公路交通事故救援车辆的前期研究与开发
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摘要
交通事故是全世界非正常伤亡的重要因素。特别是在我国,随着我国经济的迅速发展,人民生活水平的日益提高,机动车进入家庭的速度急剧加快,从2004年末至2005年末,我国机动车保有量由8850万辆猛增到1.07亿辆,年增长率达到了20.9%。与此同时,我国的道路交通事故也日趋严重。2005年,全国共发生道路交通事故450254起,造成98738人死亡,469911人受伤,直接经济损失达18.8亿元。在我国,平均每5分多钟就有一人死于交通事故,平均每1分多钟就有一人因交通事故而受伤。目前,交通事故多发已经成为严重影响我国社会发展和人民生活的重要因素。
交通事故发生后,特别是碰撞事故发生后,因为车身变形导致对车内人员营救的困难,严重降低了救援的效率。缺少专业救援设备,拖延了救援时间,同时加大了二次伤害发生的可能性。救援人员缺少与早期生命支持相关的知识与设备,增加了交通事故死亡发生的可能性。因此,提高交通事故救援的质量,提升交通事故救援设备的设计水平,是降低事故死亡率的重要措施。
本文致力于探讨交通事故救援设备中交通事故救援车辆的设计问题,并企图通过救援车辆的研究与开发来整合救援设备与救援技术,改进碰撞之后的救治,从而达到减轻交通事故事故后果的目的。
首先,提出一种基于车辆碰撞结果的交通事故分类方式。并根据所提出的分类方式,通过调研与分析对各类型交通事故发生后的典型特征进行归纳总结。并在此基础之上,确定交通事故救援车辆的主要工作内容。
第二,通过对交通事故中人身伤亡的研究,明确了在交通事故后第一时间对伤员开展紧急医疗救护的重要性,并讨论了在第一时间开展紧急医疗救护可能需要的办法及设备需求,为交通事故救援车辆设计的功能需求提供了判定的依据。
第三,通过对交通事故救援车辆主要工作中存在的一系列人机界面的分析与研究,为交通事故救援车辆的设计提供了人机工程学上的依据。
第四,通过对交通事故救援车辆的方案性探讨,为交通事故救援车辆的设计提供的选型的参考意见。
The traffic accident is the important factors of abnormal injuries and deaths of whole world. Especially in our country, with the rapid development of the economy of our country, the improving day by day of the living standards of the people, the motor vehicle entered tempo of the family to accelerate sharply, from the end of 2004 to the end of 2005, the recoverable amount of motor vehicle of our country will be increased sharply from 88,500,000 to 1.07 hundred million, the annual growth is up to 20.9%. Meanwhile, the road traffic accident of our country is serious day by day too. In 2005, 450254 traffic accidents of the road will happen altogether in the whole country, cause 98738 deaths, 469911 people are injured, the direct economic losses reach 18.8 hundred million yuan. In our country, have one people die of traffic accident 5 minutes or more while being every, first people is injured because of traffic accident 1 minutes or more while being every on average on average. At present, it influences our country's social development and the important factors of the people's lives seriously that the traffic accident occurs frequently and already becomes.
After the traffic accident happens, especially after the collision accident happens, because automobile body deformation causes to the difficulty which personnel succour in the car, have reduced the efficiency rescued seriously. Lack the speciality and rescue the apparatus, has delayed rescuing time, it injures possibility to happen to strengthen for twice at the same time. The rescuer lacks knowledge and apparatus related to early life support, have increased the possibility happening in death of traffic accident. So improve quality that traffic accident rescue, improve traffic accident design level to rescue apparatus, reduce the mortality important measure of the accident.
This text is devoted to probing into the traffic accident and rescuing the design question of rescuing vehicle of the traffic accident in the apparatus, attempt to combine and rescue the apparatus and rescue technology by rescuing the research and development of the vehicle, the treatment and cure after improvement collides, thus achieve the goal of lightening the accident consequence of traffic accident.
First of all, propose a collides in the result categorised way of traffic accident on the basis of the vehicle. And according to categorised ways put forward, through surveying and studying and analyzing that sums up to summarize in typical characteristic after happening to all kinds of traffic accident. And on this foundation, confirm the groundwork content of rescuing vehicle of the traffic accident.
Second, through the study on loss of life in the traffic accident, have launched the importance of the urgent medical aid to the wounded after the traffic accident as soon as possible clearly, have discussed that launches method and apparatus demand that the urgent medical aid may need as soon as possible, have offered the basis judged for rescuing the function demand that the vehicle is designed in traffic accident.
Third, through rescuing the analysis of a series of man-machine interface existing in the vehicle groundwork and studying to the traffic accident, it is the traffic accident that rescues the design of the vehicle to offer the basis on man-machine engineering.
Fourth, through rescue scheme discussion of vehicle to traffic accident, it is traffic accident design to rescue vehicle that offer reference suggestion of selecting type.
交通事故发生后,特别是碰撞事故发生后,因为车身变形导致对车内人员营救的困难,严重降低了救援的效率。缺少专业救援设备,拖延了救援时间,同时加大了二次伤害发生的可能性。救援人员缺少与早期生命支持相关的知识与设备,增加了交通事故死亡发生的可能性。因此,提高交通事故救援的质量,提升交通事故救援设备的设计水平,是降低事故死亡率的重要措施。
本文致力于探讨交通事故救援设备中交通事故救援车辆的设计问题,并企图通过救援车辆的研究与开发来整合救援设备与救援技术,改进碰撞之后的救治,从而达到减轻交通事故事故后果的目的。
首先,提出一种基于车辆碰撞结果的交通事故分类方式。并根据所提出的分类方式,通过调研与分析对各类型交通事故发生后的典型特征进行归纳总结。并在此基础之上,确定交通事故救援车辆的主要工作内容。
第二,通过对交通事故中人身伤亡的研究,明确了在交通事故后第一时间对伤员开展紧急医疗救护的重要性,并讨论了在第一时间开展紧急医疗救护可能需要的办法及设备需求,为交通事故救援车辆设计的功能需求提供了判定的依据。
第三,通过对交通事故救援车辆主要工作中存在的一系列人机界面的分析与研究,为交通事故救援车辆的设计提供了人机工程学上的依据。
第四,通过对交通事故救援车辆的方案性探讨,为交通事故救援车辆的设计提供的选型的参考意见。
The traffic accident is the important factors of abnormal injuries and deaths of whole world. Especially in our country, with the rapid development of the economy of our country, the improving day by day of the living standards of the people, the motor vehicle entered tempo of the family to accelerate sharply, from the end of 2004 to the end of 2005, the recoverable amount of motor vehicle of our country will be increased sharply from 88,500,000 to 1.07 hundred million, the annual growth is up to 20.9%. Meanwhile, the road traffic accident of our country is serious day by day too. In 2005, 450254 traffic accidents of the road will happen altogether in the whole country, cause 98738 deaths, 469911 people are injured, the direct economic losses reach 18.8 hundred million yuan. In our country, have one people die of traffic accident 5 minutes or more while being every, first people is injured because of traffic accident 1 minutes or more while being every on average on average. At present, it influences our country's social development and the important factors of the people's lives seriously that the traffic accident occurs frequently and already becomes.
After the traffic accident happens, especially after the collision accident happens, because automobile body deformation causes to the difficulty which personnel succour in the car, have reduced the efficiency rescued seriously. Lack the speciality and rescue the apparatus, has delayed rescuing time, it injures possibility to happen to strengthen for twice at the same time. The rescuer lacks knowledge and apparatus related to early life support, have increased the possibility happening in death of traffic accident. So improve quality that traffic accident rescue, improve traffic accident design level to rescue apparatus, reduce the mortality important measure of the accident.
This text is devoted to probing into the traffic accident and rescuing the design question of rescuing vehicle of the traffic accident in the apparatus, attempt to combine and rescue the apparatus and rescue technology by rescuing the research and development of the vehicle, the treatment and cure after improvement collides, thus achieve the goal of lightening the accident consequence of traffic accident.
First of all, propose a collides in the result categorised way of traffic accident on the basis of the vehicle. And according to categorised ways put forward, through surveying and studying and analyzing that sums up to summarize in typical characteristic after happening to all kinds of traffic accident. And on this foundation, confirm the groundwork content of rescuing vehicle of the traffic accident.
Second, through the study on loss of life in the traffic accident, have launched the importance of the urgent medical aid to the wounded after the traffic accident as soon as possible clearly, have discussed that launches method and apparatus demand that the urgent medical aid may need as soon as possible, have offered the basis judged for rescuing the function demand that the vehicle is designed in traffic accident.
Third, through rescuing the analysis of a series of man-machine interface existing in the vehicle groundwork and studying to the traffic accident, it is the traffic accident that rescues the design of the vehicle to offer the basis on man-machine engineering.
Fourth, through rescue scheme discussion of vehicle to traffic accident, it is traffic accident design to rescue vehicle that offer reference suggestion of selecting type.
引文
[1]管满泉,姚群.中外道路交通事故预防之比较[J].江西公安专科学校学报,2003(4):67-70
[2]马社强,韩凤春,郑英力.道路交通事故紧急救援体系研究[J].中国人民公安大学学报(自然科学版),2004(3):87-91
[3]应成亮.道路交通事故现场处理的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].长春:吉林大学,2002
[4]王书贤.汽车交通事故模式分析与救援车辆的研究开发[D]:[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学,2007
[5]Tang-Hsien Chang,Jen-Ting Lin,optimal signal timing for an oversaturated intersection,Transportation Research Part B 34,471-491,2000
[6]Anderson,B.D.O.,Moore,J.B.,Optimal Control-Linear Quadratic Methods,Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,NJ,1990
[7]Kuo,B.C.,Automatic Control Systems,6th ed.Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,NJ,1991
[8]Luenberger,D.G.,Introduction to Dynamic Systems:Theory,Models,&Applications,Wiley,Chichester,1979
[9]Michalopoulos,P.G.,Stephanopolos,G.,May,Optimal control of oversaturated intersectionstheoretical and practical considerations,Traffic Engineering & Control,216-221,1978
[10]Discrete dynamic shortest path problems in transportation applications,transportation research record1645,170-175,2001
[11]Ghassan Abu-Lebdeh,Rahim F.Benekohal,Design and evaluation of dynamic traffic management strategies for congested conditions,Transportation Research Part A 37,109-127,2003
[12]Jiuh-Biing Sheu,Stochasic System Modeling and Optimal Control of Incident-lnduced Traffic Congestion,Mathematical and Computer Modeling 38,533-549,2003
[13]Jiuh-Biing Sheu,Yi-Hwa Chou,Allen Chen,Stochastic Modeling and real-time prediction of incident on surface street traffic congestion,Applied Mathematical and Computer Modeling 28,445-468,2004
[14]Apostolos Kotsialos,Markos Papageoriou,Motorway network traffic control systems,European Journal of Operational Research 152,321-333,2004
[15]Hong K.Lo,Elbert Chang,Yiu Cho Chan,Dynamic network traffic control,Transportation Research Part A 35,721-744,2001
[16]W.M.Hirst,L.j.Mountain,M.J.Maher,Sources of error in road safety scheme evaluation:a method to deal with outdated accident prediction models,Accident Analysis and Prevention,2003
[17]Derrick G.Lopez,Diana L.Rosman,George A.Jelinek,Garry J.Wilkes,Peter C.Sprivulis,Complementing police road-crash records with trauma registry data——an initial evaluation,Accident Analysis and Prevention 32,771-777,2000
[18]许洪国.交通事故分析和处理[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2003
[19]段里仁.道路交通事故概论[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1997
[20]许洪国,何彪.道路交通事故分析与再现[M].北京:警官教育出版社,1996
[21]姚祖康.道路与交通工程系统分析[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2000
[22]肖杰.道路交通事故快速处理研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].长春:吉林大学,2004
[23]王炜,过秀成.交通工程学[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2000
[24]俞斌.道路交通事故的影响范围与处理资源调动研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学2006
[27]姜雪花.城市动态交通信息采集点布设及交通流短期预测方法研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2006
[28]李畅.我国高速公路呼唤交通事故紧急救援体系[J].现代交通管理,2005(5):13-14
[29]康文.交通事故与紧急救援[J].劳动安全与健康,1998(3):28-29
[30]李峰,李群.高速公路交通事故急救方法[J].交通与运输,1998(6):37
[31]黄同愿,黄席樾,袁荣棣,李刚.高速公路紧急事件与安全系统探索[J].重庆大学学报,2003
[32]覃峰.浅谈如何建立交通事故救援系统[J].湖北警官学院学报,2004(1):53-55
[33]杨京帅,陈刚.道路交通事故救援体系探讨[J].人类功效学,2003(1):26-28
[34]徐毅刚.道路交通事故处理理论[M].北京:警官教育出版社,1997
[35]汽车驾驶员新等级标准教材编委会.交通工程与交通事故分析[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1992
[36]许洪国.汽车事故工程.北京人民交通出版社.2004
[37]葛如海,刘志强,陈晓东.汽车安全工程.北京化学工业出版社.2005
[38]李江.交通事故力学.北京机械工业出版社.2002
[39]陈永德.道路交通事故的分析及预防.北京人民交通出版社.1999
[40]郭竹亭.汽车车身设计.长春吉林科学技术出版社.1999
[41]方楷.城市道路交通事故的紧急救援处理研:[硕士学位论文].东南大学.2006
[42]周一鸣,毛恩荣.车辆人机工程学.北京理工大学出版社,1999
[43]丁玉兰.人机工程学(修订版).北京理工大学出版社,2000
[44]阮宝湘.人机工程学与产品设计.中国科学技术出版社,1994
[45]曹琦.人机工程设计.西南交通大学出版社,1998
[46]刘盛磺.人体工程学与室内设计.中国建筑工业出版社,1997
[47]曾宪揩主编.视觉传达设计.北京理工大学出版社,1991
[48]严扬,王国胜.产品设计中的人机工程学.黑龙江科学技术出版社1997
[49]中国机械设计大典编委会.机械设计大典.江西科学技术出版社。2002
[50]成大先主编.机械设计手册第三版第1卷.化学工业出版社.1994
[2]马社强,韩凤春,郑英力.道路交通事故紧急救援体系研究[J].中国人民公安大学学报(自然科学版),2004(3):87-91
[3]应成亮.道路交通事故现场处理的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].长春:吉林大学,2002
[4]王书贤.汽车交通事故模式分析与救援车辆的研究开发[D]:[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学,2007
[5]Tang-Hsien Chang,Jen-Ting Lin,optimal signal timing for an oversaturated intersection,Transportation Research Part B 34,471-491,2000
[6]Anderson,B.D.O.,Moore,J.B.,Optimal Control-Linear Quadratic Methods,Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,NJ,1990
[7]Kuo,B.C.,Automatic Control Systems,6th ed.Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,NJ,1991
[8]Luenberger,D.G.,Introduction to Dynamic Systems:Theory,Models,&Applications,Wiley,Chichester,1979
[9]Michalopoulos,P.G.,Stephanopolos,G.,May,Optimal control of oversaturated intersectionstheoretical and practical considerations,Traffic Engineering & Control,216-221,1978
[10]Discrete dynamic shortest path problems in transportation applications,transportation research record1645,170-175,2001
[11]Ghassan Abu-Lebdeh,Rahim F.Benekohal,Design and evaluation of dynamic traffic management strategies for congested conditions,Transportation Research Part A 37,109-127,2003
[12]Jiuh-Biing Sheu,Stochasic System Modeling and Optimal Control of Incident-lnduced Traffic Congestion,Mathematical and Computer Modeling 38,533-549,2003
[13]Jiuh-Biing Sheu,Yi-Hwa Chou,Allen Chen,Stochastic Modeling and real-time prediction of incident on surface street traffic congestion,Applied Mathematical and Computer Modeling 28,445-468,2004
[14]Apostolos Kotsialos,Markos Papageoriou,Motorway network traffic control systems,European Journal of Operational Research 152,321-333,2004
[15]Hong K.Lo,Elbert Chang,Yiu Cho Chan,Dynamic network traffic control,Transportation Research Part A 35,721-744,2001
[16]W.M.Hirst,L.j.Mountain,M.J.Maher,Sources of error in road safety scheme evaluation:a method to deal with outdated accident prediction models,Accident Analysis and Prevention,2003
[17]Derrick G.Lopez,Diana L.Rosman,George A.Jelinek,Garry J.Wilkes,Peter C.Sprivulis,Complementing police road-crash records with trauma registry data——an initial evaluation,Accident Analysis and Prevention 32,771-777,2000
[18]许洪国.交通事故分析和处理[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2003
[19]段里仁.道路交通事故概论[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1997
[20]许洪国,何彪.道路交通事故分析与再现[M].北京:警官教育出版社,1996
[21]姚祖康.道路与交通工程系统分析[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2000
[22]肖杰.道路交通事故快速处理研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].长春:吉林大学,2004
[23]王炜,过秀成.交通工程学[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2000
[24]俞斌.道路交通事故的影响范围与处理资源调动研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学2006
[27]姜雪花.城市动态交通信息采集点布设及交通流短期预测方法研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2006
[28]李畅.我国高速公路呼唤交通事故紧急救援体系[J].现代交通管理,2005(5):13-14
[29]康文.交通事故与紧急救援[J].劳动安全与健康,1998(3):28-29
[30]李峰,李群.高速公路交通事故急救方法[J].交通与运输,1998(6):37
[31]黄同愿,黄席樾,袁荣棣,李刚.高速公路紧急事件与安全系统探索[J].重庆大学学报,2003
[32]覃峰.浅谈如何建立交通事故救援系统[J].湖北警官学院学报,2004(1):53-55
[33]杨京帅,陈刚.道路交通事故救援体系探讨[J].人类功效学,2003(1):26-28
[34]徐毅刚.道路交通事故处理理论[M].北京:警官教育出版社,1997
[35]汽车驾驶员新等级标准教材编委会.交通工程与交通事故分析[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1992
[36]许洪国.汽车事故工程.北京人民交通出版社.2004
[37]葛如海,刘志强,陈晓东.汽车安全工程.北京化学工业出版社.2005
[38]李江.交通事故力学.北京机械工业出版社.2002
[39]陈永德.道路交通事故的分析及预防.北京人民交通出版社.1999
[40]郭竹亭.汽车车身设计.长春吉林科学技术出版社.1999
[41]方楷.城市道路交通事故的紧急救援处理研:[硕士学位论文].东南大学.2006
[42]周一鸣,毛恩荣.车辆人机工程学.北京理工大学出版社,1999
[43]丁玉兰.人机工程学(修订版).北京理工大学出版社,2000
[44]阮宝湘.人机工程学与产品设计.中国科学技术出版社,1994
[45]曹琦.人机工程设计.西南交通大学出版社,1998
[46]刘盛磺.人体工程学与室内设计.中国建筑工业出版社,1997
[47]曾宪揩主编.视觉传达设计.北京理工大学出版社,1991
[48]严扬,王国胜.产品设计中的人机工程学.黑龙江科学技术出版社1997
[49]中国机械设计大典编委会.机械设计大典.江西科学技术出版社。2002
[50]成大先主编.机械设计手册第三版第1卷.化学工业出版社.1994