水声扩频通信关键技术研究
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摘要
水声信道是最复杂的无线信道之一，也是极少可以肩负远距离水下传输的媒质。由于海洋介质对高频的衰减很严重，造就了它极窄的传输带宽；由于声波在海洋中传输速度缓慢，收发的相对运动导致接收信号存在有大多普勒频偏；而相干多途到达的信号又使接收信号产生畸变。海洋环境的复杂多变注定了水声信道的多途、多普勒、随机时变和空变。
扩频技术以其自身特有的优势，具有克服复杂信道各种不利条件的能力。在无线电通信领域，扩频已经是一项非常成熟的技术，并已经得到广泛的应用。但是由于水声信道的复杂性，研究开发适应、适用于水声信道的扩频通信技术，仍然是科研人员致力于研究的热点问题。
目前，研究水声扩频通信技术所面临的两个最为主要的难题是：
1.面对水声信道严重的时变性，需要研究可跟踪信道时变的扩频同步技术；
2.面对水声信道严重受限的带宽，需要研究高效带宽利用率的扩频技术。
本文正是围绕这两个主题展开，分别对扩频的同步技术、高频谱利用率的多载波扩频技术和MIMO扩频技术进行了深入的研究。
为适应水声信道快速时变性和提高扩频系统序列调制效率，本文研究采用高效的M-ary正交序列调制技术的正交混合扩频通信方案，通过不间断的发送同步序列以实现接收端对信道实时测量。
水声信道下的多普勒属于宽带多普勒，且载波频率偏移和码相位的偏移是两个相互关联的因素，研究基于时频二维搜索的序列捕获方案，在载波频率偏移和码元相位偏移组成的二维空间内找寻最优的载频和码元相位，实现同时捕获和跟踪载波频率和码片相位的变化，过仿真验证及湖试、海试数据处理分析，验证了时频二维搜索算法在扩频同步上的有效性和鲁棒性，证明该方案可以很好的适应水声信道。
研究了正交多载波水声扩频通信技术。结合水声信道特点，为了体现出多载波扩频对比单载波扩频在性能上的优势，本文定义了一个比较参量——码片载频系数（由于无线通信中的带宽与中心频率之比要远大于水声信道的，因此无线通信科研人员基本不用关心码片载频系数的大小，所以无线通信没有给出此参量的定义）。正交多载波水声扩频系统，利用载波间的正交性，既保证载波间互不干扰，又提高了频谱利用率，同时控制码片载频系数与单载波接近。
扩频信号的符号时间长且占用带宽宽，水声扩频技术在时间域和空间域上已经没有可利用的多余资源，为了进一步提高系统的速率和性能，利用空间域资源的MIMO技术成为一条有效出路。本文给出了MIMO适用于水声信道的扩频通信方案，分别对接收分集和发射分集进行了细致地仿真。
在经过各种仿真研究后，为了进一步验证每一种方法在实际水声信道中的性能，本文进行了大量的水池、湖试和海试试验，验证了各种算法和方案的有效性，均取得了较好的试验结果。尤其在正交多载波水声扩频技术方面进行的海试试验，实现了海上11.23km远程传输试验，带宽4kHz条件下，通信速率达到94.1176bps，频谱利用率相对于单载波提高近50%。
Underwater acoustic channel is not only one of the most complex wireless channels, butalso the few medium that undertake the long-distance underwater transmission. However, theseawater medium has a high attenuation for high frequency, what leads to the narrowtransmission bandwidth. In the meantime, the slow speed of the sound wave in the seawatercontributes to the high Doppler shift in the received signal. Then, the coherent multi-pathsignals made the received signal distorted. The complexity of the seawater environment is thereason for the multi-path, Doppler, random time-varying and space-varying of underwateracoustic channel.
With its own advantages, spread spectrum technique has the ability to overcome thecomplexity and adverse conditions of the channel. In the field of wireless communication,spread spectrum is a mature technique which has been widely used. However, due to thecomplexity of the underwater acoustic channel, the spread spectrum communicationtechnique that adapted to the underwater acoustic channel is still a hot issue.
At present, the underwater acoustic spread spectrum communication technique faces twochallenges:
1. Faced with severe time-varying in underwater acoustic channel, spread spectrumsynchronization technique with the ability to track time-varying channel needs to beresearched.
2. Faced with severe restricted bandwidth, spread spectrum technique with highbandwidth utilization needs to be researched.
The paper which based on the two themes mentioned above has in-depth study on spreadspectrum synchronization technique, high spectral efficiency multi-carrier spread spectrumtechnique and MIMO spread spectrum technique.
To adapt to vast time-varying underwater acoustic channel and to improve sequencemodulation efficiency of the spread-spectrum system, a orthogonal-mixed spread spectrumcommunication scheme with efficient M-ary orthogonal sequence modulation technique isproposed and studied. By continuous transmitting synchronization sequence, the receivercould measure channel change in real-time.
Doppler in underwater acoustic channel belongs to broadband Doppler. Carrierfrequency offset and code phase offset are two interrelated factors. The research is based onthe time-frequency2-dimensional searching sequence acquisition scheme what carrier frequency offset and symbol offset formed a two-dimensional phase space. In the space,optimal carrier frequency and code phase are found to capture and track the carrier frequencyand chip phase at the same time. By simulation, lake test, sea test, data processing andanalysis, the algorithm of time-frequency spread spectrum synchronization in2-dimensionalsearching is verified effective and with robustness. In conclude, this scheme can adapt tounderwater acoustic channel perfectly well.
The paper studied the orthogonal multi-carrier underwater acoustic spread spectrumcommunication technique. Combined with the characteristic of the underwater acousticchannel, the paper defined the compared parameter--chip carrier frequency coefficient toindicate the advantage that single-carrier spread spectrum has over multi-carrier spreadspectrum in performance.(As the ratio of the wireless communication bandwidth to centerfrequency is much larger than underwater acoustic channel, the wireless communicationresearchers do not care about the value of chip carrier frequency coefficients, so the wirelesscommunication does not define this parameter). For orthogonal multi-carrier spread spectrumunderwater acoustic system, not only did the orthogonality between carriers make inter-carriernoninterference from each other, but also improved the spectrum utilization. Chipfrequency-carrier coefficient is controlled to close to the single-carrier ones at the same time.
Spread spectrum signal has a long symbol time and wide bandwidth. However, there isnot extra resource in time domain and space domain for underwater acoustic spread-spectrumtechnique. To improve system working rate and performance, there is a way out by makinguse of the spatial MIMO technology resources. The paper present MIMO communicationscheme for underwater acoustic channel and studied the receive and transmit diversity indetail.
After all sorts of simulation and research, the paper conducted quite a lot pool, lake andsea test not only to verify the performance in real underwater acoustic channel, but also toverify the effectiveness of various algorithms and schemes. Finally, some good test resultsobtained. It is worth mentioning that in the orthogonal multi-carrier spread spectrumtechnique11.23km remote transmission sea test, the communication speed reached94.1176bps and spectral efficiency increased by50%.
扩频技术以其自身特有的优势，具有克服复杂信道各种不利条件的能力。在无线电通信领域，扩频已经是一项非常成熟的技术，并已经得到广泛的应用。但是由于水声信道的复杂性，研究开发适应、适用于水声信道的扩频通信技术，仍然是科研人员致力于研究的热点问题。
目前，研究水声扩频通信技术所面临的两个最为主要的难题是：
1.面对水声信道严重的时变性，需要研究可跟踪信道时变的扩频同步技术；
2.面对水声信道严重受限的带宽，需要研究高效带宽利用率的扩频技术。
本文正是围绕这两个主题展开，分别对扩频的同步技术、高频谱利用率的多载波扩频技术和MIMO扩频技术进行了深入的研究。
为适应水声信道快速时变性和提高扩频系统序列调制效率，本文研究采用高效的M-ary正交序列调制技术的正交混合扩频通信方案，通过不间断的发送同步序列以实现接收端对信道实时测量。
水声信道下的多普勒属于宽带多普勒，且载波频率偏移和码相位的偏移是两个相互关联的因素，研究基于时频二维搜索的序列捕获方案，在载波频率偏移和码元相位偏移组成的二维空间内找寻最优的载频和码元相位，实现同时捕获和跟踪载波频率和码片相位的变化，过仿真验证及湖试、海试数据处理分析，验证了时频二维搜索算法在扩频同步上的有效性和鲁棒性，证明该方案可以很好的适应水声信道。
研究了正交多载波水声扩频通信技术。结合水声信道特点，为了体现出多载波扩频对比单载波扩频在性能上的优势，本文定义了一个比较参量——码片载频系数（由于无线通信中的带宽与中心频率之比要远大于水声信道的，因此无线通信科研人员基本不用关心码片载频系数的大小，所以无线通信没有给出此参量的定义）。正交多载波水声扩频系统，利用载波间的正交性，既保证载波间互不干扰，又提高了频谱利用率，同时控制码片载频系数与单载波接近。
扩频信号的符号时间长且占用带宽宽，水声扩频技术在时间域和空间域上已经没有可利用的多余资源，为了进一步提高系统的速率和性能，利用空间域资源的MIMO技术成为一条有效出路。本文给出了MIMO适用于水声信道的扩频通信方案，分别对接收分集和发射分集进行了细致地仿真。
在经过各种仿真研究后，为了进一步验证每一种方法在实际水声信道中的性能，本文进行了大量的水池、湖试和海试试验，验证了各种算法和方案的有效性，均取得了较好的试验结果。尤其在正交多载波水声扩频技术方面进行的海试试验，实现了海上11.23km远程传输试验，带宽4kHz条件下，通信速率达到94.1176bps，频谱利用率相对于单载波提高近50%。
Underwater acoustic channel is not only one of the most complex wireless channels, butalso the few medium that undertake the long-distance underwater transmission. However, theseawater medium has a high attenuation for high frequency, what leads to the narrowtransmission bandwidth. In the meantime, the slow speed of the sound wave in the seawatercontributes to the high Doppler shift in the received signal. Then, the coherent multi-pathsignals made the received signal distorted. The complexity of the seawater environment is thereason for the multi-path, Doppler, random time-varying and space-varying of underwateracoustic channel.
With its own advantages, spread spectrum technique has the ability to overcome thecomplexity and adverse conditions of the channel. In the field of wireless communication,spread spectrum is a mature technique which has been widely used. However, due to thecomplexity of the underwater acoustic channel, the spread spectrum communicationtechnique that adapted to the underwater acoustic channel is still a hot issue.
At present, the underwater acoustic spread spectrum communication technique faces twochallenges:
1. Faced with severe time-varying in underwater acoustic channel, spread spectrumsynchronization technique with the ability to track time-varying channel needs to beresearched.
2. Faced with severe restricted bandwidth, spread spectrum technique with highbandwidth utilization needs to be researched.
The paper which based on the two themes mentioned above has in-depth study on spreadspectrum synchronization technique, high spectral efficiency multi-carrier spread spectrumtechnique and MIMO spread spectrum technique.
To adapt to vast time-varying underwater acoustic channel and to improve sequencemodulation efficiency of the spread-spectrum system, a orthogonal-mixed spread spectrumcommunication scheme with efficient M-ary orthogonal sequence modulation technique isproposed and studied. By continuous transmitting synchronization sequence, the receivercould measure channel change in real-time.
Doppler in underwater acoustic channel belongs to broadband Doppler. Carrierfrequency offset and code phase offset are two interrelated factors. The research is based onthe time-frequency2-dimensional searching sequence acquisition scheme what carrier frequency offset and symbol offset formed a two-dimensional phase space. In the space,optimal carrier frequency and code phase are found to capture and track the carrier frequencyand chip phase at the same time. By simulation, lake test, sea test, data processing andanalysis, the algorithm of time-frequency spread spectrum synchronization in2-dimensionalsearching is verified effective and with robustness. In conclude, this scheme can adapt tounderwater acoustic channel perfectly well.
The paper studied the orthogonal multi-carrier underwater acoustic spread spectrumcommunication technique. Combined with the characteristic of the underwater acousticchannel, the paper defined the compared parameter--chip carrier frequency coefficient toindicate the advantage that single-carrier spread spectrum has over multi-carrier spreadspectrum in performance.(As the ratio of the wireless communication bandwidth to centerfrequency is much larger than underwater acoustic channel, the wireless communicationresearchers do not care about the value of chip carrier frequency coefficients, so the wirelesscommunication does not define this parameter). For orthogonal multi-carrier spread spectrumunderwater acoustic system, not only did the orthogonality between carriers make inter-carriernoninterference from each other, but also improved the spectrum utilization. Chipfrequency-carrier coefficient is controlled to close to the single-carrier ones at the same time.
Spread spectrum signal has a long symbol time and wide bandwidth. However, there isnot extra resource in time domain and space domain for underwater acoustic spread-spectrumtechnique. To improve system working rate and performance, there is a way out by makinguse of the spatial MIMO technology resources. The paper present MIMO communicationscheme for underwater acoustic channel and studied the receive and transmit diversity indetail.
After all sorts of simulation and research, the paper conducted quite a lot pool, lake andsea test not only to verify the performance in real underwater acoustic channel, but also toverify the effectiveness of various algorithms and schemes. Finally, some good test resultsobtained. It is worth mentioning that in the orthogonal multi-carrier spread spectrumtechnique11.23km remote transmission sea test, the communication speed reached94.1176bps and spectral efficiency increased by50%.
引文
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