。
④李友华、雷宏:《螃蟹的逻辑:透视北约战略新概念》,上海:上海人民出版社,1999年版;殷雄:《剑与血:北约东扩的背后》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000年版;邢晔、苏惠民、王毅:《新世纪北约的走向》,北京:时事出版社,2004年版;中国现代国际关系研究院美欧研究中心:《北约的命运》,北京:时事出版社,2004年版。
⑤有关这方面的著述可参看:林婕:《冷战后北约东扩与美欧关系》,武汉大学博士论文,2005年;钟振明:《变动国际结构中的国家权力主导性—对大西洋联盟持续存在和发展的现实主义分析》,复旦大学博士论文,2003年;刘利民:《影响冷战后北约继续存续的决定性因素》,清华大学博士论文,2005年;李海东:《美国对北约扩展政策研究:1990-1999》,南京大学博士论文,2000年;刘军:《北约东扩与俄、美、欧的战略选择》,华东师范大学博士论文,2002年。
①陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版。
②王乃成:《21世纪的新北约—美国推行强权政治和霸权主义的工具》,《外国问题研究》,1999年第3期。
③允华:《以美国为首的北约对南联盟动武的目的和影响》,《外国问题研究》,1999年第2期。
④王乃成:《从北约东扩及北约新战略看21世纪的新北约》,《国际论坛》,1999年第2期。
⑤刘海如:《新北约的四大特征及对欧洲安全的影响》,《现代国际关系》,1999年第5期。
⑥林波:《北约新战略概念对国际战略格局的影响》,《国防大学学报》,1999年第9期。
①沈世顺:《从布拉格峰会看北约的发展变化》,《世界政治与经济》,2003年第1期。
②杨大志:《北约的全面转型与未来走向》,《现代军事》,2004年3月。
③许海云:《伊拉克战争后的北约战略转型及其发展趋势》,《当代世界与社会主义》,2003年第4期。
④孔凡文:《布加勒斯特峰会与北约转型》,《当代世界》,2008年第5期。
⑤阮宗泽:《北约的战略转型及其挑战》,《国际问题研究》,2003年第2期。
①Lloyd C. Gardner, Architects of Illusion, Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy 1941-1949 (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970), pp. 23-24.
②Mark P. Lagon and Michel Lind,“American Way: The Enduring Interests of US Foreign Policy”, Policy Review, Summer 1991, pp. 38-44.
③美国国务院政策设计委员会:《关于西方联盟及其他问题的研究报告》,《美国对外关系文件集,1948年,第8卷,西欧》,华盛顿特区:美国政府机构出版社,1974年版,第62页。
①David Rees, The Age of the Containment, the Cold War (1945-1946) (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1967), p.33.
②David Rees, The Age of the Containment, the Cold War (1945-1946) (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1967), p.18.
①Kessing’s Contemporary Archives (1946~1948) (London: Kessing’s Publication Limited), p. 9188.
②(美)沃·惠·罗斯托:《从第七层楼上展望世界》(国际关系学院“五七”翻译组译),北京:商务印书馆,1973年版,第61页。
③陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第25页。
①Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, National Security, the Truman Administrative, and the Cold War (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1992), p.62.
②(法)戴高乐:《战争回忆录》(北京翻译社译)第2卷,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年版,第649页。
③(法)戴高乐:《战争回忆录》(北京翻译社译)第2卷,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年版,第652页。
④《国际条约集(1945~1947)》,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年版,第438-439页。
①(美)哈里·杜鲁门:《杜鲁门回忆录》(李石译)第2卷,北京:三联书店,1974年版,第289页。
①陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第24页。
②John Baylis, The Diplomacy of Pragmatism, Britain and the Formation of NATO (1942-1949) (London, 1993), p.158.
①《国际条约集(1948-1949)》,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年版,第191-195页。
①许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第47页。
①许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第48页。
②Peter Duignan, NATO, Its Past, Present and Future (Stanford University Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 2000), p.32.
①许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第54页。
②许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第55页。
③Peter Duignan, NATO, Its Past, Present and Future (Stanford University Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 2000), p.32.
①Robert S. Jordan, The NATO International Staff/Secretariat, 1952-1957, A Study in International Administration (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), p.19.
②许海云:《锻造冷战联盟—美国大西洋联盟政策研究(1945-1955)》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007年版,第343页。
③许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第56-58页。
④许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第56-58页。
①Peter Duignan, NATO, Its Past, Present and Future (Stanford University Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 2000, pp. 37-40.
②许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第65-67页。
①Gustav Schmidt, A History of NATO-The First Fifty Years (Volume 1) (Palgrave Publishers Ltd, 2001), pp. 29-30.
②许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第70页。
①许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第70-72页。
①(美)哈里·杜鲁门:《杜鲁门回忆录》(李石译)第2卷,北京:三联书店,1974年版,第299页。
②(美)哈里·杜鲁门:《杜鲁门回忆录》(李石译)第2卷,北京:三联书店,1974年版,第304页。
①美国国务院政策设计委员会:《关于西方联盟及其他问题的研究报告》,《美国对外关系文件集,1948年,第8卷,西欧》,华盛顿特区:美国政府机构出版社1974年版,第353-356页。
②陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第192-194页。
③上海国际问题研究所欧洲研究室:《两大军事集团的对峙—北约与华约》,上海:上海人民出版社,1983年版,第54页。
①(美)阿伦·米利特、彼得·马斯洛斯基:《美国军事史》(军事科学院外国军事研究部译),北京:军事科学出版社,1989年版,第487页。
②Osgood, R.E, NATO: The Entangling Alliance (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1962), p.376.
①刘金质:《冷战史》(上册),北京:北京知识出版社,2003年版,第545-546页。
②(比利时)罗贝尔·克洛兹:《欧洲有没有防务?》(施谋仁等译),北京:商务印书馆,1979年版,第218-225页。
③陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第201页。
①许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第111-112页。
②Lord Ismay, NATO: The First Five Years 1949~1954 (The Netherlands: Bosch-Utrecht, 1954), pp.29-30.
③(比利时)罗贝尔·克洛兹:《欧洲有没有防务?》(施谋仁等译),北京:商务印书馆,1979年版,第218-225页。
①北约情报中心:《北大西洋公约组织》,布鲁塞尔,1980年版,第138页。
②Sam Nunn,“NATO: Saving the Alliance”, Washington Quarterly, Summer, 1982(5).
①Peter Duignan, NATO, Its Past, Present and Future (Stanford University Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 2000), p.49.
②(德)施特劳斯:《挑战与应战—一个欧洲纲领》(上海《国际问题资料》编辑组),上海:上海人民出版社,1976年版,第82页。
①(德)斯密特:《均势战略:德国的和平政策和超级大国》(上海外国语学院英语系译),上海:上海人民出版社,1975年版,第242页。
①韩旭东:《北约军情内幕》,北京:新华出版社,2002年版,第243~244页。
②注:1986年为估计数
③(德)施特劳斯:《挑战与应战—一个欧洲纲领》(上海《国际问题资料》编辑组),上海:上海人民出版社,1976年版,第82页。
①Henry Kissinger,“A Plan to Reshape NATO”, Time, Mar 5, 1984, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952345,00.html.
②Henry Kissinger,“A Plan to Reshape NATO”, Time, Mar 5, 1984, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952345,00.html.
①Theodore Couloumbis, Greek Political Reaction to American and NATO Influence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), p.15.
②Peter Duignan, NATO, Its Past, Present and Future (Stanford University Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 2000), p.59.
①(土耳其)A?索瓦特?比尔齐:《土耳其寻求安全的漫长道路—大西洋联盟成员国的第一次扩大》,《北约评论》,1985年第3/4期,第36—41页。
②(土耳其)A?索瓦特?比尔齐:《土耳其寻求安全的漫长道路—大西洋联盟成员国的第一次扩大》,《北约评论》,1985年第3/4期,第36—41页。
③(土耳其)A?索瓦特?比尔齐:《土耳其寻求安全的漫长道路—大西洋联盟成员国的第一次扩大》,《北约评论》,1985年第3/4期,第36—41页。
①美国国务院政策设计委员会:《美国对外关系文件集,1948年,第3卷,西欧》,华盛顿特区,美国政府出版机构,1974年版,第308页。
②许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第78页。
③许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第79页。
①李海东:《论冷战期间的北约扩大》,复旦大学博士后报告,2002年,第55页。
②Paul Preston and Denis Smyth,“Spain, the EEC and NATO”, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984, p. 4.
③(苏联)马依斯基:《西班牙史纲:1918-1972》(中山大学外语系翻译组),北京:三联书店,1983年版,第350页。
①Gustav Schmidt, A History of NATO-The First Fifty Years (Volume 1) (Palgrave Publishers Ltd, 2001), pp. 77-79.
②Gustav Schmidt, A History of NATO-The First Fifty Years (Volume 1) (Palgrave Publishers Ltd, 2001), pp. 81-83.
①陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第429页。
②陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第430页。
③陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第431页。
①陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第435页。
②陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第437页。
③陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第437页。
①许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第245页。
②阎学通:《国际格局的变化趋势》,《现代国际关系》,2005年第10期。
①(美)《华盛顿邮报》1995年10月7日,转引自顾关福:《战后国际关系(1945-2003)》,北京:时事出版社,2003年版,第51页。
①俞正梁等:《全球化时代的国际关系》,上海:复旦大学出版社,2000年版,第250页。
②陈佳:《试析国际关系民主化及中国的战略选择》,《理论导刊》,2008年第7期。
①《当代国际政治与国际关系》编写组:《当代国际政治与国际关系》,哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社1992年版,第85页。
①陆齐华:《俄罗斯和欧洲安全》,北京:中央编译出版社,2001年版,第133页。
①张蕴岭:《欧洲剧变与世界格局》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1996年版,第79页。
②(美)《波士顿环球报》1994年7月3日,转引自张蕴岭:《欧洲剧变与世界格局》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1996年版,第79-80页。
③李大光:《中国安全抉择:构筑21世纪的国家安全体系》,北京:石油工业出版社,2002年版,第103-104页。
①罗援:《两种安全观念,两种安全模式》,《世界经济与政治》,2001年第3期。
②马振超:《新形势下国家安全观的演变及特点》,《中国青年政治学院学报》,2008年第5期。
①杨光海:《安全观的演进:从传统到非传统的转变》,《教学与研究》,2008年第3期。
②(美)罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈:《权力与相互依赖—转变中的世界政治》,北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1992年版,第31页。
①李大光:《中国安全抉择:构筑21世纪的国家安全体系》,北京:石油工业出版社,2002年版,第110-111页。
②杨万明:《论综合安全观》,《国际问题研究》,2005年第4期。
③李大光:《中国安全抉择:构筑21世纪的国家安全体系》,北京:石油工业出版社,2002年版,第119-120页。另1997年3月,中国在与菲律宾共同主办的东盟地区论坛信任措施会议上,首次正式提出了冷战后维护亚太地区各国安全的新安全观。
④蔡拓:《全球化与当代国际关系》,《马克思主义与现实》,1998年第4期。
①“The London Declaration'”, London, 6 July, 1990, http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/b900706a.htm.
②许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第248页。
③Paul L. Montgomery,“NATO IS PLANNING TO CUT U.S. FORCES IN EUROPE BY 50%”, New York Times, 29 May, 1991.
④North Atlantic Council (Ministerial Meeting),“NATO’s Core Security Functions”, NATO Review, 39, June 1991, p.31.
①Richard Lugar,“NATO: out of Area or out of Business, a Call for US Leadership to Revive and Redefine the Alliance”, Presentation to the Open Forum of the US Department of State, 2 August, 1993.
②“The Alliance's Strategic Concept agreed by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council”, Rome, 8 November, 1991, http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/b911108a.htm.
③“The Brussels Summit Declaration”, Brussels, 11 January, 1994, http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/b940111a.htm.
④Richard Lugar,“NATO: out of Area or out of Business, a Call for US Leadership to Revive and Redefine the Alliance”, Presentation to the Open Forum of the US Department of State, 2 August, 1993.
①CSCE, Helsinki Document 1992,“The Challenges of Change-Helsinki Summit Declaration”, sect 25, Http://www. Osceprag.cz/e/docs/.
②CSCE, Helsinki Document 1992,“The Challenges of Change-Helsinki Summit Declaration”, sect 20, Http://www. Osceprag.cz/e/docs/.
③“Madrid Declaration on Euro-Atlantic Security and Cooperation”, Madrid, 8 July, 1997, http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1997/p97-081e.htm.
④“The Alliance's Strategic Concept”, Washington D.C., 24th April, 1999, http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1999/p99-065e.htm.
⑤“The Alliance's Strategic Concept”, Washington D.C., 24th April, 1999, http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1999/p99-065e.htm.
①“Prague Summit Declaration”, Prague, 21 November, 2002, http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2002/p02-127e.htm.
②“Prague Summit Declaration”, Prague, 21 November, 2002, http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2002/p02-127e.htm.
③“Statement on Iraq”, Istanbul, 28 June, 2004, http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2004/p04-098e.htm.
①“Riga Summit Declaration”, Riga, 29 November, 2006, http: //www. nato.int/docu/pr/2006 /p06-150e. htm.
②付征南:《北约快速反应部队渐成气候》,《环球军事》,2007年第2期。
③“Comprehensive Political Guidance”, Riga, 29 November, 2006, http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/b061129e.htm.
①George A Joulwan,“SHAPE and IFOR: Adapting to the Needs of Tomorrow”, NATO Review, No. 2, March 1996, pp. 6-9.
②John Kriendler,“NATO’s Changing Role-Opportunities and Constraints for Peacekeeping”, NATO Review, No. 3, June 1993, pp. 16-21.
③Ashton B. Carter and William J. Perry, Preventive Defense-A New Security Strategy for America (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1999), p. 57.
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[1]“The North Atlantic Treaty”, Washington D.C., 4 April, 1949, http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/treaty.htm.
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[1] Ambassador Sergio Balanzino, Deputy Secretary General of NATO,“Deepening Partnership: the Key to Long-term Stability in Europe”, NATO Review, No. 4, July-August, 1997.
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[3] Andrei Kozyrev,“Partnership or Cold Peace?”, Foreign Policy, Summer 1995.
[4] Andrew Gray,“Russia seeks to weaken US, West: NATO general”, http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-Russia/idUSTRE52N7L520090324.
[5] Anthony H. Cordesman,“Rethinking NATO's force transformation”, NATO Review, spring 2005, http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2005/issue1/english/art4.html.
[6] Barry Buzan,“The Present as a Historic Turning Point”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 30, No. 4, 1995.
[7] Bruce Riedel,“Afghanistan: The Taliban Resurgent and NATO”, http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2006/1128globalgovernance_riedel.aspx.
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[10] Craig R. Whitney,“France Presses for a Power Independence of the US”, New York Times, 7 November, 1999, p. 45.
[11] David Dickens,“Can East Timor Be a Blueprint for Burden Sharing?”, THE WASHINGTON QUARTERLY, SUMMER 2002, http://www.twq.com/02summer/dickens.pdf.
[12] Ellen Hallams,“The Transatlantic Alliance renewed: the United States and NATO since 9/11”, Journal of Transatlantic Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2009.
[13] George A Joulwan,“SHAPE and IFOR: Adapting to the Needs of Tomorrow”, NATO Review, No. 2, March 1996.
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[19] Jaap de Hoop Scheffer,“A new NATO needed: Security interests of U.S. and Europe converge”, The Washington Times, June 2, 2003.
[20] James Appathurai,“Closing the capabilities gap”, NATO Review, Autumn 2002, http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2002/issue3/english/art1.html.
[21] James Graff,“What's NATO For?”, November 17, 2002, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,391501-1,00.html.
[22] Javier Solana,“The Washington Summit: NATO steps boldly into the 21st century”, NATO Review, No. 1, Spring 1999.
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[47] Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz,“Building Poland's security: Membership of NATO a key objective”, NATO Review, Vol. 44, No. 3, May 1996, http://www.nato.int/docu/review/1996/9603-1.htm.
[1] Adam Daniel Rotfeld,“Europe: in Search of Cooperative Security”, SIPRI Yearbook 1997, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
[2] Anthony Lake,“Effective engagement in a changing world”, Bulletin of USIS,December 20, 1993.
[3] Arnold L. Horelick,“U.S. Interests in Europe and NATO Enlargement”, Rand Corporation, 1995.
[4] Bill Clinton,“Strengthening Transatlantic Security”, Berlin, May 13, 1998.
[5] F. Stephen Larrabee,“NATO’s Adaptation and Transformation: Key Challenges”, RAND Corporation, 1999.
[6] F. Stephen Larrabee,“NATO’s Eastern Agenda in a New Strategic Era”, RAND Corporation, 2003.
[7] Marten van Heuven,“How will NATO Adjust in the Coming Decade”, RAND Note, N-3533-JS.
[8]“NATO Secretary General welcomes Albania and Croatia as NATO members”,http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-9690F1DA-4D905DEA/natolive/news_52342.htm.
[9] Pat Towell,“Battle Lines Forming in Senate Over Further NATO Expansion”, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (CQ), 28th February, 1998, p. 504.
[10]“Prepared Testimony of Ambassador R. Nicholas Burns, U.S. Permanent Representative to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Regarding to the Future of NATO”, Washington D.C., April 1, 2003,http://foreign.Senate.gov/hearings/Burns Testimony o30401. pdf.
[11]“Remarks by the President to the people of Germany”, Berlin, 13 May, 1998, SIPRI Yearbook, p. 293.
[12]“Remarks Delivered by Secretary of Defense Willian S. Cohen at American Enterprise Institute 1999 World Forum Panel Discussion on Asian Security Issues”, 27th June, 1999, http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/1999.
[13] Richard Lugar,“NATO: out of Area or out of Business, a Call for US Leadership to Revive and Redefine the Alliance”, Presentation to the Open Forum of the US Department of State, 2 August, 1993.
[14] Robert E. Hunter, Sergey M. Rogor,“Engaging Russia as Partner and Participant: the Next Stage of NATO-Russia Relations”, RAND Corporation, 2004.
[15] Ronald D. Asmus, Richard L. Kugler and F. Stephen Larrabee,“What Will NATO Enlargement Cost”, RAND Corporation, 1997.
[16]“Russian President Boris Yelstsin’s Letter To US President Bill Clinton”, SIPRI Yearbook 1994-1995, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
[17] Sam Nunn,“The Future of NATO in an Uncertain World: Expansion Deserves Thorough and Careful Consideration”, Vital Speech of the Day, Vol. LXI, No. 19, July 15, 1995, p. 584.
[18] Samuel Berger,“A Foreign Policy Agenda for the Second Term”, Speech at Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D. C., March 7, 1997.
[19]“Statement to the Press by the Secretary General”, NATO HQ, 13 October, 1998.
[20]“Statement to the press by the Secretary General”, Javier Solana, Press Release (99) 40, 23 March, 1999.
[21]“Statement by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana at the 16th International NATO Workshop”, Budapest, Hungary, 21 June, 1999, http://www.nato.int/docu/articles/1999.
[22]“The ACE Rapid Reaction Corps”, Chapter12: The Military Command Structure, http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb1207020303.htm.
[23] Thomas S. Szayna,“NATO Enlargement 2000-2015: Determinants andImplications for Defense Planning and Shaping”, RAND Corporation, 2001.
[24]“Towards a Grand Strategy for an Uncertain World: Renewing Transatlantic Partnership”, http://www.csis.org/media/csis/events/080110_grand_strategy.pdf.
[25]“Transcript of the Secretary of State’s Press Conference on Kosovo”, Brussels, 8 October, 1998, http://secretary.state.gov/www/statements/1998.
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②U.S, Congress, Congressional Research Service, NATO at 40: Bibliographic Resources (CRS Report for Congress, 89-175l, march 1999).
③Richard L. Kugler, Commitment to Purpose: How Alliance Partnership Won the Cold War (Santa Moncia, CA: RAND, 1993); NATO Military Strategy for the Post-Cold War Era: Issues and Options, R-4217-AF (Santa Monica: RAND, 1992).
④Bradley S. Klein,“Hegemony and Strategic Culture: American Power Projection and Alliance Defense Politics”, Review of International Studies, 1988, Vol. 14, No. 2; Andre de Staercke et al., NATO’s Anxious Birth: The Prophetic Vision of the 1940s (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985).
⑤S. F. Giffin,“Untangling An Alliance”, Orbis, Fall 1963, Vol. 7, No.3; Richard Hart Sinnreich,“NATO’s Doctrinal Dilemma”, Orbis, Summer 1975, Vol . 19, No. 2; William J. Thies,“The‘Demise’of NATO: A Postmortem”, Parameters, June 1990, Vol. 20. No .2; Joseph Lepgold, The Declining Hegemon: The Untied States and European Defense, 1960-1990 (New York: Praeger, 1990); Robert E. Osgood, NATO: The Entangling Alliance (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963); Richard Kugler, The Great Strategy Debate: NATO’s Evolution in the 1960s (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1991).
⑥The Chatham House Study Group, Atlantic Alliance: NATO’s Role in the Free World (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs); Mary Margaret Ball, NATO and the European Union Movement (New York: Praeger, 1959); Karl Kaiser, Europe and the United States: The Future of the Relationship (Washington D.C.: Columbia Books, 1973).
①此方面的研究参见:Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, National Security, the Truman Administrative, and the Cold War (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1992); Peter Duignan, NATO, Its Past, Present and Future (Stanford University Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 2000); Ashton B. Carter and William J. Perry, Preventive Defense-A New Security Strategy for America (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1999); Paul Cornish, Partnership in Crisis: The US, Europe and the Fall and Rise of NATO (London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1997); David S. Yost, NATO Transformed: The Alliance’s New Roles in International Security (Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1998).
②此方面的研究参见:Gerald B. Solomon, The NATO Enlargement Debate, 1990-1997: Blessings of Liberty (Westport: Praeger, 1998); Andrew A. Michta (ed.), America’s New Allies, Poland, Hungry, and the Czech Republic in NATO (University of Washington Press, 1999); Stephen J. Blank, ed., From Madrid to Brussels: Perspectives on NATO Enlargement (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 1997).
③Ronald D. Asmus, Richard L. Kugler and F. Stephen Larrabee,“Building a New NATO”, Foreign Affairs (September/October 1993), p.28.
④1991年2月15日,捷克斯洛伐克共和国、匈牙利、波兰在匈牙利的维谢格莱德镇召开会议。三国保证相互之间进行合作,以尽快融入到欧洲的政治、经济和安全体系之中。维谢格莱德国家的名称由此而来。捷克共和国、斯洛伐克共和国各自独立后,维谢格莱德国家即指四个国家:捷克共和国、斯洛伐克共和国、波兰、匈牙利。
⑤Ronald D. Asmus, Richard L. Kugler and F. Stephen Larrabee,“Building a New NATO”, Foreign Affairs, September/October 1993, pp.32-39.
①Gerald B. Solomon,“The NATO Enlargement Debate, 1990-1997”, Westport: Praeger, 1998.
②Martin Smith, Where is NATO going? (London: Routledge, 1996).
③Frank R. Douglas, The United States, NATO, and a new multilateral relationship (Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International, 2000).
④Aurel Braun, Nato-Russia relations in the twenty-first century (New York, NY: Rourledge, 2000).
①Strobe Talbott,“Why NATO Should Grow”, New York Review of Books, August 10, 1995, pp.27-34.
②Anthony Lake,“Effective engagement in a changing world”, Bulletin of USIS, December 20, 1993.
③Sam Nunn,“The Future of NATO in an Uncertain World: Expansion Deserves Thorough and Careful Consideration”, Vital Speech of the Day, Vol. LXI, No. 19, July 15, 1995, p. 584.
④Gale A. Mattox, Arthur R. Rachwald"Enlarging NATO: the national debates",Boulder, Colo. : Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001.
⑤此方面的研究参见:Ellen Hallams,“The Transatlantic Alliance renewed: the United States and NATO since 9.11”, Journal of Transatlantic Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2009; Zoltan Barany, The Future of NATO Expansion: Four Case Studies (Cambridge University Press, 2003); Jaap de Hoop Scheffer,“A new NATO needed: Security interests of U.S. and Europe converge”, The Washington Times, June 2, 2003; John J. Lis and Zachary Selden, NATO burdensharing after enlargement (New York: Novinka Books, 2003).
⑥Richard E. Rupp, NATO after 9·11: an alliance in continuing decline (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
①Dimitris Keridis, NATO future: strategy and system in the Western alliance (New York: Palgrave, 2000).
②邱恩田:《北约:从冷战到热战》,北京:新华出版社,1999年版;刘传、杨学平:《解读北约》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999年版;祁长松:《走向疯狂—北约50年之路》,北京:东方出版社,1999年版;许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版。许海云:《锻造冷战联盟—美国大西洋联盟政策研究(1945-1955)》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007年版。
③胡立博:《聚焦北约》,北京:知识出版社,1999年版;侯小河:《联盟战车:北约军事战略发展与现状》,北京:军事科学出版社,2002年版;韩旭东:《北约军情内幕》,北京:新华出版社,2002年版;王美权:《为了谁的安全—北约军事战略大透视》,北京:新华出版社,2002年版。
④李友华、雷宏:《螃蟹的逻辑:透视北约战略新概念》,上海:上海人民出版社,1999年版;殷雄:《剑与血:北约东扩的背后》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000年版;邢晔、苏惠民、王毅:《新世纪北约的走向》,北京:时事出版社,2004年版;中国现代国际关系研究院美欧研究中心:《北约的命运》,北京:时事出版社,2004年版。
⑤有关这方面的著述可参看:林婕:《冷战后北约东扩与美欧关系》,武汉大学博士论文,2005年;钟振明:《变动国际结构中的国家权力主导性—对大西洋联盟持续存在和发展的现实主义分析》,复旦大学博士论文,2003年;刘利民:《影响冷战后北约继续存续的决定性因素》,清华大学博士论文,2005年;李海东:《美国对北约扩展政策研究:1990-1999》,南京大学博士论文,2000年;刘军:《北约东扩与俄、美、欧的战略选择》,华东师范大学博士论文,2002年。
①陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版。
②王乃成:《21世纪的新北约—美国推行强权政治和霸权主义的工具》,《外国问题研究》,1999年第3期。
③允华:《以美国为首的北约对南联盟动武的目的和影响》,《外国问题研究》,1999年第2期。
④王乃成:《从北约东扩及北约新战略看21世纪的新北约》,《国际论坛》,1999年第2期。
⑤刘海如:《新北约的四大特征及对欧洲安全的影响》,《现代国际关系》,1999年第5期。
⑥林波:《北约新战略概念对国际战略格局的影响》,《国防大学学报》,1999年第9期。
①沈世顺:《从布拉格峰会看北约的发展变化》,《世界政治与经济》,2003年第1期。
②杨大志:《北约的全面转型与未来走向》,《现代军事》,2004年3月。
③许海云:《伊拉克战争后的北约战略转型及其发展趋势》,《当代世界与社会主义》,2003年第4期。
④孔凡文:《布加勒斯特峰会与北约转型》,《当代世界》,2008年第5期。
⑤阮宗泽:《北约的战略转型及其挑战》,《国际问题研究》,2003年第2期。
①Lloyd C. Gardner, Architects of Illusion, Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy 1941-1949 (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970), pp. 23-24.
②Mark P. Lagon and Michel Lind,“American Way: The Enduring Interests of US Foreign Policy”, Policy Review, Summer 1991, pp. 38-44.
③美国国务院政策设计委员会:《关于西方联盟及其他问题的研究报告》,《美国对外关系文件集,1948年,第8卷,西欧》,华盛顿特区:美国政府机构出版社,1974年版,第62页。
①David Rees, The Age of the Containment, the Cold War (1945-1946) (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1967), p.33.
②David Rees, The Age of the Containment, the Cold War (1945-1946) (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1967), p.18.
①Kessing’s Contemporary Archives (1946~1948) (London: Kessing’s Publication Limited), p. 9188.
②(美)沃·惠·罗斯托:《从第七层楼上展望世界》(国际关系学院“五七”翻译组译),北京:商务印书馆,1973年版,第61页。
③陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第25页。
①Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, National Security, the Truman Administrative, and the Cold War (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1992), p.62.
②(法)戴高乐:《战争回忆录》(北京翻译社译)第2卷,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年版,第649页。
③(法)戴高乐:《战争回忆录》(北京翻译社译)第2卷,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年版,第652页。
④《国际条约集(1945~1947)》,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年版,第438-439页。
①(美)哈里·杜鲁门:《杜鲁门回忆录》(李石译)第2卷,北京:三联书店,1974年版,第289页。
①陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第24页。
②John Baylis, The Diplomacy of Pragmatism, Britain and the Formation of NATO (1942-1949) (London, 1993), p.158.
①《国际条约集(1948-1949)》,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年版,第191-195页。
①许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第47页。
①许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第48页。
②Peter Duignan, NATO, Its Past, Present and Future (Stanford University Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 2000), p.32.
①许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第54页。
②许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第55页。
③Peter Duignan, NATO, Its Past, Present and Future (Stanford University Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 2000), p.32.
①Robert S. Jordan, The NATO International Staff/Secretariat, 1952-1957, A Study in International Administration (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), p.19.
②许海云:《锻造冷战联盟—美国大西洋联盟政策研究(1945-1955)》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007年版,第343页。
③许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第56-58页。
④许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第56-58页。
①Peter Duignan, NATO, Its Past, Present and Future (Stanford University Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 2000, pp. 37-40.
②许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第65-67页。
①Gustav Schmidt, A History of NATO-The First Fifty Years (Volume 1) (Palgrave Publishers Ltd, 2001), pp. 29-30.
②许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第70页。
①许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第70-72页。
①(美)哈里·杜鲁门:《杜鲁门回忆录》(李石译)第2卷,北京:三联书店,1974年版,第299页。
②(美)哈里·杜鲁门:《杜鲁门回忆录》(李石译)第2卷,北京:三联书店,1974年版,第304页。
①美国国务院政策设计委员会:《关于西方联盟及其他问题的研究报告》,《美国对外关系文件集,1948年,第8卷,西欧》,华盛顿特区:美国政府机构出版社1974年版,第353-356页。
②陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第192-194页。
③上海国际问题研究所欧洲研究室:《两大军事集团的对峙—北约与华约》,上海:上海人民出版社,1983年版,第54页。
①(美)阿伦·米利特、彼得·马斯洛斯基:《美国军事史》(军事科学院外国军事研究部译),北京:军事科学出版社,1989年版,第487页。
②Osgood, R.E, NATO: The Entangling Alliance (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1962), p.376.
①刘金质:《冷战史》(上册),北京:北京知识出版社,2003年版,第545-546页。
②(比利时)罗贝尔·克洛兹:《欧洲有没有防务?》(施谋仁等译),北京:商务印书馆,1979年版,第218-225页。
③陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第201页。
①许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第111-112页。
②Lord Ismay, NATO: The First Five Years 1949~1954 (The Netherlands: Bosch-Utrecht, 1954), pp.29-30.
③(比利时)罗贝尔·克洛兹:《欧洲有没有防务?》(施谋仁等译),北京:商务印书馆,1979年版,第218-225页。
①北约情报中心:《北大西洋公约组织》,布鲁塞尔,1980年版,第138页。
②Sam Nunn,“NATO: Saving the Alliance”, Washington Quarterly, Summer, 1982(5).
①Peter Duignan, NATO, Its Past, Present and Future (Stanford University Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 2000), p.49.
②(德)施特劳斯:《挑战与应战—一个欧洲纲领》(上海《国际问题资料》编辑组),上海:上海人民出版社,1976年版,第82页。
①(德)斯密特:《均势战略:德国的和平政策和超级大国》(上海外国语学院英语系译),上海:上海人民出版社,1975年版,第242页。
①韩旭东:《北约军情内幕》,北京:新华出版社,2002年版,第243~244页。
②注:1986年为估计数
③(德)施特劳斯:《挑战与应战—一个欧洲纲领》(上海《国际问题资料》编辑组),上海:上海人民出版社,1976年版,第82页。
①Henry Kissinger,“A Plan to Reshape NATO”, Time, Mar 5, 1984, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952345,00.html.
②Henry Kissinger,“A Plan to Reshape NATO”, Time, Mar 5, 1984, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952345,00.html.
①Theodore Couloumbis, Greek Political Reaction to American and NATO Influence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), p.15.
②Peter Duignan, NATO, Its Past, Present and Future (Stanford University Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 2000), p.59.
①(土耳其)A?索瓦特?比尔齐:《土耳其寻求安全的漫长道路—大西洋联盟成员国的第一次扩大》,《北约评论》,1985年第3/4期,第36—41页。
②(土耳其)A?索瓦特?比尔齐:《土耳其寻求安全的漫长道路—大西洋联盟成员国的第一次扩大》,《北约评论》,1985年第3/4期,第36—41页。
③(土耳其)A?索瓦特?比尔齐:《土耳其寻求安全的漫长道路—大西洋联盟成员国的第一次扩大》,《北约评论》,1985年第3/4期,第36—41页。
①美国国务院政策设计委员会:《美国对外关系文件集,1948年,第3卷,西欧》,华盛顿特区,美国政府出版机构,1974年版,第308页。
②许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第78页。
③许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第79页。
①李海东:《论冷战期间的北约扩大》,复旦大学博士后报告,2002年,第55页。
②Paul Preston and Denis Smyth,“Spain, the EEC and NATO”, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984, p. 4.
③(苏联)马依斯基:《西班牙史纲:1918-1972》(中山大学外语系翻译组),北京:三联书店,1983年版,第350页。
①Gustav Schmidt, A History of NATO-The First Fifty Years (Volume 1) (Palgrave Publishers Ltd, 2001), pp. 77-79.
②Gustav Schmidt, A History of NATO-The First Fifty Years (Volume 1) (Palgrave Publishers Ltd, 2001), pp. 81-83.
①陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第429页。
②陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第430页。
③陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第431页。
①陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第435页。
②陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第437页。
③陈佩尧:《北约战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年版,第437页。
①许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第245页。
②阎学通:《国际格局的变化趋势》,《现代国际关系》,2005年第10期。
①(美)《华盛顿邮报》1995年10月7日,转引自顾关福:《战后国际关系(1945-2003)》,北京:时事出版社,2003年版,第51页。
①俞正梁等:《全球化时代的国际关系》,上海:复旦大学出版社,2000年版,第250页。
②陈佳:《试析国际关系民主化及中国的战略选择》,《理论导刊》,2008年第7期。
①《当代国际政治与国际关系》编写组:《当代国际政治与国际关系》,哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社1992年版,第85页。
①陆齐华:《俄罗斯和欧洲安全》,北京:中央编译出版社,2001年版,第133页。
①张蕴岭:《欧洲剧变与世界格局》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1996年版,第79页。
②(美)《波士顿环球报》1994年7月3日,转引自张蕴岭:《欧洲剧变与世界格局》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1996年版,第79-80页。
③李大光:《中国安全抉择:构筑21世纪的国家安全体系》,北京:石油工业出版社,2002年版,第103-104页。
①罗援:《两种安全观念,两种安全模式》,《世界经济与政治》,2001年第3期。
②马振超:《新形势下国家安全观的演变及特点》,《中国青年政治学院学报》,2008年第5期。
①杨光海:《安全观的演进:从传统到非传统的转变》,《教学与研究》,2008年第3期。
②(美)罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈:《权力与相互依赖—转变中的世界政治》,北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1992年版,第31页。
①李大光:《中国安全抉择:构筑21世纪的国家安全体系》,北京:石油工业出版社,2002年版,第110-111页。
②杨万明:《论综合安全观》,《国际问题研究》,2005年第4期。
③李大光:《中国安全抉择:构筑21世纪的国家安全体系》,北京:石油工业出版社,2002年版,第119-120页。另1997年3月,中国在与菲律宾共同主办的东盟地区论坛信任措施会议上,首次正式提出了冷战后维护亚太地区各国安全的新安全观。
④蔡拓:《全球化与当代国际关系》,《马克思主义与现实》,1998年第4期。
①“The London Declaration'”, London, 6 July, 1990, http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/b900706a.htm.
②许海云:《北约简史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第248页。
③Paul L. Montgomery,“NATO IS PLANNING TO CUT U.S. FORCES IN EUROPE BY 50%”, New York Times, 29 May, 1991.
④North Atlantic Council (Ministerial Meeting),“NATO’s Core Security Functions”, NATO Review, 39, June 1991, p.31.
①Richard Lugar,“NATO: out of Area or out of Business, a Call for US Leadership to Revive and Redefine the Alliance”, Presentation to the Open Forum of the US Department of State, 2 August, 1993.
②“The Alliance's Strategic Concept agreed by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council”, Rome, 8 November, 1991, http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/b911108a.htm.
③“The Brussels Summit Declaration”, Brussels, 11 January, 1994, http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/b940111a.htm.
④Richard Lugar,“NATO: out of Area or out of Business, a Call for US Leadership to Revive and Redefine the Alliance”, Presentation to the Open Forum of the US Department of State, 2 August, 1993.
①CSCE, Helsinki Document 1992,“The Challenges of Change-Helsinki Summit Declaration”, sect 25, Http://www. Osceprag.cz/e/docs/.
②CSCE, Helsinki Document 1992,“The Challenges of Change-Helsinki Summit Declaration”, sect 20, Http://www. Osceprag.cz/e/docs/.
③“Madrid Declaration on Euro-Atlantic Security and Cooperation”, Madrid, 8 July, 1997, http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1997/p97-081e.htm.
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[1] Adam Daniel Rotfeld,“Europe: in Search of Cooperative Security”, SIPRI Yearbook 1997, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
[2] Anthony Lake,“Effective engagement in a changing world”, Bulletin of USIS,December 20, 1993.
[3] Arnold L. Horelick,“U.S. Interests in Europe and NATO Enlargement”, Rand Corporation, 1995.
[4] Bill Clinton,“Strengthening Transatlantic Security”, Berlin, May 13, 1998.
[5] F. Stephen Larrabee,“NATO’s Adaptation and Transformation: Key Challenges”, RAND Corporation, 1999.
[6] F. Stephen Larrabee,“NATO’s Eastern Agenda in a New Strategic Era”, RAND Corporation, 2003.
[7] Marten van Heuven,“How will NATO Adjust in the Coming Decade”, RAND Note, N-3533-JS.
[8]“NATO Secretary General welcomes Albania and Croatia as NATO members”,http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-9690F1DA-4D905DEA/natolive/news_52342.htm.
[9] Pat Towell,“Battle Lines Forming in Senate Over Further NATO Expansion”, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (CQ), 28th February, 1998, p. 504.
[10]“Prepared Testimony of Ambassador R. Nicholas Burns, U.S. Permanent Representative to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Regarding to the Future of NATO”, Washington D.C., April 1, 2003,http://foreign.Senate.gov/hearings/Burns Testimony o30401. pdf.
[11]“Remarks by the President to the people of Germany”, Berlin, 13 May, 1998, SIPRI Yearbook, p. 293.
[12]“Remarks Delivered by Secretary of Defense Willian S. Cohen at American Enterprise Institute 1999 World Forum Panel Discussion on Asian Security Issues”, 27th June, 1999, http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/1999.
[13] Richard Lugar,“NATO: out of Area or out of Business, a Call for US Leadership to Revive and Redefine the Alliance”, Presentation to the Open Forum of the US Department of State, 2 August, 1993.
[14] Robert E. Hunter, Sergey M. Rogor,“Engaging Russia as Partner and Participant: the Next Stage of NATO-Russia Relations”, RAND Corporation, 2004.
[15] Ronald D. Asmus, Richard L. Kugler and F. Stephen Larrabee,“What Will NATO Enlargement Cost”, RAND Corporation, 1997.
[16]“Russian President Boris Yelstsin’s Letter To US President Bill Clinton”, SIPRI Yearbook 1994-1995, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
[17] Sam Nunn,“The Future of NATO in an Uncertain World: Expansion Deserves Thorough and Careful Consideration”, Vital Speech of the Day, Vol. LXI, No. 19, July 15, 1995, p. 584.
[18] Samuel Berger,“A Foreign Policy Agenda for the Second Term”, Speech at Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D. C., March 7, 1997.
[19]“Statement to the Press by the Secretary General”, NATO HQ, 13 October, 1998.
[20]“Statement to the press by the Secretary General”, Javier Solana, Press Release (99) 40, 23 March, 1999.
[21]“Statement by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana at the 16th International NATO Workshop”, Budapest, Hungary, 21 June, 1999, http://www.nato.int/docu/articles/1999.
[22]“The ACE Rapid Reaction Corps”, Chapter12: The Military Command Structure, http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb1207020303.htm.
[23] Thomas S. Szayna,“NATO Enlargement 2000-2015: Determinants andImplications for Defense Planning and Shaping”, RAND Corporation, 2001.
[24]“Towards a Grand Strategy for an Uncertain World: Renewing Transatlantic Partnership”, http://www.csis.org/media/csis/events/080110_grand_strategy.pdf.
[25]“Transcript of the Secretary of State’s Press Conference on Kosovo”, Brussels, 8 October, 1998, http://secretary.state.gov/www/statements/1998.
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