中国7～18岁汉族学生体质与健康动态变化与综合评价研究
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摘要
第一篇1985-2005年中国7～18岁汉族学生体质与健康动态变化研究
目的:比较分析1985年至2005年全国7～18岁汉族学生体质与健康的动态变化趋势;分析1985年和2005年两个时间段中国汉族学生身高及体重变化特征并与同时期日本学生的身高及体重进行对比分析,以探讨其间的变化差距和趋势。为进一步改善我国学生体质与健康提供科学依据。
方法:采用三阶段分层整群随机抽样调查方法,抽取1985年至2005年中国7-18岁汉族学生为研究对象,分析数据来自全国学生体质与健康调研数据库。通过文献资料法检索、搜集国内外有关学生体质与健康的研究原理与方法、评价原理与方法、有关学生体质发展趋势、有关学生体质存在问题的原因、对策措施等文献资料,形成研究综述;利用动态数列统计分析方法比较和分析1985年至2005年中国7-18岁汉族学生的身体形态、生理机能、运动素质和健康状况的动态变化规律以及与日本学生身体形态的差异。计量资料采用均数、中位数、最小值、最大值、标准差、P25、P75进行统计描述;计数资料采用率、构成比进行统计描述;在推断性统计分析中,计量资料两组比较采用独立样本的t检验,多组比较采用完全随机设计的方差分析。利用自编SAS程序,用Z检验对中国与日本同龄学生体质的差异性进行对比分析。
所有分析采用SPSS软件建立数据库,利用SPSS15.0、SAS 9.03统计软件和EXCEL编程分析统计数据。统计假设检验水准定为α=0.05。
结果:纳入本文统计分析的中国7-18岁汉族学生体质与健康数据样本分别是1985年的411931人、1991年的142521人、1995年的206935人、2000年的209299人和2005年的235981人。1985～2005年我国7—18岁汉族学生各年龄组身高呈逐年持续增长。20年期间城市男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生分别增加了4.93cm、3.48cm、5.79cm、4.47cm。其中城市男生与女生的身高增长幅度的差异有统计学意义(P=0.030),乡村初中男生身高的增长幅度(6.97cm)最大(P<0.05)。各类学生前10年的身高平均增长幅度分别大于后10年身高增长幅度(P<0.05)(分别为城市男生:2.98cm与1.96cm;城市女生:2.18cm与1.30cm;乡村男生:3.48cm与2.32cm;乡村女生:2.83cm与1.65cm);1985～2005年我国7—18岁汉族学生各个年龄组体重呈逐年增长趋势。城市男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生分别增加了7.36kg、4.45kg、4.82kg、3.02kg,城市男生、城市女生体重增长幅度分别大于乡村男生、乡村女生体重增长幅度(P<0.05)。20年间城市男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生的超重率分别增加了18.84%,9.50%,8.57%和4.78%。城市男生超重率的增长幅度明显大于其他学生人群(P<0.05),其中以城市小学男生的超重率增长幅度(22.24%)最大(P<0.05);1985～2005年我国汉族学生各个年龄组胸围呈增长趋势,城市男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生分别增加了3.30cm、2.91cm、0.94cm、1.03cm。城市男生的胸围平均增长幅度分别大于乡村男生、乡村女生胸围增长幅度(P<0.05);我国汉族学生身体形态发育水平与我国人均食品支出水平存在正相关关系(相关系数在0.913-0.983之间,P<0.05)。乡村学生的身体形态相对城市学生而言发育滞后约15年。
1985～2005年我国汉族学生各个年龄组肺活量呈逐年明显下降趋势,同时,后10年学生肺活量下降幅度(270.28ml)明显超过前10年学生肺活量下降幅度(85.36ml)(P<0.01)。城市汉族男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生肺活量下降幅度分别为304.11ml、393.88ml、311.65ml和412.95ml,乡村女学生肺活量平均下降幅度超过城市男生和乡村男生肺活量平均下降幅度(P<0.05),其中以乡村高中女生肺活量平均下降幅度(574.50ml)最大(P<0.05);1985～2005年间我国汉族学生脉搏年代变化略有增长。城市汉族男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生脉搏平均增长幅度分别为2.20次/分、1.52次/分、1.72次/分、0.69次/分;1985～2005年我国汉族学生血压年代变化略有下降趋势,城市汉族男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生收缩压平均下降幅度分别为1.67mmHg、3.76mmHg、3.27mmHg、5.46mmHg;舒张压平均下降幅度分别为4.21mmHg、5.27mmHg、5.15mmHg、6.24mmHg。
1985～2005年我国汉族学生各个年龄组50米跑速度先提高后下降,在前6年(1985-1991年)提高明显,然后经过数年的波动后在后10年迅速下降。20年间乡村男生50米跑速度平均提高0.21s,与其他类别学生的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);城市汉族女生50米跑平均下降幅度(0.18s)高于城市男生(0.02s)和乡村女生(0.04s)(P<0.05);前10年学生立定跳远平均成绩增长幅度(9.49cm)超过后10年学生立定跳远平均增长幅度(-5.09cm),(P<0.05);20年间城市汉族男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生立定跳远平均增长幅度分别为2.75cm、0.15cm、10.70cm、4.02cm,乡村男生立定跳远平均增长幅度最大(P<0.01),城市女生立定跳远平均增长幅度明显低于其他类学生(P<0.05);1985-2005年间中国汉族7～12岁男生斜身引体总体呈现增长趋势,但在2000-2005年期间均呈现下降趋势。乡村学生的增长幅度(14.35次)大于城市学生增长幅度(9.70次),(P<0.05);13～18岁汉族男生引体向上总体上略有下降,尤其后10年下降趋势明显;1985-2005年间中国汉族7～18岁女生仰卧起坐总体呈现增长趋势,乡村女学生的增长幅度(5.92次)大于城市女学生增长幅度(3.91次,P<0.05);2000～2005年间汉族学生握力总体呈现增长趋势,城市男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生握力的平均增长幅度分别为2.70kg、2.26kg、2.83kg、2.25kg,差异无统计学意义;1985～2005年我国7～12岁汉族男生50×8往返跑以及13～18岁男生1000米跑成绩均呈现下降趋势,其中城市7-12岁男生50×8往返跑成绩平均下降幅度(12.11s)超过乡村男生平均下降幅度(7.61s,P<0.05);1985～2005年我国7～12岁汉族女生50×8往返跑以及13～18岁女生800米跑成绩均呈现下降趋势,城市7-12岁女生50×8往返跑成绩平均下降幅度(9.94s)超过乡村女生平均下降幅度(7.37s,P<0.05);1985～2000年7～18岁中国汉族男生立位体前屈以及2000～2005年坐位体前屈均呈现下降趋势,但女生坐位体前屈均呈现上升趋势。20年间城市男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生立位体前屈平均降低幅度分别为2.57cm、1.04cm、1.04cm、1.54cm,城市男生立位体前屈平均降低幅度大于其他类学生(P<0.05);近5年城市男生、乡村男生坐位体前屈平均下降幅度分别为0.46cm、0.73cm,而城市汉族女生、乡村汉族女生坐位体前屈平均增加幅度分别为0.78cm、0.17cm。女生坐位体前屈平均增加幅度大于男生坐位体前屈平均增加幅度(P<0.05)。
1995-2005年中国汉族学生近视率呈现增长趋势,城市学生近视率的平均增长幅度(9.50%)总体上略高于乡村学生(8.85%,P<0.05)。城市小学生近视率的平均增长幅度(13.49%)高于乡村学生(7.77%,P<0.05)。但乡村高中生近视率的平均增长幅度(10.02%)高于城市学生(6.86%,P<0.05)。重度近视率的增长速度较快,尤其以乡村高中女生增长幅度为最大(11.93%)。1995-2005年间我国城市学生乳牙龋患率出现下降趋势,下降幅度在1.87%～19.94%之间,但乡村学生乳牙龋患率变化不大,乳牙龋患率在性别之间的差异不明显(P>0.05);学生恒牙龋患率出现下降趋势,城市学生恒牙龋患率下降幅度(7.55%)大于乡村学生(1.93%,P<0.05);1995年～2005年我国城乡部分年龄组学生的低血红蛋白检出率呈现下降趋势,城市男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生低血红蛋白检出率平均下降幅度分别为11.41%、10.58%、11.31%、9.82%。男生低血红蛋白检出率平均下降幅度(11.36%)高于女生平均下降幅度(10.2%,P<0.05);2000-2005年间各年龄组学生的蛔虫感染率有所下降,平均下降幅度为1.47%。
1985年7-18岁中国汉族学生的身高显著低于日本同年龄组学生,其中12岁-14岁组男生身高差别较大,分别达到7.35cm、7.18cm、6.73cm;10岁-12岁组女生身高差别较大,分别达到5.11cm、5.90cm、5.88cm。中国各个年龄组学生的体重均低于日本同年龄组学生,两国学生体重差距较大的年龄段在11岁-15岁之间。2005年中国学生身高与日本学生身高的差距已不明显,其中中国7-10岁男生的身高均高于日本同年龄组男生、11-15岁年龄组日本男生身高均高于中国同年龄组男生(P<0.05);7-9岁、14-18岁年龄组中国女生的身高高于日本同年龄组女生、11-12岁组中国女生的身高低于日本同年龄组女生(P<0.05);2005年中国各年龄组城市学生的身高已经普遍高于日本同年龄组学生平均水平。除7-9岁中国男生体重超过日本同龄男生外,其他各个年龄组男生、所有年龄组女生的体重均低于日本同年龄组男、女学生。
1985-2005年的20年时间里,中国各年龄组学生的身高增长幅度(2.59cm～6.90cm)、体重增长幅度(1.79kg～8.66kg)明显高于日本同年龄组学生身高增长幅度(-0.05cm～2.44cm)、体重增长幅度(-0.03kg～2.89kg),(P<0.05),两国学生身高、体重的差异逐步缩小,这种差距变小的趋势在小学和初中生中尤为明显,中国小学低年级男生的身高、体重甚至超过日本同龄男生;总体上讲两国学生的体重仍然存在一定差距,2005年中国多数年龄组学生的体重水平仍然相当于日本上世纪80年代中期的水平。中国学生的体重依然明显低于日本学生。
结论:
5.1形态发育水平持续提高。身高在前10年间的增长幅度大于后10年间的增长幅度。乡村学生身高的增长幅度大于城市学生;但城市学生体重和胸围的增长幅度大于乡村学生,尤其是小学生的体重增长有加速的趋势,提示城市小学生有较大机会出现超重和肥胖;
5.2各个年龄组肺活量呈逐年明显下降趋势,同时,学生肺活量在后10年下降幅度明显超过前10年,乡村学生肺活量平均下降幅度超过城市学生;女生肺活量平均下降幅度大于男生。其他身体机能指标变化不明显;
5.3反映学生爆发力、力量、柔韧性、耐力等运动素质指标没有明显增长并且在后10年存在下降趋势。运动素质的变化趋势呈现“∧”形状。
5.4学生低血红蛋白患病率、龋齿患病率呈下降趋势;中国汉族学生近视率呈现增长趋势,城市小学男生的近视率增长相对较快,提示近视眼的预防重点应放在城市小学生人群;
5.5中国各年龄组学生的身高、体重增长幅度明显大于日本同年龄组学生,两国学生身高、体重的差异逐步缩小。2005年中国小学低年级学生、城市学生平均身高已经超过日本同龄学生;但除低年级男生外,中国其他年龄组学生的体重仍然低于日本学生,2005年中国多数年龄组学生的体重水平处于日本学生上世纪80年代中期的水平。
第二篇中国7～18岁汉族学生体质与健康综合评价研究
目的:采用专家评分法建立中国汉族学生体质与健康综合评价指标的权重、评价体系和方法;并探索TOPSIS、综合指数法、秩和比法、密切值法等多种综合评价方法在中国学生体质与健康评价的应用价值,提出更切合我国学生体质与健康实际的综合评价方法。
方法:采用文献系统分析法搜集国内外有关学生体质与健康测量评价指标的研究原理与方法,并结合中国学生体质与健康调研的测试指标,形成中国汉族学生体质与健康综合评价指标体系的概念框架;应用德尔菲法确定中国汉族学生体质与健康的指标体系以及各指标的权重系数,最终建立适应不同年龄段、不同性别的中国汉族学生体质与健康综合评价指标体系。同时,应用综合指数法、秩和比法、TOPSIS法、密切值等综合评价方法对中国汉族学生体质与健康进行综合评价,对各种评价方法所获得排序结果的一致性或相关性采用Spearman相关性分析;对各种结果的差异性采用完全随机设计的Kruskal-Wallis H检验。
所有分析采用SPSS软件建立数据库,利用SPSS15.0、SAS 9.03统计软件和EXCEL编程分析统计数据。统计假设检验水准定为α=0.05。
结果:共对38位来自高等院校、研究机构、管理部门从事体育、儿童保健教学、研究和管理的专家完成了全部三轮咨询。中国汉族学生体质与健康综合评价指标体系的概念框架以现有全国学生体质与健康调查指标为基础,涵盖身体形态、生理机能、运动素质和健康状况等4个一级指标和20个二级指标。通过三轮专家咨询,最终分别建立了不同性别、小学(7-12岁)、中学(13-18岁)学生体质与健康综合评价指标体系。身体形态、生理机能、运动素质和健康状况等4个一级指标的权重系数分别为0.2693、0.2540、0.2445、0.2322。综合指数法、秩和比法、TOPSIS法、密切值等4种综合评价方法对不同年度中国汉族学生体质与健康进行综合评价的结果显示,年度间的综合排序结果依次为:1995年、2000年、1991年、2005年(1985年)。表明1985-2005年我国学生体质与健康发展变化呈八形变化趋势,即我国学生体质与健康发育在上世纪90年代呈现较高的整体水平,但本世纪我国学生体质与健康的整体发展水平不容乐观,主要是学生机能和素质的下降;对各省学生体质与健康进行综合评价,结果显示不同省份间学生体质和健康状况发展不平衡,西部地区和经济欠发达地区学生体质与健康水平相对落后。对综合指数法、秩和比法、TOPSIS法、密切值等4种综合评价方法所获得的评价结果的一致性进行相关性分析,表明四种综合评价方法的评价结果具有较好的一致性,均可作为中国汉族学生体质与健康的综合评价方法。
结论:
1.所建立的中国汉族学生体质与健康综合评价指标体系具有良好的应用价值,可用于学生体质与健康的群体评价。
2.综合指数法、秩和比法、TOPSIS法、密切值等4种综合评价方法的评价排序结果具有较好的一致性,均可作为中国汉族学生体质与健康的综合评价方法。
3.20年间我国汉族学生体质健康整体水平有所提高,但呈∧形发展趋势,从本世纪我国学生机能和素质的持续下降而导致体质整体发展水平不理想。不同省份间学生体质和健康状况发展不平衡,西部地区和经济欠发达地区学生体质与健康水平相对落后。
Parts 1 : Study on dynamic development of physical constitution and health of Chinese Han nationality students aged from 7 to 18 between 1985 and 2005
Objectives: to compare the dynamic secular trends of physical constitution and health of Chinese students aged from 7 to 18 between 1985 and 2005 as well as the difference and trend of the height and weight between Chinese students and Japanese students with the time periods of 1985 and 2005 respectively, and to provider the scientific evidence on improving the physical constitution and health of Chinese students.
Methods: Between 1985 and 2005, Chinese Han nationality students aged from 7 to 18 were randomly selected as the study subjects with the 3-stage clustered randomized sampling method. The literature search method was used to collect the data about the basic principles and methods of studying and evaluating students' physical constitution and health, development trend of physical constitution and the analyses on reason and strategy formulation for the obstacle to physical constitution and health, and study review was developed. A dynamic series statistical analysis method was introduced to analyze and compare the secular trends on morphological construction, physiological function, activity diathesis and health status among Chinese Han nationality students aged from 7 to 18 between 1985 and 2005 as well as the dissimilarity on height and weight between Chinese students and Japanese students. Measurement data was described with mean, median, minimum value, maximum value, standard deviation, percentile 25~(th) and percentile 75~(th), and count data with rate and proportion. The comparison between two groups of measurement data was made by two independent sample t test method and multiple groups compared by ANOVA with completely random design. The difference in height and weight between Chinese students and Japanese students was analyzed by Z test performed in a self-developed SAS procedure. Dataset was set up by SPSS software version 15.0.All analyses were performed by SPSS15.0, SAS 9.03 and EXCEL. Significant test level for hypothesis test was set atα=0.05.
Results: The samples of Chinese Han nationality students aged from 7 to 18 recruited in the study were 411931 in the year of 1985, 142521 in 1991, 206935 in 1995, 209299 in 2000, 235981 in 2005,respectively. The findings showed that the development level of morphological construction of Chinese student aged from 7 to 18 have persistently increased. The height increased in urban male,female students,rural male and female students were 4.93cm, 3.48cm, 5.79cm and 4.47cm , respectively, and the climbed extent to the height in urban male students were significantly larger than that of the urban female students(P<0.05), and the increased height (6.97cm) in rural male students were the largest (P<0.05) .The extent to the increase in height during the first decade was significantly higher than that of the second decade (P<0.05)(for urban male students: 2.98cm vs. 1.96cm; urban female students: 2.18cm vs. 1.30cm; rural male students: 3.48cm vs. 2.32cm; rural female students: 2.83cm vs. 1.65cm, respectively). The weight of Chinese Han student also increases with the time during the two decades period. The ascended extent to the weight in in urban male,female students,rural male and female students were 7.36kg, 4.45kg, 4.82kg and 3.02kg, respectively, which implied that the increasing speed of weight among urban male and female students were quicker than that of rural students respectively (P<0.05) . The overweight rate in urban male, female students, rural male and female students have climbed 18.84%, 9.50%, 8.57% and 4.78%, respectively. During the two decades, the ascended extent to the overweight rate in urban male students were larger than that of the other students (P<0.05) , and the urban male pupils had increased 22.24% of overweight rate (P<0.05) . During the period from 1985 to 2005, the circumference development of Chinese Han student in each age group presented the increasing trend. The circumference in urban male, female students, rural male and female students were 3.30cm, 2.91cm, 0.94cm and 1.03 cm, respectively. The extent to circumference increased in urban male students was larger than that of rural students (P<0.05) . There was positive correlation between the speed of morphological construction development in Chinsese students and the level of food expenditure per person in China (P<0.05) with the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.913-0.983. The status of the morphological construction development in rural students lagged about 15years compared to urban students.
The volume of the vital capacity of Chinese student had the rapid decreased trend, and the extent to the declined vital capacity in the first decade(270.28ml) was larger than that in the second decade (85.36ml) (P<0.01). The declined extent of the vital capacity in urban male,female students,rural male and female students were 304.11ml, 393.88ml, 311.65ml and 412.95ml, respectively. The declined speed of the vital capacity in rural female students was more rapid than that of the male students (P<0.05) , and the female students in rural high school had a fastest dscend with the vital capacity (574.50ml) (P<0.05 ) . The pulse of the student had increased slightly for two decades. The increasing extent of pulse in urban male, female students, rural male and female students were 2.20 beat/minute, 1.52 beat/minute, 1.72 beat/minute and 0.69 beat/minute, respectively. The blood press of the Chinese student had the declined trend slightly between 1985 and 2005. The increased extent of the systolic pressure in urban male, female students, rural male and female students were 1.67mmHg, 3.76mmHg, 3.27mmHg, 5.46mmHg and the diastolic pressure with 4.21mmHg, 5.27mmHg, 5.15mmHg 6.24mmHg, respectively.
Between 1985 and 2005, the speed of the 50-meter race of Chinese student had the accelerated trend for 6 years (form 1985 to 1991) followed by a short steady period and fast declined period in the second dacade. The speeded-up extent of 50-meter race in rural male students (0.21second) was large than that of the other students (P<0.05) ,while the dscended extent of 50-meter race in urban female students (0.18 second) was large than that of the urban male students (0.02 second) and rural female students (0.04 second) (P<0.05 ) . The ascended extent to standing long jump of Chinese Han student in the first decade (from 1985 to 1995) was larger than that in the second decade (from 1995 to 2005) (9.49cm vs. -5.09cm, P<0.05). During the two decades, the extent to standing long jump in urban male, female students, rural male and female students increased 2.75cm, 0.15cm, 10.70cm and 4.02cm. The extent to prolong the standing long jump in rural male student was the largest among all students (P<0.05), while the extent to prolong the standing long jump in urban female student was less than that of the other students (P<0.05). During the two decades, the slanted pull-up of the student aged from 7 to 12 presented totally increasing trend ahead of the declined between 2000 and 2005. The increasing frequency of the slanted pull-up of the rural students (14.35 times) was larger than that of the urban students (9.70 times, P<0.05) . The pull-up of the male student aged from 13 to 18 declined sharply in the second decade. The situps of the female student aged from 7 to 18 presented the ascending trend totally during the two decades, and the extent to raise the situps in rural student (5.92 times) was larger than that of the urban student (3.91 times, P<0.05). The grip of the student presented increasing trend between 2000 and 2005, the grip increased in urban male, female students, rural male and female students were 2.70kg, 2.26kg, 2.83kg, 2.25kg, respectively. There were no significant differences in the increment grip among different students. The 50m×8 shuttle race of the male student aged from 7 to 12, and the 1000-meter race of the male student aged from 13 to 18 presented the slow-down trend especially in the second decade. The the declined extent of the 50m×8 shuttle race of the urban student (12.11second) aged from 7 to 12 was larger than that of the rural students (7.61 second) with the same age (P<0.05). The 50m×8 shuttle race of the female student aged from 7 to 12 and the 800-meter of the female student aged from 13 to 18 presented the slow-down trend especially in the second decade, and the the declined extent of the 50m×8 shuttle race of the urban female students (9.94 second) aged from 7 to 12 was larger than that of the rural students (7.37 second) with the same age (P<0.05). Standing toe-touch of the students and sitting toe-touch of the male students had a declined tendency, while sitting toe-touch of the female students had an ascended tendency. Within 20 years, the declined extent of standing toe-touch in urban male, female students, rural male and female students were 2.57cm, 1.04cm, 1.04cm and 1.54cm, and the extent of standing toe-touch decreased in urban male students was the largest among all students (P<0.05). From 2000 to 2005, sitting toe-touch of the male students declined 0.46cm and 0.73cm in urban and rural areas, respectively, while sitting toe-touch of the female students climbed 0.78cm and 0.17cm in urban and rural areas, respectively. The extent of standing toe-touch increased in female students was larger than that in the male students (P<0.05).
The hypometropia rate of Chinese Han student has the climbed trend between 1995 and 2005. The increment in the hypometropia rate of the urban students (9.50%) was slightly higher than that of the rural students (8.85%, P<0.05). The increment in the hypometropia rate of the urban pupils (13.49%) climbed faster than that of rural pupils (7.77%, P<0.05), while the increment in the hypometropia rate of the rural high school students (10.02%) climbed faster than that of rural pupils (6.86%, P<0.05), and the severe hypometropia rate of the studentswent up fast, The increment in the hypometropia rate in the rural female students (11.93%) ranked the top position. The prevalence rate of the deciduous teeth with decayed teeth among the urban student had the declined trend between 1995 and 2005,and the mean decrement of prevalence rate of the deciduous ranged from 1.87% to 19.94%, and while the decayed teeth rate of the rural student did not changed significantly. There is no gender difference in the decayed teeth rate (P>0.05). The prevalence rate of the permanent teeth with decayed teeth among the students had the declined trend between 1995 and 2005.The decayed teeth rate of the urban students (7.55%) descend much more than that of the rural students (1.93%, P<0.05); The prevalence rate of the hypo-hemoglobin of some age groups students presented declined trend between 1995 and 2005. The decrement of the prevalence rate of the hypo-hemoglobin in urban male, female students, rural male and female students were 11.41%, 10.58%, 11.31%, 9.82%, respectively. The decrement in the prevalence rate of the hypo-hemoglobin in the male students (11.36%) was larger than that of thefemale students (10.20%, P<0.05); the infectious rate of roundworm in each age group of student has slightly descended between 2000 and 2005, and the average decrement in the infectious rate of roundworm was 1.47% .
The height in Chinese Han students aged from 7 to 18 was lower than that of the Japanese student with the same age group in 1985. The differences of height and weight in male students aged from 12 to 14 between the two countries reached 7.35cm, 7.18cm and 6.73cm,respectively, and 5.11cm, 5.90cm and 5.88cm differences in female students with the same age between the two countries rspectively; The weight in Chinese Han students aged from 7 to 18 was more light than that of the Japanese student with the same age group in 1985, and the larger differences presented among the students aged from 11 to 15. In 2005, the height in Chinese Han male students aged from 7 to 10 was higher than that of the Japanese student with the same age group, while the height in Chinese Han male students aged from 11 to 15 was lower than that of the Japanese student with the same age group (P<0.05). The height of Chinese Han female students aged from 7 to 9 and aged from 14 to 18 were higher than that of the Japanese student with the same age group respectively, and while the height of Chinese Han female students aged from 11 to 12 was lower than that of the Japanese student with the same age group (P<0.05). The height of Chinese urban students was totally higher than that of the Japanese students with the same age group. Except for the weight of Chinese male students aged from 7 to 9 exceeded the weight of the Japanese students, the weight of the other male students and all female students were lighter than that of the Japanese students with the same age and gender. Above all, the increment of height (ranged from 2.59cm to 6.90cm), weight (from 1.79kg to 8.66kg) in the Chinese students was larger than that of the Japanese students (from -0.05cm to 2.44cm, and from-0.03kg to 2.89kg), respectively (P<0.05). The difference of the height and weight between the Chinese and Japanese students became more and more small, and the shorten trend present obviously among pupils and middle school students. Furthermore, the height and weight of the younger pupil even exceeded that of the Japanese students with the same age in 2005. Generally speahing, there was difference in weight between the Chinese and Japanese students, and the development level of the weight in the majority of Chinese students in 2005 were still at the level of the weight in Japanese students in 1980's last century. The weight in Chinese students was lower than that of Japanese students.
Conclusions:
1. The development level of morphological construction of Chinese student had sustaining increased, and the extent to the development in height in the period from 1995 to 2005 was larger that that in the period from 195 to 1995 .The height of the rural students devloped faster that that of the urban students, while the weight and circumference of the urban students were larger than that of the rural students. The weight gain in urban pupils had the accelerative trend, which hints that urban pupils were at high risk for the overweight and obesity;
2. The volume of the vital capacity of Chinese students had the rapid decreased trend, and the extent to the declined vital capacity in the first decade was larger than that in the second decade. The declined speed of the vital capacity in rural students was more rapid than that of the urban students, and the vital capacity of the female students decreased faster than that of male students. The other physiological function measurements in Chinese Han students did not changed significantly;
3.The measurements index reflecting the explosive force, strength, flexibility and endurance of the Chinese Han student did not present climbed trend and had descended trend in the period from 1995 to 2005; There was the shape of "∧" in the secular trend of activity diathesis.
4. The prevalence rate of anemia, decayed teeth in Chinese Han students presented the descent trend. However, the hypometropia rate of Chinese Han student had the climbed trend with the time and the students' age. The hypometropia rate of the urban male pupils rose relatively fast. The findings indicated that the prevention of hypometropia should been focused on the urban pupil population;
5. The speed of the height and weight development in Chinese Han student aged from 7 to 18 was faster than that of the Japanese student with the same age group during the two decades. The differences of height and weight between the Chinese and the Japanese student becomes more and more small, and the height of the younger pupils and the urban students were higher than the national average level of the height in Japanese students with the same age group in 2005. However, there was difference in weight between the Chinese and Japanese students, and the development level of the weight in the majority of Chinese students in 2005 were still at the level of the weight in Japanese students in 1980's last century.
Part 2: Study on comprehensive evaluation of physical constitution and health of Chinese Han nationality studentsaged from 7 to 18
Objectives: Expert scored method was adopt to develop the evaluation index system, weight and approach of assessing Chinese students' physical constitution and health; the application value on comprehensive evaluating Chinese students' physical constitution and health with TOPSIS, synthetic index, rank sum ratio and close value method were explored, and the alternative synthetic method for assessing Chinese students' physical constitution and health was optimized.
Methods: The literature systemetic analysis method was used to collect the data about the basic principles and methods of studying and evaluating the measurement index for students' physical constitution and health, and intergrted with the mesurement index of Chinese students' physical constitution and health, the concept framework of the evaluation index system on Chinese Han students' physical constitution and health was developed. Expert interview with Delphi method was performed to determine the index system for students' physical constitution and health and the weight of each item, and finally develop the comprehensive evaluation index system of Chinese students' physical constitution and health among different age and gender. At the same time, the comprehensive evaluation methods such as TOPSIS, synthetic index, rank sum ratio and close value method were introduced to assess the Chinese students' physical constitution and health, and the difference in evaluation results among those methods was compared with Kruskal-Wallis H test based on completely random design and the consistency of the results among those methods was analyzed by Spearman correlation. Dataset was set up by SPSS software version 15.0. All analyses were performed by SPSS 15.0, SAS 9.03 and EXCEL. Significant test level for hypothesis test was set atα=0.05.
Results: 38 experts with the experirence of teaching, managing and studying physical subject and child health from university,research institutions and administrative department had finished the three-term consultation. The concept framework of the evaluation index system on Chinese Han students' physical constitution and health included four dimensions such as morphological construction, physiological function, activity diathesis and health status with 20 items. With the 3-term consultation, the comprehensive evaluation index system of Chinese students' physical constitution and health among different age and gender was developed finally. The weight of morphological construction, physiological function, activity diathesis and health status were ascertained as 0.2693, 0.2540, 0.2445 and 0.2322, respectively. The findings from four kinds of comprehensive evaluation methods including TOPSIS, synthetic index, rank sum ratio and close value method showed that the ranked order in years was 1995, 2000, 1995, 2005, 1985, respectively, and indicated that the development level of physical constitution and health in Chinese Han students ranked higher position in nineties last century, while the situation of the whole development of physical constitution and health in Chinese students was not optimistical due to the reason for the declined level of physiological function, activity diathesis in Chinese students this century. The development situation of the physical constitution and health in the Chinese Han students varied with the different province, and the findings showed that the development level of the physical constitution and health of the students in western and poor area ranked the bottom place. The comprehensive evaluation methods conducted in this study had comparable ranked results for assessing the physical constitution and health in Chinese students and each method can be used in practical evaluation on the physical constitution and health in Chinese students.
Conclusions:
1. The Comprehensive Evaluationg Index System for the Physical Constitution and Health of Chinese Han Student established in this study is valuable to assess the status of the physical constitution and health in Chinese student at the level of population.
2. The comprehensive evaluation methods conducted in this study had comparable ranked results for assessing the physical constitution and health in Chinese students and each method can be used in practical evaluation on the physical constitution and health in Chinese students.
3. The comprehensive evaluation results show that the status on the physical constitution and health in the Chinese Han students has been improved during the two decades. However, the overall development level of the physical constitution and health in the Chinese Han students is not ideality due to the obvious slump trend of physiological function and activity diathesis this century. The development situation of the physical constitution and health in the Chinese Han students varied with the different province, and the development level of the physical constitution and health of the students in western and poor area ranked the bottom place.
目的:比较分析1985年至2005年全国7～18岁汉族学生体质与健康的动态变化趋势;分析1985年和2005年两个时间段中国汉族学生身高及体重变化特征并与同时期日本学生的身高及体重进行对比分析,以探讨其间的变化差距和趋势。为进一步改善我国学生体质与健康提供科学依据。
方法:采用三阶段分层整群随机抽样调查方法,抽取1985年至2005年中国7-18岁汉族学生为研究对象,分析数据来自全国学生体质与健康调研数据库。通过文献资料法检索、搜集国内外有关学生体质与健康的研究原理与方法、评价原理与方法、有关学生体质发展趋势、有关学生体质存在问题的原因、对策措施等文献资料,形成研究综述;利用动态数列统计分析方法比较和分析1985年至2005年中国7-18岁汉族学生的身体形态、生理机能、运动素质和健康状况的动态变化规律以及与日本学生身体形态的差异。计量资料采用均数、中位数、最小值、最大值、标准差、P25、P75进行统计描述;计数资料采用率、构成比进行统计描述;在推断性统计分析中,计量资料两组比较采用独立样本的t检验,多组比较采用完全随机设计的方差分析。利用自编SAS程序,用Z检验对中国与日本同龄学生体质的差异性进行对比分析。
所有分析采用SPSS软件建立数据库,利用SPSS15.0、SAS 9.03统计软件和EXCEL编程分析统计数据。统计假设检验水准定为α=0.05。
结果:纳入本文统计分析的中国7-18岁汉族学生体质与健康数据样本分别是1985年的411931人、1991年的142521人、1995年的206935人、2000年的209299人和2005年的235981人。1985～2005年我国7—18岁汉族学生各年龄组身高呈逐年持续增长。20年期间城市男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生分别增加了4.93cm、3.48cm、5.79cm、4.47cm。其中城市男生与女生的身高增长幅度的差异有统计学意义(P=0.030),乡村初中男生身高的增长幅度(6.97cm)最大(P<0.05)。各类学生前10年的身高平均增长幅度分别大于后10年身高增长幅度(P<0.05)(分别为城市男生:2.98cm与1.96cm;城市女生:2.18cm与1.30cm;乡村男生:3.48cm与2.32cm;乡村女生:2.83cm与1.65cm);1985～2005年我国7—18岁汉族学生各个年龄组体重呈逐年增长趋势。城市男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生分别增加了7.36kg、4.45kg、4.82kg、3.02kg,城市男生、城市女生体重增长幅度分别大于乡村男生、乡村女生体重增长幅度(P<0.05)。20年间城市男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生的超重率分别增加了18.84%,9.50%,8.57%和4.78%。城市男生超重率的增长幅度明显大于其他学生人群(P<0.05),其中以城市小学男生的超重率增长幅度(22.24%)最大(P<0.05);1985～2005年我国汉族学生各个年龄组胸围呈增长趋势,城市男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生分别增加了3.30cm、2.91cm、0.94cm、1.03cm。城市男生的胸围平均增长幅度分别大于乡村男生、乡村女生胸围增长幅度(P<0.05);我国汉族学生身体形态发育水平与我国人均食品支出水平存在正相关关系(相关系数在0.913-0.983之间,P<0.05)。乡村学生的身体形态相对城市学生而言发育滞后约15年。
1985～2005年我国汉族学生各个年龄组肺活量呈逐年明显下降趋势,同时,后10年学生肺活量下降幅度(270.28ml)明显超过前10年学生肺活量下降幅度(85.36ml)(P<0.01)。城市汉族男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生肺活量下降幅度分别为304.11ml、393.88ml、311.65ml和412.95ml,乡村女学生肺活量平均下降幅度超过城市男生和乡村男生肺活量平均下降幅度(P<0.05),其中以乡村高中女生肺活量平均下降幅度(574.50ml)最大(P<0.05);1985～2005年间我国汉族学生脉搏年代变化略有增长。城市汉族男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生脉搏平均增长幅度分别为2.20次/分、1.52次/分、1.72次/分、0.69次/分;1985～2005年我国汉族学生血压年代变化略有下降趋势,城市汉族男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生收缩压平均下降幅度分别为1.67mmHg、3.76mmHg、3.27mmHg、5.46mmHg;舒张压平均下降幅度分别为4.21mmHg、5.27mmHg、5.15mmHg、6.24mmHg。
1985～2005年我国汉族学生各个年龄组50米跑速度先提高后下降,在前6年(1985-1991年)提高明显,然后经过数年的波动后在后10年迅速下降。20年间乡村男生50米跑速度平均提高0.21s,与其他类别学生的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);城市汉族女生50米跑平均下降幅度(0.18s)高于城市男生(0.02s)和乡村女生(0.04s)(P<0.05);前10年学生立定跳远平均成绩增长幅度(9.49cm)超过后10年学生立定跳远平均增长幅度(-5.09cm),(P<0.05);20年间城市汉族男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生立定跳远平均增长幅度分别为2.75cm、0.15cm、10.70cm、4.02cm,乡村男生立定跳远平均增长幅度最大(P<0.01),城市女生立定跳远平均增长幅度明显低于其他类学生(P<0.05);1985-2005年间中国汉族7～12岁男生斜身引体总体呈现增长趋势,但在2000-2005年期间均呈现下降趋势。乡村学生的增长幅度(14.35次)大于城市学生增长幅度(9.70次),(P<0.05);13～18岁汉族男生引体向上总体上略有下降,尤其后10年下降趋势明显;1985-2005年间中国汉族7～18岁女生仰卧起坐总体呈现增长趋势,乡村女学生的增长幅度(5.92次)大于城市女学生增长幅度(3.91次,P<0.05);2000～2005年间汉族学生握力总体呈现增长趋势,城市男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生握力的平均增长幅度分别为2.70kg、2.26kg、2.83kg、2.25kg,差异无统计学意义;1985～2005年我国7～12岁汉族男生50×8往返跑以及13～18岁男生1000米跑成绩均呈现下降趋势,其中城市7-12岁男生50×8往返跑成绩平均下降幅度(12.11s)超过乡村男生平均下降幅度(7.61s,P<0.05);1985～2005年我国7～12岁汉族女生50×8往返跑以及13～18岁女生800米跑成绩均呈现下降趋势,城市7-12岁女生50×8往返跑成绩平均下降幅度(9.94s)超过乡村女生平均下降幅度(7.37s,P<0.05);1985～2000年7～18岁中国汉族男生立位体前屈以及2000～2005年坐位体前屈均呈现下降趋势,但女生坐位体前屈均呈现上升趋势。20年间城市男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生立位体前屈平均降低幅度分别为2.57cm、1.04cm、1.04cm、1.54cm,城市男生立位体前屈平均降低幅度大于其他类学生(P<0.05);近5年城市男生、乡村男生坐位体前屈平均下降幅度分别为0.46cm、0.73cm,而城市汉族女生、乡村汉族女生坐位体前屈平均增加幅度分别为0.78cm、0.17cm。女生坐位体前屈平均增加幅度大于男生坐位体前屈平均增加幅度(P<0.05)。
1995-2005年中国汉族学生近视率呈现增长趋势,城市学生近视率的平均增长幅度(9.50%)总体上略高于乡村学生(8.85%,P<0.05)。城市小学生近视率的平均增长幅度(13.49%)高于乡村学生(7.77%,P<0.05)。但乡村高中生近视率的平均增长幅度(10.02%)高于城市学生(6.86%,P<0.05)。重度近视率的增长速度较快,尤其以乡村高中女生增长幅度为最大(11.93%)。1995-2005年间我国城市学生乳牙龋患率出现下降趋势,下降幅度在1.87%～19.94%之间,但乡村学生乳牙龋患率变化不大,乳牙龋患率在性别之间的差异不明显(P>0.05);学生恒牙龋患率出现下降趋势,城市学生恒牙龋患率下降幅度(7.55%)大于乡村学生(1.93%,P<0.05);1995年～2005年我国城乡部分年龄组学生的低血红蛋白检出率呈现下降趋势,城市男生、城市女生、乡村男生、乡村女生低血红蛋白检出率平均下降幅度分别为11.41%、10.58%、11.31%、9.82%。男生低血红蛋白检出率平均下降幅度(11.36%)高于女生平均下降幅度(10.2%,P<0.05);2000-2005年间各年龄组学生的蛔虫感染率有所下降,平均下降幅度为1.47%。
1985年7-18岁中国汉族学生的身高显著低于日本同年龄组学生,其中12岁-14岁组男生身高差别较大,分别达到7.35cm、7.18cm、6.73cm;10岁-12岁组女生身高差别较大,分别达到5.11cm、5.90cm、5.88cm。中国各个年龄组学生的体重均低于日本同年龄组学生,两国学生体重差距较大的年龄段在11岁-15岁之间。2005年中国学生身高与日本学生身高的差距已不明显,其中中国7-10岁男生的身高均高于日本同年龄组男生、11-15岁年龄组日本男生身高均高于中国同年龄组男生(P<0.05);7-9岁、14-18岁年龄组中国女生的身高高于日本同年龄组女生、11-12岁组中国女生的身高低于日本同年龄组女生(P<0.05);2005年中国各年龄组城市学生的身高已经普遍高于日本同年龄组学生平均水平。除7-9岁中国男生体重超过日本同龄男生外,其他各个年龄组男生、所有年龄组女生的体重均低于日本同年龄组男、女学生。
1985-2005年的20年时间里,中国各年龄组学生的身高增长幅度(2.59cm～6.90cm)、体重增长幅度(1.79kg～8.66kg)明显高于日本同年龄组学生身高增长幅度(-0.05cm～2.44cm)、体重增长幅度(-0.03kg～2.89kg),(P<0.05),两国学生身高、体重的差异逐步缩小,这种差距变小的趋势在小学和初中生中尤为明显,中国小学低年级男生的身高、体重甚至超过日本同龄男生;总体上讲两国学生的体重仍然存在一定差距,2005年中国多数年龄组学生的体重水平仍然相当于日本上世纪80年代中期的水平。中国学生的体重依然明显低于日本学生。
结论:
5.1形态发育水平持续提高。身高在前10年间的增长幅度大于后10年间的增长幅度。乡村学生身高的增长幅度大于城市学生;但城市学生体重和胸围的增长幅度大于乡村学生,尤其是小学生的体重增长有加速的趋势,提示城市小学生有较大机会出现超重和肥胖;
5.2各个年龄组肺活量呈逐年明显下降趋势,同时,学生肺活量在后10年下降幅度明显超过前10年,乡村学生肺活量平均下降幅度超过城市学生;女生肺活量平均下降幅度大于男生。其他身体机能指标变化不明显;
5.3反映学生爆发力、力量、柔韧性、耐力等运动素质指标没有明显增长并且在后10年存在下降趋势。运动素质的变化趋势呈现“∧”形状。
5.4学生低血红蛋白患病率、龋齿患病率呈下降趋势;中国汉族学生近视率呈现增长趋势,城市小学男生的近视率增长相对较快,提示近视眼的预防重点应放在城市小学生人群;
5.5中国各年龄组学生的身高、体重增长幅度明显大于日本同年龄组学生,两国学生身高、体重的差异逐步缩小。2005年中国小学低年级学生、城市学生平均身高已经超过日本同龄学生;但除低年级男生外,中国其他年龄组学生的体重仍然低于日本学生,2005年中国多数年龄组学生的体重水平处于日本学生上世纪80年代中期的水平。
第二篇中国7～18岁汉族学生体质与健康综合评价研究
目的:采用专家评分法建立中国汉族学生体质与健康综合评价指标的权重、评价体系和方法;并探索TOPSIS、综合指数法、秩和比法、密切值法等多种综合评价方法在中国学生体质与健康评价的应用价值,提出更切合我国学生体质与健康实际的综合评价方法。
方法:采用文献系统分析法搜集国内外有关学生体质与健康测量评价指标的研究原理与方法,并结合中国学生体质与健康调研的测试指标,形成中国汉族学生体质与健康综合评价指标体系的概念框架;应用德尔菲法确定中国汉族学生体质与健康的指标体系以及各指标的权重系数,最终建立适应不同年龄段、不同性别的中国汉族学生体质与健康综合评价指标体系。同时,应用综合指数法、秩和比法、TOPSIS法、密切值等综合评价方法对中国汉族学生体质与健康进行综合评价,对各种评价方法所获得排序结果的一致性或相关性采用Spearman相关性分析;对各种结果的差异性采用完全随机设计的Kruskal-Wallis H检验。
所有分析采用SPSS软件建立数据库,利用SPSS15.0、SAS 9.03统计软件和EXCEL编程分析统计数据。统计假设检验水准定为α=0.05。
结果:共对38位来自高等院校、研究机构、管理部门从事体育、儿童保健教学、研究和管理的专家完成了全部三轮咨询。中国汉族学生体质与健康综合评价指标体系的概念框架以现有全国学生体质与健康调查指标为基础,涵盖身体形态、生理机能、运动素质和健康状况等4个一级指标和20个二级指标。通过三轮专家咨询,最终分别建立了不同性别、小学(7-12岁)、中学(13-18岁)学生体质与健康综合评价指标体系。身体形态、生理机能、运动素质和健康状况等4个一级指标的权重系数分别为0.2693、0.2540、0.2445、0.2322。综合指数法、秩和比法、TOPSIS法、密切值等4种综合评价方法对不同年度中国汉族学生体质与健康进行综合评价的结果显示,年度间的综合排序结果依次为:1995年、2000年、1991年、2005年(1985年)。表明1985-2005年我国学生体质与健康发展变化呈八形变化趋势,即我国学生体质与健康发育在上世纪90年代呈现较高的整体水平,但本世纪我国学生体质与健康的整体发展水平不容乐观,主要是学生机能和素质的下降;对各省学生体质与健康进行综合评价,结果显示不同省份间学生体质和健康状况发展不平衡,西部地区和经济欠发达地区学生体质与健康水平相对落后。对综合指数法、秩和比法、TOPSIS法、密切值等4种综合评价方法所获得的评价结果的一致性进行相关性分析,表明四种综合评价方法的评价结果具有较好的一致性,均可作为中国汉族学生体质与健康的综合评价方法。
结论:
1.所建立的中国汉族学生体质与健康综合评价指标体系具有良好的应用价值,可用于学生体质与健康的群体评价。
2.综合指数法、秩和比法、TOPSIS法、密切值等4种综合评价方法的评价排序结果具有较好的一致性,均可作为中国汉族学生体质与健康的综合评价方法。
3.20年间我国汉族学生体质健康整体水平有所提高,但呈∧形发展趋势,从本世纪我国学生机能和素质的持续下降而导致体质整体发展水平不理想。不同省份间学生体质和健康状况发展不平衡,西部地区和经济欠发达地区学生体质与健康水平相对落后。
Parts 1 : Study on dynamic development of physical constitution and health of Chinese Han nationality students aged from 7 to 18 between 1985 and 2005
Objectives: to compare the dynamic secular trends of physical constitution and health of Chinese students aged from 7 to 18 between 1985 and 2005 as well as the difference and trend of the height and weight between Chinese students and Japanese students with the time periods of 1985 and 2005 respectively, and to provider the scientific evidence on improving the physical constitution and health of Chinese students.
Methods: Between 1985 and 2005, Chinese Han nationality students aged from 7 to 18 were randomly selected as the study subjects with the 3-stage clustered randomized sampling method. The literature search method was used to collect the data about the basic principles and methods of studying and evaluating students' physical constitution and health, development trend of physical constitution and the analyses on reason and strategy formulation for the obstacle to physical constitution and health, and study review was developed. A dynamic series statistical analysis method was introduced to analyze and compare the secular trends on morphological construction, physiological function, activity diathesis and health status among Chinese Han nationality students aged from 7 to 18 between 1985 and 2005 as well as the dissimilarity on height and weight between Chinese students and Japanese students. Measurement data was described with mean, median, minimum value, maximum value, standard deviation, percentile 25~(th) and percentile 75~(th), and count data with rate and proportion. The comparison between two groups of measurement data was made by two independent sample t test method and multiple groups compared by ANOVA with completely random design. The difference in height and weight between Chinese students and Japanese students was analyzed by Z test performed in a self-developed SAS procedure. Dataset was set up by SPSS software version 15.0.All analyses were performed by SPSS15.0, SAS 9.03 and EXCEL. Significant test level for hypothesis test was set atα=0.05.
Results: The samples of Chinese Han nationality students aged from 7 to 18 recruited in the study were 411931 in the year of 1985, 142521 in 1991, 206935 in 1995, 209299 in 2000, 235981 in 2005,respectively. The findings showed that the development level of morphological construction of Chinese student aged from 7 to 18 have persistently increased. The height increased in urban male,female students,rural male and female students were 4.93cm, 3.48cm, 5.79cm and 4.47cm , respectively, and the climbed extent to the height in urban male students were significantly larger than that of the urban female students(P<0.05), and the increased height (6.97cm) in rural male students were the largest (P<0.05) .The extent to the increase in height during the first decade was significantly higher than that of the second decade (P<0.05)(for urban male students: 2.98cm vs. 1.96cm; urban female students: 2.18cm vs. 1.30cm; rural male students: 3.48cm vs. 2.32cm; rural female students: 2.83cm vs. 1.65cm, respectively). The weight of Chinese Han student also increases with the time during the two decades period. The ascended extent to the weight in in urban male,female students,rural male and female students were 7.36kg, 4.45kg, 4.82kg and 3.02kg, respectively, which implied that the increasing speed of weight among urban male and female students were quicker than that of rural students respectively (P<0.05) . The overweight rate in urban male, female students, rural male and female students have climbed 18.84%, 9.50%, 8.57% and 4.78%, respectively. During the two decades, the ascended extent to the overweight rate in urban male students were larger than that of the other students (P<0.05) , and the urban male pupils had increased 22.24% of overweight rate (P<0.05) . During the period from 1985 to 2005, the circumference development of Chinese Han student in each age group presented the increasing trend. The circumference in urban male, female students, rural male and female students were 3.30cm, 2.91cm, 0.94cm and 1.03 cm, respectively. The extent to circumference increased in urban male students was larger than that of rural students (P<0.05) . There was positive correlation between the speed of morphological construction development in Chinsese students and the level of food expenditure per person in China (P<0.05) with the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.913-0.983. The status of the morphological construction development in rural students lagged about 15years compared to urban students.
The volume of the vital capacity of Chinese student had the rapid decreased trend, and the extent to the declined vital capacity in the first decade(270.28ml) was larger than that in the second decade (85.36ml) (P<0.01). The declined extent of the vital capacity in urban male,female students,rural male and female students were 304.11ml, 393.88ml, 311.65ml and 412.95ml, respectively. The declined speed of the vital capacity in rural female students was more rapid than that of the male students (P<0.05) , and the female students in rural high school had a fastest dscend with the vital capacity (574.50ml) (P<0.05 ) . The pulse of the student had increased slightly for two decades. The increasing extent of pulse in urban male, female students, rural male and female students were 2.20 beat/minute, 1.52 beat/minute, 1.72 beat/minute and 0.69 beat/minute, respectively. The blood press of the Chinese student had the declined trend slightly between 1985 and 2005. The increased extent of the systolic pressure in urban male, female students, rural male and female students were 1.67mmHg, 3.76mmHg, 3.27mmHg, 5.46mmHg and the diastolic pressure with 4.21mmHg, 5.27mmHg, 5.15mmHg 6.24mmHg, respectively.
Between 1985 and 2005, the speed of the 50-meter race of Chinese student had the accelerated trend for 6 years (form 1985 to 1991) followed by a short steady period and fast declined period in the second dacade. The speeded-up extent of 50-meter race in rural male students (0.21second) was large than that of the other students (P<0.05) ,while the dscended extent of 50-meter race in urban female students (0.18 second) was large than that of the urban male students (0.02 second) and rural female students (0.04 second) (P<0.05 ) . The ascended extent to standing long jump of Chinese Han student in the first decade (from 1985 to 1995) was larger than that in the second decade (from 1995 to 2005) (9.49cm vs. -5.09cm, P<0.05). During the two decades, the extent to standing long jump in urban male, female students, rural male and female students increased 2.75cm, 0.15cm, 10.70cm and 4.02cm. The extent to prolong the standing long jump in rural male student was the largest among all students (P<0.05), while the extent to prolong the standing long jump in urban female student was less than that of the other students (P<0.05). During the two decades, the slanted pull-up of the student aged from 7 to 12 presented totally increasing trend ahead of the declined between 2000 and 2005. The increasing frequency of the slanted pull-up of the rural students (14.35 times) was larger than that of the urban students (9.70 times, P<0.05) . The pull-up of the male student aged from 13 to 18 declined sharply in the second decade. The situps of the female student aged from 7 to 18 presented the ascending trend totally during the two decades, and the extent to raise the situps in rural student (5.92 times) was larger than that of the urban student (3.91 times, P<0.05). The grip of the student presented increasing trend between 2000 and 2005, the grip increased in urban male, female students, rural male and female students were 2.70kg, 2.26kg, 2.83kg, 2.25kg, respectively. There were no significant differences in the increment grip among different students. The 50m×8 shuttle race of the male student aged from 7 to 12, and the 1000-meter race of the male student aged from 13 to 18 presented the slow-down trend especially in the second decade. The the declined extent of the 50m×8 shuttle race of the urban student (12.11second) aged from 7 to 12 was larger than that of the rural students (7.61 second) with the same age (P<0.05). The 50m×8 shuttle race of the female student aged from 7 to 12 and the 800-meter of the female student aged from 13 to 18 presented the slow-down trend especially in the second decade, and the the declined extent of the 50m×8 shuttle race of the urban female students (9.94 second) aged from 7 to 12 was larger than that of the rural students (7.37 second) with the same age (P<0.05). Standing toe-touch of the students and sitting toe-touch of the male students had a declined tendency, while sitting toe-touch of the female students had an ascended tendency. Within 20 years, the declined extent of standing toe-touch in urban male, female students, rural male and female students were 2.57cm, 1.04cm, 1.04cm and 1.54cm, and the extent of standing toe-touch decreased in urban male students was the largest among all students (P<0.05). From 2000 to 2005, sitting toe-touch of the male students declined 0.46cm and 0.73cm in urban and rural areas, respectively, while sitting toe-touch of the female students climbed 0.78cm and 0.17cm in urban and rural areas, respectively. The extent of standing toe-touch increased in female students was larger than that in the male students (P<0.05).
The hypometropia rate of Chinese Han student has the climbed trend between 1995 and 2005. The increment in the hypometropia rate of the urban students (9.50%) was slightly higher than that of the rural students (8.85%, P<0.05). The increment in the hypometropia rate of the urban pupils (13.49%) climbed faster than that of rural pupils (7.77%, P<0.05), while the increment in the hypometropia rate of the rural high school students (10.02%) climbed faster than that of rural pupils (6.86%, P<0.05), and the severe hypometropia rate of the studentswent up fast, The increment in the hypometropia rate in the rural female students (11.93%) ranked the top position. The prevalence rate of the deciduous teeth with decayed teeth among the urban student had the declined trend between 1995 and 2005,and the mean decrement of prevalence rate of the deciduous ranged from 1.87% to 19.94%, and while the decayed teeth rate of the rural student did not changed significantly. There is no gender difference in the decayed teeth rate (P>0.05). The prevalence rate of the permanent teeth with decayed teeth among the students had the declined trend between 1995 and 2005.The decayed teeth rate of the urban students (7.55%) descend much more than that of the rural students (1.93%, P<0.05); The prevalence rate of the hypo-hemoglobin of some age groups students presented declined trend between 1995 and 2005. The decrement of the prevalence rate of the hypo-hemoglobin in urban male, female students, rural male and female students were 11.41%, 10.58%, 11.31%, 9.82%, respectively. The decrement in the prevalence rate of the hypo-hemoglobin in the male students (11.36%) was larger than that of thefemale students (10.20%, P<0.05); the infectious rate of roundworm in each age group of student has slightly descended between 2000 and 2005, and the average decrement in the infectious rate of roundworm was 1.47% .
The height in Chinese Han students aged from 7 to 18 was lower than that of the Japanese student with the same age group in 1985. The differences of height and weight in male students aged from 12 to 14 between the two countries reached 7.35cm, 7.18cm and 6.73cm,respectively, and 5.11cm, 5.90cm and 5.88cm differences in female students with the same age between the two countries rspectively; The weight in Chinese Han students aged from 7 to 18 was more light than that of the Japanese student with the same age group in 1985, and the larger differences presented among the students aged from 11 to 15. In 2005, the height in Chinese Han male students aged from 7 to 10 was higher than that of the Japanese student with the same age group, while the height in Chinese Han male students aged from 11 to 15 was lower than that of the Japanese student with the same age group (P<0.05). The height of Chinese Han female students aged from 7 to 9 and aged from 14 to 18 were higher than that of the Japanese student with the same age group respectively, and while the height of Chinese Han female students aged from 11 to 12 was lower than that of the Japanese student with the same age group (P<0.05). The height of Chinese urban students was totally higher than that of the Japanese students with the same age group. Except for the weight of Chinese male students aged from 7 to 9 exceeded the weight of the Japanese students, the weight of the other male students and all female students were lighter than that of the Japanese students with the same age and gender. Above all, the increment of height (ranged from 2.59cm to 6.90cm), weight (from 1.79kg to 8.66kg) in the Chinese students was larger than that of the Japanese students (from -0.05cm to 2.44cm, and from-0.03kg to 2.89kg), respectively (P<0.05). The difference of the height and weight between the Chinese and Japanese students became more and more small, and the shorten trend present obviously among pupils and middle school students. Furthermore, the height and weight of the younger pupil even exceeded that of the Japanese students with the same age in 2005. Generally speahing, there was difference in weight between the Chinese and Japanese students, and the development level of the weight in the majority of Chinese students in 2005 were still at the level of the weight in Japanese students in 1980's last century. The weight in Chinese students was lower than that of Japanese students.
Conclusions:
1. The development level of morphological construction of Chinese student had sustaining increased, and the extent to the development in height in the period from 1995 to 2005 was larger that that in the period from 195 to 1995 .The height of the rural students devloped faster that that of the urban students, while the weight and circumference of the urban students were larger than that of the rural students. The weight gain in urban pupils had the accelerative trend, which hints that urban pupils were at high risk for the overweight and obesity;
2. The volume of the vital capacity of Chinese students had the rapid decreased trend, and the extent to the declined vital capacity in the first decade was larger than that in the second decade. The declined speed of the vital capacity in rural students was more rapid than that of the urban students, and the vital capacity of the female students decreased faster than that of male students. The other physiological function measurements in Chinese Han students did not changed significantly;
3.The measurements index reflecting the explosive force, strength, flexibility and endurance of the Chinese Han student did not present climbed trend and had descended trend in the period from 1995 to 2005; There was the shape of "∧" in the secular trend of activity diathesis.
4. The prevalence rate of anemia, decayed teeth in Chinese Han students presented the descent trend. However, the hypometropia rate of Chinese Han student had the climbed trend with the time and the students' age. The hypometropia rate of the urban male pupils rose relatively fast. The findings indicated that the prevention of hypometropia should been focused on the urban pupil population;
5. The speed of the height and weight development in Chinese Han student aged from 7 to 18 was faster than that of the Japanese student with the same age group during the two decades. The differences of height and weight between the Chinese and the Japanese student becomes more and more small, and the height of the younger pupils and the urban students were higher than the national average level of the height in Japanese students with the same age group in 2005. However, there was difference in weight between the Chinese and Japanese students, and the development level of the weight in the majority of Chinese students in 2005 were still at the level of the weight in Japanese students in 1980's last century.
Part 2: Study on comprehensive evaluation of physical constitution and health of Chinese Han nationality studentsaged from 7 to 18
Objectives: Expert scored method was adopt to develop the evaluation index system, weight and approach of assessing Chinese students' physical constitution and health; the application value on comprehensive evaluating Chinese students' physical constitution and health with TOPSIS, synthetic index, rank sum ratio and close value method were explored, and the alternative synthetic method for assessing Chinese students' physical constitution and health was optimized.
Methods: The literature systemetic analysis method was used to collect the data about the basic principles and methods of studying and evaluating the measurement index for students' physical constitution and health, and intergrted with the mesurement index of Chinese students' physical constitution and health, the concept framework of the evaluation index system on Chinese Han students' physical constitution and health was developed. Expert interview with Delphi method was performed to determine the index system for students' physical constitution and health and the weight of each item, and finally develop the comprehensive evaluation index system of Chinese students' physical constitution and health among different age and gender. At the same time, the comprehensive evaluation methods such as TOPSIS, synthetic index, rank sum ratio and close value method were introduced to assess the Chinese students' physical constitution and health, and the difference in evaluation results among those methods was compared with Kruskal-Wallis H test based on completely random design and the consistency of the results among those methods was analyzed by Spearman correlation. Dataset was set up by SPSS software version 15.0. All analyses were performed by SPSS 15.0, SAS 9.03 and EXCEL. Significant test level for hypothesis test was set atα=0.05.
Results: 38 experts with the experirence of teaching, managing and studying physical subject and child health from university,research institutions and administrative department had finished the three-term consultation. The concept framework of the evaluation index system on Chinese Han students' physical constitution and health included four dimensions such as morphological construction, physiological function, activity diathesis and health status with 20 items. With the 3-term consultation, the comprehensive evaluation index system of Chinese students' physical constitution and health among different age and gender was developed finally. The weight of morphological construction, physiological function, activity diathesis and health status were ascertained as 0.2693, 0.2540, 0.2445 and 0.2322, respectively. The findings from four kinds of comprehensive evaluation methods including TOPSIS, synthetic index, rank sum ratio and close value method showed that the ranked order in years was 1995, 2000, 1995, 2005, 1985, respectively, and indicated that the development level of physical constitution and health in Chinese Han students ranked higher position in nineties last century, while the situation of the whole development of physical constitution and health in Chinese students was not optimistical due to the reason for the declined level of physiological function, activity diathesis in Chinese students this century. The development situation of the physical constitution and health in the Chinese Han students varied with the different province, and the findings showed that the development level of the physical constitution and health of the students in western and poor area ranked the bottom place. The comprehensive evaluation methods conducted in this study had comparable ranked results for assessing the physical constitution and health in Chinese students and each method can be used in practical evaluation on the physical constitution and health in Chinese students.
Conclusions:
1. The Comprehensive Evaluationg Index System for the Physical Constitution and Health of Chinese Han Student established in this study is valuable to assess the status of the physical constitution and health in Chinese student at the level of population.
2. The comprehensive evaluation methods conducted in this study had comparable ranked results for assessing the physical constitution and health in Chinese students and each method can be used in practical evaluation on the physical constitution and health in Chinese students.
3. The comprehensive evaluation results show that the status on the physical constitution and health in the Chinese Han students has been improved during the two decades. However, the overall development level of the physical constitution and health in the Chinese Han students is not ideality due to the obvious slump trend of physiological function and activity diathesis this century. The development situation of the physical constitution and health in the Chinese Han students varied with the different province, and the development level of the physical constitution and health of the students in western and poor area ranked the bottom place.
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