物流中心配送及仓储成本与定价之关系研究
摘要
由于物流活动贯穿于企业活动的全过程，包括原材料物流、生产物流、从工厂到配送中心再到用户的物流，包装、装卸搬运、储存、流通加工等各个活动中的费用都计作物流成本。但是，企业财务数据计算的物流费用只能反映物流成本的部分，有相当数量的物流费用是不可见的。日本早稻田大学西泽修教授对这一现象提出了物流冰山的学说，向外支付的物流费用只是冰山的一角，而大量的物流费用是在企业内部消耗的。因此物流成本结构复杂，成本与服务价格间的关系不易清晰表达，且国内相关的研究文献较少，不利于我国物流中心的服务价格制定。本论文希望通过对客户的商品结构及其市场特征与第三方物流公司作业的关系进行研究，找出一套合理的方式来描述成本、服务价格间的关系。
本论文的分析除了对于物流中心的主要功能及作用、物流业的成本结构、物流业的一般定价模式的相关文献进行探讨之外，研究资料是以D公司2002年1月至12月所服务的主要客户的合约价格、进出货资料为基础，对影响物流中心制订服务价格的因素进行分析，进而对物流成本中的主要部分—配送及仓储成本与服务价格间的关系作一详细研究。
本论文的研究方法主要是以分析配送与仓储部分的成本与客户需求特征间的关联性，结合D公司的资料，D公司的各客户对照表，汇总客户资料的曲线分布型态，以统计相关分析和定性分析的方式，说明各客户间服务价格与配送及仓储作业成本间的关联性。
通过分析研究，本论文得出的结论是：配送商品类别的不同是造成配送及仓储价格差异的主要原因，且在本研究中发现A客户最能反映商品特性与服务价格间的关系。另外，物流商所提供给客户的服务品质、客户与物流商之间的关系都会直接影响到配送及仓储价格的制订。将来可把定性分析转化为定量研究，以建立一套完整的物流业定价模式，从而为第三方物流中心服务价格的制定提供依据。
Due to logistics activities impenetrate to all process of the corporation, including raw material logistics, produce logistics, and the logistics of factory to delivery center, and to custom, all expenses number logistics cost that include packing, loading and unloading, stocking, circulating etc. But the logistics cost that is calculated throng corporation finance data only can reflect the part of logistics cost. Quit logistics cost is invisible. Japan 早
稻田 university professor 西泽修 bring forward logistics cost iced theory aiming at this phenomenon. Namely the logistics cost paying is only the small part, and that plentiful logistics cost is costumed in the corporation. So logistics cost is very complex, and the connection of the cost and the price isn't in focus. And the inland correlative literature is very lack. So this goes against framing price of the third logistics center in our country. Through studying the connection of commodity kinds and market character of the client and the third logistics center, we
find out rational manner to depict the connection of cost and price.
This study, expect the analysis of logistics center key function and effect, logistics cost and the mode making a price, the study data is based on agreement price, passing in and out goods of 2002 year. And present factor that infect to make a price of logistics center. And traverse the connection of the cost of delivery and storage and price.
The research method of this study mostly analyze the connection of the cost of delivery and storage and price, and combine D company data, D company clients' comparison list, and take statistics correlation analysis and qualitative analysis to explain the connection the cost of delivery and storage and price.
The conclusion of the paper is that the key reason of the price difference in delivery and storage is the different kinds of commodities by analysis and research, and find that A client can reflect the connection of commodities character and price. It also can touch to make a price that serve quality and the footing with client. In
the future, it is significative that make qualitative analysis to translate into fix quantify study, so that establish a suit of intact logistics fix a price mode. And make it become the gist of the third part logistics center making a price.
本论文的分析除了对于物流中心的主要功能及作用、物流业的成本结构、物流业的一般定价模式的相关文献进行探讨之外，研究资料是以D公司2002年1月至12月所服务的主要客户的合约价格、进出货资料为基础，对影响物流中心制订服务价格的因素进行分析，进而对物流成本中的主要部分—配送及仓储成本与服务价格间的关系作一详细研究。
本论文的研究方法主要是以分析配送与仓储部分的成本与客户需求特征间的关联性，结合D公司的资料，D公司的各客户对照表，汇总客户资料的曲线分布型态，以统计相关分析和定性分析的方式，说明各客户间服务价格与配送及仓储作业成本间的关联性。
通过分析研究，本论文得出的结论是：配送商品类别的不同是造成配送及仓储价格差异的主要原因，且在本研究中发现A客户最能反映商品特性与服务价格间的关系。另外，物流商所提供给客户的服务品质、客户与物流商之间的关系都会直接影响到配送及仓储价格的制订。将来可把定性分析转化为定量研究，以建立一套完整的物流业定价模式，从而为第三方物流中心服务价格的制定提供依据。
Due to logistics activities impenetrate to all process of the corporation, including raw material logistics, produce logistics, and the logistics of factory to delivery center, and to custom, all expenses number logistics cost that include packing, loading and unloading, stocking, circulating etc. But the logistics cost that is calculated throng corporation finance data only can reflect the part of logistics cost. Quit logistics cost is invisible. Japan 早
稻田 university professor 西泽修 bring forward logistics cost iced theory aiming at this phenomenon. Namely the logistics cost paying is only the small part, and that plentiful logistics cost is costumed in the corporation. So logistics cost is very complex, and the connection of the cost and the price isn't in focus. And the inland correlative literature is very lack. So this goes against framing price of the third logistics center in our country. Through studying the connection of commodity kinds and market character of the client and the third logistics center, we
find out rational manner to depict the connection of cost and price.
This study, expect the analysis of logistics center key function and effect, logistics cost and the mode making a price, the study data is based on agreement price, passing in and out goods of 2002 year. And present factor that infect to make a price of logistics center. And traverse the connection of the cost of delivery and storage and price.
The research method of this study mostly analyze the connection of the cost of delivery and storage and price, and combine D company data, D company clients' comparison list, and take statistics correlation analysis and qualitative analysis to explain the connection the cost of delivery and storage and price.
The conclusion of the paper is that the key reason of the price difference in delivery and storage is the different kinds of commodities by analysis and research, and find that A client can reflect the connection of commodities character and price. It also can touch to make a price that serve quality and the footing with client. In
the future, it is significative that make qualitative analysis to translate into fix quantify study, so that establish a suit of intact logistics fix a price mode. And make it become the gist of the third part logistics center making a price.
引文
1. C. F. Daganzo, "The Distance Travelled to Visit N Points with A Maximum of C Stops Per Vehicle: An Analytical Model and An Application," Transportation Science, 18, 331-350,1984.
2．[美]唐纳德．J．鲍尔索科斯 戴维．J．克劳斯．物流管理—供应链过程的一体化．
3．林立千，设施规划与物流中心设计，2001年6月，智腾文化事业．
4．陈超广，统计学原理，1969年，商务印刷社．
5. Donald Gross, Carl M. Harris, Fundamentals of queueing theory, New York: Wiley, 1985.
6. Donald, F. wood and James C. Johnson, Contemporary Transportation, 4th ed., New York: Macmillan publishing, 1993.
7．苏义雄，物流中心导入作业基础成本制与系统模拟的研究，1998年3月
8．叶杰刚．国内外物流理论研究概况．经济学动态，2000．11：43
9．[日]菊池康也著，(丁立言译)．物流管理．北京：清华大学出版社，1999．3～4
10. J, G. Klincewicz, H. Luss, and M. G. Plicher, "Fleet Size Planning when Outside Carrier Services Are Available," Transportation Science, 24, pp169-182,1990.
11. Robert B. Wlison, Nonlinear pricing, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
12. Thomas T. Nagle Reed K. Holden, The strategy and tactics of pricing: a guide to profitable decision making, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994.
13．朱道立等．物流和供应链管理．上海：复旦大学出版社，2001．2
14．马士华等著．供应链管理，北京：机械工业出版社，2000．382～386
15．陈贻龙，邵振一主编．运输经济学．北京：人民交通出版社，1999．374
16．苏义雄，美国仓储趋势—成功仓储管理的要件，1996年1月，经济部商业司
17．林晋宽，物流服务组织导入作业基础成本制改善定价策略的研究，1999年1月，经济部商业司
18. William J. Stevenson, Production Operations Management, 6th ed., 1999.
19. Christine Harland. International Comparison of Supply Chain Relationships. Logistics Information Management. 1996.9: 35～38
20. Rupert Booth. The role of Supply-chain re-engineering in the pharmaceutical industry. Logistics Information Management. 1996.9: 4～10
21. Jim Kilpatrick. Redefining the Supply Chain: The Key to Success. 1999.4
22．秦同瞬，周启蕾．我国物流市场的需求分析与开发策略，2001．3．2
23．[美]肯尼斯．W．克拉克森．产业组织：理论、证据和公共政策．上海：上海三联书店，1989．520～521
24．尹义省著．适度多角化——企业成长与业务重组．北京：生活．读书．新知三联书店，1999．82～86
25．真虹．现代物流的核心是信息技术．中国区域国际物流高峰会论文集 2000：140
26．陈海鹃等．超市营销．北京：企业管理出版社，1999．345
27．王之泰、邬跃，关于北京市综合物流基地问题的建议．北京：中国流通经济．2000，2
28．深圳市规划国土局、深圳市规划设计研究院课题组．深圳物流园区规划布局构想．深圳：特区理论与实践．2000．4
29．袁庆达等．基于“服务型”物流战略的 p-center 选址研究．西安：西安交通大学学报．2001．6
30．郭晓峰．基于最优配送路线的选址方法研究．北京：实用物流技术．2001．4
31．朗会成．物流经理业务手册——掌握工作方法与技巧的捷径．北京：机械工业出版社．2002．1
32．立言、张铎．物流系统工程．北京：清华大学出版社 2000．4
33．李振．物流学．北京：中国铁道出版社，1996
34．王之泰．现代物流学．北京：中国物资出版社，1997
35．包健民．物流现代化．上海；上海交通大学出版社，1997
36．刘惠生．管理系统工程．北京：企业管理出版社，1990
37．浅居喜代治．现代系统工程基础．北京：新华出版社，1987
38. Allen Mary K. and Omar Keith Helferich (1990), Putting Expert Systems to Work in Logistics, Council of Logistics Management, Chicago.
39. Anderson, James C. and James A. Narus (1990)," A Model of Distribution Firm and Manufacturing Firm Working Partnership", Journal of Marketing, 54{January},pp. 42-58.
40. Donald. J, Logistical Management: The integrated supply chain process Bowresox. J. closs Mcgraw-hill. Inc, 1994.
41. Eboeah atalano Ruriani, Where perfect Begins, Inbound logistics, 1993
42. R. M. Sundrum, Development Economics, Chichester ect.: Hohn Wiley and Sons, 1983
43. Ballou. R. H. {1985}, Business Logistics Management: Planning and Control, 2nd, Prentice-Hall.
44．中国物流网：http://www.china-logisticsnet,com
45．龙网-中国物流中心网：http://www.lnet.com.cn
46．复旦物流网：http://www.logistics-ec.com
47．中国物流村：http://ww.zgwlc.com
48．中国交通运输信息中心：http://www.365tt.com
2．[美]唐纳德．J．鲍尔索科斯 戴维．J．克劳斯．物流管理—供应链过程的一体化．
3．林立千，设施规划与物流中心设计，2001年6月，智腾文化事业．
4．陈超广，统计学原理，1969年，商务印刷社．
5. Donald Gross, Carl M. Harris, Fundamentals of queueing theory, New York: Wiley, 1985.
6. Donald, F. wood and James C. Johnson, Contemporary Transportation, 4th ed., New York: Macmillan publishing, 1993.
7．苏义雄，物流中心导入作业基础成本制与系统模拟的研究，1998年3月
8．叶杰刚．国内外物流理论研究概况．经济学动态，2000．11：43
9．[日]菊池康也著，(丁立言译)．物流管理．北京：清华大学出版社，1999．3～4
10. J, G. Klincewicz, H. Luss, and M. G. Plicher, "Fleet Size Planning when Outside Carrier Services Are Available," Transportation Science, 24, pp169-182,1990.
11. Robert B. Wlison, Nonlinear pricing, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
12. Thomas T. Nagle Reed K. Holden, The strategy and tactics of pricing: a guide to profitable decision making, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994.
13．朱道立等．物流和供应链管理．上海：复旦大学出版社，2001．2
14．马士华等著．供应链管理，北京：机械工业出版社，2000．382～386
15．陈贻龙，邵振一主编．运输经济学．北京：人民交通出版社，1999．374
16．苏义雄，美国仓储趋势—成功仓储管理的要件，1996年1月，经济部商业司
17．林晋宽，物流服务组织导入作业基础成本制改善定价策略的研究，1999年1月，经济部商业司
18. William J. Stevenson, Production Operations Management, 6th ed., 1999.
19. Christine Harland. International Comparison of Supply Chain Relationships. Logistics Information Management. 1996.9: 35～38
20. Rupert Booth. The role of Supply-chain re-engineering in the pharmaceutical industry. Logistics Information Management. 1996.9: 4～10
21. Jim Kilpatrick. Redefining the Supply Chain: The Key to Success. 1999.4
22．秦同瞬，周启蕾．我国物流市场的需求分析与开发策略，2001．3．2
23．[美]肯尼斯．W．克拉克森．产业组织：理论、证据和公共政策．上海：上海三联书店，1989．520～521
24．尹义省著．适度多角化——企业成长与业务重组．北京：生活．读书．新知三联书店，1999．82～86
25．真虹．现代物流的核心是信息技术．中国区域国际物流高峰会论文集 2000：140
26．陈海鹃等．超市营销．北京：企业管理出版社，1999．345
27．王之泰、邬跃，关于北京市综合物流基地问题的建议．北京：中国流通经济．2000，2
28．深圳市规划国土局、深圳市规划设计研究院课题组．深圳物流园区规划布局构想．深圳：特区理论与实践．2000．4
29．袁庆达等．基于“服务型”物流战略的 p-center 选址研究．西安：西安交通大学学报．2001．6
30．郭晓峰．基于最优配送路线的选址方法研究．北京：实用物流技术．2001．4
31．朗会成．物流经理业务手册——掌握工作方法与技巧的捷径．北京：机械工业出版社．2002．1
32．立言、张铎．物流系统工程．北京：清华大学出版社 2000．4
33．李振．物流学．北京：中国铁道出版社，1996
34．王之泰．现代物流学．北京：中国物资出版社，1997
35．包健民．物流现代化．上海；上海交通大学出版社，1997
36．刘惠生．管理系统工程．北京：企业管理出版社，1990
37．浅居喜代治．现代系统工程基础．北京：新华出版社，1987
38. Allen Mary K. and Omar Keith Helferich (1990), Putting Expert Systems to Work in Logistics, Council of Logistics Management, Chicago.
39. Anderson, James C. and James A. Narus (1990)," A Model of Distribution Firm and Manufacturing Firm Working Partnership", Journal of Marketing, 54{January},pp. 42-58.
40. Donald. J, Logistical Management: The integrated supply chain process Bowresox. J. closs Mcgraw-hill. Inc, 1994.
41. Eboeah atalano Ruriani, Where perfect Begins, Inbound logistics, 1993
42. R. M. Sundrum, Development Economics, Chichester ect.: Hohn Wiley and Sons, 1983
43. Ballou. R. H. {1985}, Business Logistics Management: Planning and Control, 2nd, Prentice-Hall.
44．中国物流网：http://www.china-logisticsnet,com
45．龙网-中国物流中心网：http://www.lnet.com.cn
46．复旦物流网：http://www.logistics-ec.com
47．中国物流村：http://ww.zgwlc.com
48．中国交通运输信息中心：http://www.365tt.com