宽带无线OFDM系统中ICI抑制技术研究
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摘要
OFDM技术是无线局域网、无线城域网、第四代移动通信等宽带无线系统物理层的核心技术之一；同时，OFDM还与新兴的协同通信、认知无线电等技术结合紧密，是未来通信领域的基础技术之一。但OFDM系统对子载波间干扰（ICI）很敏感，ICI会破坏子载波之间的正交性，导致系统性能恶化；尤其在实际宽带无线OFDM系统中，射频部件的模拟缺陷、基带处理的不完美和无线信道环境的复杂多变，都会引起ICI。
论文围绕宽带无线OFDM系统中的ICI问题展开，深入研究了宽带无线OFDM系统物理层中的ICI抑制技术，包括相位噪声（PHN）抑制、时变信道的ICI均衡等，并提出了一些有效的、实用的改进方法，主要的研究内容如下：
第一，从无线通信系统物理层的基本结构出发，较全面地分析OFDM系统中产生ICI的原因，将无线OFDM系统中ICI的来源归结为数字信号处理算法的残余误差、模拟前端的非理想特性、无线信道的时变性等三个方面，并逐一分析其对OFDM系统的影响。
第二，针对存在PHN的突发OFDM传输系统中前导训练阶段的频偏、信道估计与PHN抑制问题，基于最大似然的思想，提出了基于训练符号的频域联合估计算法。所提算法由两个步骤来实现，第一步利用前导中两个重复的训练符号，在频域完成细频偏估计；第二步进行信道与PHN的频域估计。在第一步中，先在已知PHN的协方差先验信息的情况下，推导了频域的频偏估计算法，该算法的频偏估计结果不受PHN和信道的影响，精度较高；再假设未知PHN先验信息，该算法简化为经典的Moose算法。仿真结果表明，在PHN较小时，简化对性能的影响较小。在第二步中，通过构建等式约束的二次规划问题，并利用拉格朗日乘子法求解，从而获得信道和PHN的频域估计；并通过利用PHN的低通特性减少了待估参数维数，从而避免进行计算量较大的大矩阵求逆运算，降低了复杂度。与以前的算法相比，所提算法的优势在于：无需实际系统中难以获得的PHN协方差先验信息；而且估计过程在频域完成，能够利用PHN和信道的频域向量的特点，因此无需信道长度信息，并可利用PHN的低通特性进行化简。
第三，针对存在PHN的突发OFDM系统中数据传输阶段的数据符号检测与PHN抑制问题，提出了基于公共相位误差（CPE）插值的联合估计算法。该算法利用PHN的缓变特性，在相邻符号的CPE估计值之间插值，将插值结果作为PHN估计值用于均衡，从而在一定程度上抑制了PHN引起的ICI，有效的克服了传统CPE校正算法中因忽略ICI影响而导致的PHN抑制效果不佳的问题。为了进一步提高PHN的抑制效果和数据符号的检测性能，采用了基于判决反馈的迭代均衡：先将CPE插值结果作为迭代过程的PHN初始值，再利用PHN估计结果消除已知导频子载波对数据子载波的影响，接着求解最小二乘问题，然后进行频域迫零均衡，得到数据符号的估计，并利用判决的数据符号反馈开始迭代，从而最终获得PHN和数据符号的联合估计。复杂度分析和仿真结果表明，在相同迭代次数时，所提迭代算法的复杂度远小于迭代双最小二乘经典算法，同时前者性能要优于后者；在不进行迭代时，所提算法性能优于传统的CPE估计算法，在相位噪声较严重时，优势尤为明显。
第四，针对放大前传（AF）协同OFDM通信系统中同时存在频偏和PHN的情况，提出了存在频偏和PHN的AF协同OFDM系统模型及接收机算法。利用近似等价的信号模型，详细设计了目的节点内接收机的同步和信道估计方案；针对数据传输阶段的PHN抑制和数据恢复问题，提出了一种基于判决反馈的PHN估计与译码联合算法，该算法性能明显优于没有进行PHN抑制的方法。仿真结果表明，所提方案和算法能够有效改善存在频偏和PHN的AF协同OFDM系统的性能。此外，所提的接收机结构和算法还可以扩展到多个中继节点的情况。
最后，针对时变衰落信道下ICI抑制问题和传统V-BLAST均衡算法复杂度过高的问题，提出了一种低复杂度的、适用于时变信道ICI均衡的SAGE-OSIC算法。该算法基于空间交替广义期望最大化（SAGE）算法和排序串行干扰抵消（OSIC）思想，迭代过程由求期望和求最大化两部分组成，并结合SINR排序或SNR排序，以避免迭代过程中的错误传播问题，从而改善误码性能。复杂度分析和仿真结果表明，所提的基于SINR排序和SNR排序的SAGE-OSIC算法，其复杂度明显低于V-BLAST算法，并与传统SAGE算法相当；而其性能优于传统的SAGE算法，并接近V-BLAST算法。尤其是在多普勒频移较大时，所提的新算法对系统性能的改善更加明显，因此更适合高速移动环境。
The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), is one of the keytechnologies of physical layer (PHY) in many wide-band wireless systems, such aswireless local area network (WLAN), wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN),and the fourth generation mobile communication systems (4G). The OFDM is also oneof the fundamental technologies for future wireless communication, due to itsintegration with the emerging techniques such as cooperative communication andcognitive radio. However, OFDM is sensitive to inter-carrier interference (ICI), whichdestroys the orthogonality among the subcarriers and degrades the system performance.There are many reasons to cause ICI in practical wideband wireless OFDM systems,such as the impairment of the RF circuits, the imperfection of the baseband processingand the time-variation of wireless channels.
The main idea of the dissertation is to study ICI mitigation in the physical layer forwideband wireless OFDM systems, including the phase noise (PHN) mitigation and ICIequalization for time-varying channels. Besides, the improved schemes are presented.The contributions of the dissertation are as follows:
Firstly, based on the basic structure of the PHY in wireless communications, thesources of ICI in OFDM are analyzed comprehensively, which can be described by thethree aspects: the residual error in DSP algorithms, the impairment of analog front-end,and the time-varying characteristics of the channels. The ICI effects from the sources onOFDM are also analyzed.
Secondly, the frequency-domain joint estimation algorithm of the carrier frequencyoffset (CFO), channel and PHN, is proposed for the preamble stage in burst OFDMsystems with PHN. Using PHN covariance prior information and two repeat trainingsymbols in preamble, the fine CFO is estimated in frequency domain with high accuracy,which isn't effected by the PHN and channel. Then a low complexity algorithm withoutmatrix inversion and the PHN prior is given, and it's proven that the simplicity has alittle influence on the performance. In order to get the joint estimation of channel andPHN, a quadratic programming problem with equality constraint is formatted andsolved, and then the lowpass character of PHN is utilized to reduce the computationalcomplexity. In all, the proposed algorithm is finished in frequency domain, so thefrequency domain character of PHN and channel can be used, and no prior information about the channel length and PHN covariance is required.
Thirdly, through the interpolation of the common phase error (CPE) of PHN, thejoint estimation of data symbol and PHN is proposed for the data transmission stage inburst OFDM systems with PHN. In order to compensate the interference from the PHNof local oscillators, an iterative algorithm for PHN estimation and equalization isproposed. Firstly, the slow-going PHN is approximated by the interpolation of theadjacent CPE, and then the interpolation points of the PHN are considered as the initialvalues for the following iteration. Finally, the phase noise and de-mapping symbols canbe obtained jointly by the iterative estimation and equalization in the frequency domain.Computer simulation illustrates that the proposed scheme with lower complexitysignificantly outperforms the conventional method based on CPE coefficient in the biterror ratio (BER) performance when the number of iterations is the same. In addition,the proposed scheme without iterations has much better BER performance than thesimple non-iteration CPE correction method, especially for the environments withsevere PHN.
Fourthly, the amplify-and-forward (AF) cooperative OFDM system model andreceiver structure is proposed for AF cooperative OFDM system with PHN and CFO.By the approximate signal model, the scheme of synchronization and channelestimation for inner receiver is designed. And for the data transmission stage, adecision-directed joint PHN mitigation and decoding algorithms is proposed, which issuperior to the approach without PHN suppression. The proposed scheme andalgorithms can be extended to the AF cooperative OFDM systems with multiple relays.
Finally, based on the space alternating generalized expectation-maximization(SAGE) algorithm, and the ordered serial interference cancellation (OSIC) approach, anICI mitigation algorithm, named as the SAGE-OSIC, is proposed for OFDM systemsover multipath fading and rapidly time-varying channels. Computational complexityinvestigations and simulation results indicate that the proposed SAGE-OSIC, with noincrease in the computational complexity, significantly outperforms the existingmethods based on the SAGE, especially for large Doppler shifts. In addition, theperformance of the proposed SAGE-OSIC is very close to that of the VBLASTalgorithm, where the latter demands huge computation. Hence, the proposed algorithmis particularly well suited for practical highly mobile systems.
论文围绕宽带无线OFDM系统中的ICI问题展开，深入研究了宽带无线OFDM系统物理层中的ICI抑制技术，包括相位噪声（PHN）抑制、时变信道的ICI均衡等，并提出了一些有效的、实用的改进方法，主要的研究内容如下：
第一，从无线通信系统物理层的基本结构出发，较全面地分析OFDM系统中产生ICI的原因，将无线OFDM系统中ICI的来源归结为数字信号处理算法的残余误差、模拟前端的非理想特性、无线信道的时变性等三个方面，并逐一分析其对OFDM系统的影响。
第二，针对存在PHN的突发OFDM传输系统中前导训练阶段的频偏、信道估计与PHN抑制问题，基于最大似然的思想，提出了基于训练符号的频域联合估计算法。所提算法由两个步骤来实现，第一步利用前导中两个重复的训练符号，在频域完成细频偏估计；第二步进行信道与PHN的频域估计。在第一步中，先在已知PHN的协方差先验信息的情况下，推导了频域的频偏估计算法，该算法的频偏估计结果不受PHN和信道的影响，精度较高；再假设未知PHN先验信息，该算法简化为经典的Moose算法。仿真结果表明，在PHN较小时，简化对性能的影响较小。在第二步中，通过构建等式约束的二次规划问题，并利用拉格朗日乘子法求解，从而获得信道和PHN的频域估计；并通过利用PHN的低通特性减少了待估参数维数，从而避免进行计算量较大的大矩阵求逆运算，降低了复杂度。与以前的算法相比，所提算法的优势在于：无需实际系统中难以获得的PHN协方差先验信息；而且估计过程在频域完成，能够利用PHN和信道的频域向量的特点，因此无需信道长度信息，并可利用PHN的低通特性进行化简。
第三，针对存在PHN的突发OFDM系统中数据传输阶段的数据符号检测与PHN抑制问题，提出了基于公共相位误差（CPE）插值的联合估计算法。该算法利用PHN的缓变特性，在相邻符号的CPE估计值之间插值，将插值结果作为PHN估计值用于均衡，从而在一定程度上抑制了PHN引起的ICI，有效的克服了传统CPE校正算法中因忽略ICI影响而导致的PHN抑制效果不佳的问题。为了进一步提高PHN的抑制效果和数据符号的检测性能，采用了基于判决反馈的迭代均衡：先将CPE插值结果作为迭代过程的PHN初始值，再利用PHN估计结果消除已知导频子载波对数据子载波的影响，接着求解最小二乘问题，然后进行频域迫零均衡，得到数据符号的估计，并利用判决的数据符号反馈开始迭代，从而最终获得PHN和数据符号的联合估计。复杂度分析和仿真结果表明，在相同迭代次数时，所提迭代算法的复杂度远小于迭代双最小二乘经典算法，同时前者性能要优于后者；在不进行迭代时，所提算法性能优于传统的CPE估计算法，在相位噪声较严重时，优势尤为明显。
第四，针对放大前传（AF）协同OFDM通信系统中同时存在频偏和PHN的情况，提出了存在频偏和PHN的AF协同OFDM系统模型及接收机算法。利用近似等价的信号模型，详细设计了目的节点内接收机的同步和信道估计方案；针对数据传输阶段的PHN抑制和数据恢复问题，提出了一种基于判决反馈的PHN估计与译码联合算法，该算法性能明显优于没有进行PHN抑制的方法。仿真结果表明，所提方案和算法能够有效改善存在频偏和PHN的AF协同OFDM系统的性能。此外，所提的接收机结构和算法还可以扩展到多个中继节点的情况。
最后，针对时变衰落信道下ICI抑制问题和传统V-BLAST均衡算法复杂度过高的问题，提出了一种低复杂度的、适用于时变信道ICI均衡的SAGE-OSIC算法。该算法基于空间交替广义期望最大化（SAGE）算法和排序串行干扰抵消（OSIC）思想，迭代过程由求期望和求最大化两部分组成，并结合SINR排序或SNR排序，以避免迭代过程中的错误传播问题，从而改善误码性能。复杂度分析和仿真结果表明，所提的基于SINR排序和SNR排序的SAGE-OSIC算法，其复杂度明显低于V-BLAST算法，并与传统SAGE算法相当；而其性能优于传统的SAGE算法，并接近V-BLAST算法。尤其是在多普勒频移较大时，所提的新算法对系统性能的改善更加明显，因此更适合高速移动环境。
The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), is one of the keytechnologies of physical layer (PHY) in many wide-band wireless systems, such aswireless local area network (WLAN), wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN),and the fourth generation mobile communication systems (4G). The OFDM is also oneof the fundamental technologies for future wireless communication, due to itsintegration with the emerging techniques such as cooperative communication andcognitive radio. However, OFDM is sensitive to inter-carrier interference (ICI), whichdestroys the orthogonality among the subcarriers and degrades the system performance.There are many reasons to cause ICI in practical wideband wireless OFDM systems,such as the impairment of the RF circuits, the imperfection of the baseband processingand the time-variation of wireless channels.
The main idea of the dissertation is to study ICI mitigation in the physical layer forwideband wireless OFDM systems, including the phase noise (PHN) mitigation and ICIequalization for time-varying channels. Besides, the improved schemes are presented.The contributions of the dissertation are as follows:
Firstly, based on the basic structure of the PHY in wireless communications, thesources of ICI in OFDM are analyzed comprehensively, which can be described by thethree aspects: the residual error in DSP algorithms, the impairment of analog front-end,and the time-varying characteristics of the channels. The ICI effects from the sources onOFDM are also analyzed.
Secondly, the frequency-domain joint estimation algorithm of the carrier frequencyoffset (CFO), channel and PHN, is proposed for the preamble stage in burst OFDMsystems with PHN. Using PHN covariance prior information and two repeat trainingsymbols in preamble, the fine CFO is estimated in frequency domain with high accuracy,which isn't effected by the PHN and channel. Then a low complexity algorithm withoutmatrix inversion and the PHN prior is given, and it's proven that the simplicity has alittle influence on the performance. In order to get the joint estimation of channel andPHN, a quadratic programming problem with equality constraint is formatted andsolved, and then the lowpass character of PHN is utilized to reduce the computationalcomplexity. In all, the proposed algorithm is finished in frequency domain, so thefrequency domain character of PHN and channel can be used, and no prior information about the channel length and PHN covariance is required.
Thirdly, through the interpolation of the common phase error (CPE) of PHN, thejoint estimation of data symbol and PHN is proposed for the data transmission stage inburst OFDM systems with PHN. In order to compensate the interference from the PHNof local oscillators, an iterative algorithm for PHN estimation and equalization isproposed. Firstly, the slow-going PHN is approximated by the interpolation of theadjacent CPE, and then the interpolation points of the PHN are considered as the initialvalues for the following iteration. Finally, the phase noise and de-mapping symbols canbe obtained jointly by the iterative estimation and equalization in the frequency domain.Computer simulation illustrates that the proposed scheme with lower complexitysignificantly outperforms the conventional method based on CPE coefficient in the biterror ratio (BER) performance when the number of iterations is the same. In addition,the proposed scheme without iterations has much better BER performance than thesimple non-iteration CPE correction method, especially for the environments withsevere PHN.
Fourthly, the amplify-and-forward (AF) cooperative OFDM system model andreceiver structure is proposed for AF cooperative OFDM system with PHN and CFO.By the approximate signal model, the scheme of synchronization and channelestimation for inner receiver is designed. And for the data transmission stage, adecision-directed joint PHN mitigation and decoding algorithms is proposed, which issuperior to the approach without PHN suppression. The proposed scheme andalgorithms can be extended to the AF cooperative OFDM systems with multiple relays.
Finally, based on the space alternating generalized expectation-maximization(SAGE) algorithm, and the ordered serial interference cancellation (OSIC) approach, anICI mitigation algorithm, named as the SAGE-OSIC, is proposed for OFDM systemsover multipath fading and rapidly time-varying channels. Computational complexityinvestigations and simulation results indicate that the proposed SAGE-OSIC, with noincrease in the computational complexity, significantly outperforms the existingmethods based on the SAGE, especially for large Doppler shifts. In addition, theperformance of the proposed SAGE-OSIC is very close to that of the VBLASTalgorithm, where the latter demands huge computation. Hence, the proposed algorithmis particularly well suited for practical highly mobile systems.
引文
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