翻译的目的对等值的影响
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摘要
随着中国对外开放的深入和发展,中国在世界舞台上发挥着越来越重要的作用。越来越多的人们开始希望了解中国的文化、历史、政治、经济和科学技术的发展。另一方面,中国人民也迫切的需要与外部世界互相交流。因此,翻译工作成为中国人民与外国人民互相交流的重要媒介。许多翻译学家在这方面做出了卓越的贡献。但是在本文作者看来,我们的翻译工作远远没有达到令人满意的程度。翻译工作方面的一些问题亟待解决。
本文基于对功能对等和目的论的对比研究,认为武断的评价这两种翻译理论孰优孰劣是不科学的,它们从不同的视角对翻译实践进行阐述,指导。通过对比,本文对这两种理论的优点与不足之处做出了初步总结,并在此基础上试探性的进行归纳,认为二者对翻译实践的指导是可以互补的,以期望实现翻译实践中对等与目的的平衡。
本文共分为四章。
第一章是对功能对等与目的论的总结回顾。主要介绍了学术上对对等的不同阐述与定义,同时介绍了目的论的发展与其主要思想。第二章着重探讨了翻译的问题,从历史角度回顾一些学者对翻译的理解与定义,并且尝试从本文作者的角度重新解释什么是翻译。本章的目的是为接下来的讨论扫清障碍。在第三章中,本文作者对功能对等和目的论进行了对比研究,分析了两者的优点与不足之处,在此基础上提出本文作者的一些观点,为第四章的展开定下基调。第四章中,本文作者试图提出一个新的概念:目的对等。它包含原作者的目的,译者的目的和读者的目的三个方面。翻译实践中对等的实现必须是在此三者达到平衡的前提之下才有可能。最后通过对案例的分析得出如何实现目的对等。
With China's development and opening up, China plays an increasingly important role in the world. More people want to know China, not only her culture and history, but also her present political, economic and technological development. On another hand, the Chinese people also want to know the outside world very much. Therefore, translation, both of C-E (Chinese-English) and E-C (English-Chinese) become one important medium for foreigners and Chinese to know each other and exchange bilateral cultures. Many translators have made great contributions in this regard. But as far as we can see, our translation works still leave much to be desired. The study of these underlying difficulties becomes quite necessary and important. This paper, as a tentative study of exploring effective methods for translation on the basis of the functional equivalence theory and Skopos theory, is expected to be conducive to the translation work as a whole. Since each language has its distinctive features, and every nation has its own culture, it is natural that we should not adopt translation theory separately and unilaterally.
It is the primary purpose of this paper to evaluate two remarkable translation theories: functional equivalence theory and Skopos theory, from the aspects of their merits and limitations. In this paper, the author will not make the judgments on which one is better, but intend to make a relatively detailed analysis of the translation theories of functional equivalence theory and Skopos theory and try to integrate these two translation theories somewhere in order to give a more concrete and specific construction to translation practice.
Dr Nida's theory of Functional Equivalence has been highly valued and has influenced the practice of translation in general. Nida's theoretical framework is much more complex and more complete. This thesis mainly focuses on his "functional equivalence" theory. According to Nida, the best translation should be one that can evoke the same response from the target receptor as the original text does from the original receptor.
The major contributions of Nida's functional equivalence to translation theory can be found in his insightful study of translation based on an extensive range of theories, including Chomsky's transformation-generative grammar, information and communication theory, and also socialinguistics and socialsemiotics. Different from other text-based equivalence theory, Nida's functional equivalence distinguishes itself by shifting its focus of attention to the relationship between text and reader and by regarding reader's response as the criterion of translation. Nida's theory of functional equivalence provides a completely new criterion for the evaluation of translated works, which shifts from the focus of message to that of the response of the receptor. The closest natural equivalent translation is the translation that can evoke from its readers the same response as the source text does from its readers. In this paper, the theory of functional equivalence serves as basic elements in translation process.
Functional translation theory raised by Katharina Reiss, Hans Vermeer and Holz Manttari, the theory uphold that translating is both an interlingual action and an intercultural action. Besides carefully studying those factors at linguistic level, we must study factors at extra-linguistic level, that is, cultural factors which are closely related to languages.
Functional translation theory stressed that as one action of human being's, translation has its particular purpose. So the purposefulness, communicativeness and interculturalness of translational actions or events are the first issue to considerate. The functionalist theory believes that the Skopos rule determines the translation strategies employed in a specific translation in order to produce a functionally adequate target text and fully carry out the purpose of a translation. Within the framework of the theory, equivalence, an aged yardstick of a translation, is replaced by adequacy. Guided mainly by this new assessment criterion, the translator can turn to lots of flexible translation skills to fulfill his purpose. Compared with the traditional linguistic approaches, functional approaches to translating appear to be more dynamic. In the latter part of this thesis, the author analyzes translations from different sources to prove how functional translation theory works in serving translating purposes, accomplishing the task of communication and giving prominence to cultural communication. In this paper, the author stresses the same way to Skopos theory as to Functional Equivalence, treats the Skopos theory as the vital instruction in translation process.
With all due respected, the author views the Skopos theory from other ways. It is not only the purpose made by translator, but also the purpose of source text, which called the purpose of original author. In this paper, author believes that these two kinds of purposes play the equal role in translation process. The detailed analysis will be found in chapter four.
Besides introduction and conclusion, this thesis is divided into four chapters.
The first is the introduction.
Chapter 1 deals with the literature review. It begins with pointing out the different definition of Equivalence, which Nida's functional equivalence is highly stressed. It also gives some brief introduction of Functionalist translation approach, mainly focusing on Skopos theory.
Chapter 2 focuses on the questions of translation, from historic perspective to discuss the possibility of translatability. The main intention of this chapter is to pave the way for further discussion.
Chapter 3 deals with comparison between Functional Equivalence and Skopos theory. The whole analysis procedures involve two parts: merits and limitations of both theories. Based on such an analysis, we can have a clear view on these two theories and lay down the keynote for further analysis.
In Chapter 4, the author tries to put forward a new method: equivalence under the guidance of Skopos. To achieve the Skopos of original author, translator and readers, Equivalence has to concern the triple. Only on this condition, could we say a successful translation been made.
The last part is a conclusion to summarize the major findings of the research and points out the residual issues of the present research as well as some suggestions for the future study.
本文基于对功能对等和目的论的对比研究,认为武断的评价这两种翻译理论孰优孰劣是不科学的,它们从不同的视角对翻译实践进行阐述,指导。通过对比,本文对这两种理论的优点与不足之处做出了初步总结,并在此基础上试探性的进行归纳,认为二者对翻译实践的指导是可以互补的,以期望实现翻译实践中对等与目的的平衡。
本文共分为四章。
第一章是对功能对等与目的论的总结回顾。主要介绍了学术上对对等的不同阐述与定义,同时介绍了目的论的发展与其主要思想。第二章着重探讨了翻译的问题,从历史角度回顾一些学者对翻译的理解与定义,并且尝试从本文作者的角度重新解释什么是翻译。本章的目的是为接下来的讨论扫清障碍。在第三章中,本文作者对功能对等和目的论进行了对比研究,分析了两者的优点与不足之处,在此基础上提出本文作者的一些观点,为第四章的展开定下基调。第四章中,本文作者试图提出一个新的概念:目的对等。它包含原作者的目的,译者的目的和读者的目的三个方面。翻译实践中对等的实现必须是在此三者达到平衡的前提之下才有可能。最后通过对案例的分析得出如何实现目的对等。
With China's development and opening up, China plays an increasingly important role in the world. More people want to know China, not only her culture and history, but also her present political, economic and technological development. On another hand, the Chinese people also want to know the outside world very much. Therefore, translation, both of C-E (Chinese-English) and E-C (English-Chinese) become one important medium for foreigners and Chinese to know each other and exchange bilateral cultures. Many translators have made great contributions in this regard. But as far as we can see, our translation works still leave much to be desired. The study of these underlying difficulties becomes quite necessary and important. This paper, as a tentative study of exploring effective methods for translation on the basis of the functional equivalence theory and Skopos theory, is expected to be conducive to the translation work as a whole. Since each language has its distinctive features, and every nation has its own culture, it is natural that we should not adopt translation theory separately and unilaterally.
It is the primary purpose of this paper to evaluate two remarkable translation theories: functional equivalence theory and Skopos theory, from the aspects of their merits and limitations. In this paper, the author will not make the judgments on which one is better, but intend to make a relatively detailed analysis of the translation theories of functional equivalence theory and Skopos theory and try to integrate these two translation theories somewhere in order to give a more concrete and specific construction to translation practice.
Dr Nida's theory of Functional Equivalence has been highly valued and has influenced the practice of translation in general. Nida's theoretical framework is much more complex and more complete. This thesis mainly focuses on his "functional equivalence" theory. According to Nida, the best translation should be one that can evoke the same response from the target receptor as the original text does from the original receptor.
The major contributions of Nida's functional equivalence to translation theory can be found in his insightful study of translation based on an extensive range of theories, including Chomsky's transformation-generative grammar, information and communication theory, and also socialinguistics and socialsemiotics. Different from other text-based equivalence theory, Nida's functional equivalence distinguishes itself by shifting its focus of attention to the relationship between text and reader and by regarding reader's response as the criterion of translation. Nida's theory of functional equivalence provides a completely new criterion for the evaluation of translated works, which shifts from the focus of message to that of the response of the receptor. The closest natural equivalent translation is the translation that can evoke from its readers the same response as the source text does from its readers. In this paper, the theory of functional equivalence serves as basic elements in translation process.
Functional translation theory raised by Katharina Reiss, Hans Vermeer and Holz Manttari, the theory uphold that translating is both an interlingual action and an intercultural action. Besides carefully studying those factors at linguistic level, we must study factors at extra-linguistic level, that is, cultural factors which are closely related to languages.
Functional translation theory stressed that as one action of human being's, translation has its particular purpose. So the purposefulness, communicativeness and interculturalness of translational actions or events are the first issue to considerate. The functionalist theory believes that the Skopos rule determines the translation strategies employed in a specific translation in order to produce a functionally adequate target text and fully carry out the purpose of a translation. Within the framework of the theory, equivalence, an aged yardstick of a translation, is replaced by adequacy. Guided mainly by this new assessment criterion, the translator can turn to lots of flexible translation skills to fulfill his purpose. Compared with the traditional linguistic approaches, functional approaches to translating appear to be more dynamic. In the latter part of this thesis, the author analyzes translations from different sources to prove how functional translation theory works in serving translating purposes, accomplishing the task of communication and giving prominence to cultural communication. In this paper, the author stresses the same way to Skopos theory as to Functional Equivalence, treats the Skopos theory as the vital instruction in translation process.
With all due respected, the author views the Skopos theory from other ways. It is not only the purpose made by translator, but also the purpose of source text, which called the purpose of original author. In this paper, author believes that these two kinds of purposes play the equal role in translation process. The detailed analysis will be found in chapter four.
Besides introduction and conclusion, this thesis is divided into four chapters.
The first is the introduction.
Chapter 1 deals with the literature review. It begins with pointing out the different definition of Equivalence, which Nida's functional equivalence is highly stressed. It also gives some brief introduction of Functionalist translation approach, mainly focusing on Skopos theory.
Chapter 2 focuses on the questions of translation, from historic perspective to discuss the possibility of translatability. The main intention of this chapter is to pave the way for further discussion.
Chapter 3 deals with comparison between Functional Equivalence and Skopos theory. The whole analysis procedures involve two parts: merits and limitations of both theories. Based on such an analysis, we can have a clear view on these two theories and lay down the keynote for further analysis.
In Chapter 4, the author tries to put forward a new method: equivalence under the guidance of Skopos. To achieve the Skopos of original author, translator and readers, Equivalence has to concern the triple. Only on this condition, could we say a successful translation been made.
The last part is a conclusion to summarize the major findings of the research and points out the residual issues of the present research as well as some suggestions for the future study.
引文
Baker, M. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London: Routledge, 1992.
—. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
Catford, J. C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Schafner, Christina. Translation and Norms. Clevedon/Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 1999.
Delabastita, D. Translation and mass-communication: film and T.V. London: Pinter Publishers, 1989.
Nida, A. Eugene & Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. E.J. Brill, Leiden: The Netherlands, 1982.
Nida, A. Eugene & Lyell D. Regburn. Meaning Across Cultures. New York: Orbis Books, 1981.
Nida, A. Eugene. Towards a Science of Translating. E.j.Brill, Leiden: The Netherlands, 1964.
—. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.
Halliday, & Rugaiya, Hassan. Cohesion in English. New York: Longman, 1976.
Jakobson,R.On Linguistic Aspects of Translation,in Venuti 2000:113-118,1959.
Meetham,A.R.& Hudson,R.A.Encyclopaedia in linguistics:Information and Control.Oxford:Pergamon,1972.
Newmark,Peter.The Theory and Craft of Translation.London:Cambridge Press,1976.
Newmark,Peter.Approaches to Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001a.
Newmark,Peter.A Textbook of Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001b.
Nord,Christiane.Skopos,Loyalty and Translational Conventions 3(11:91-109),1991.
Nord,Christiane.Translating as a Purposeful Activity:Functionlist aches Explained.Manchester:St.Jerome Publishing,1997.
Nord,Christiane.Translating as a Purposeful Activity:Approaches Explained.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
Reiss,Katharina and Hans J.Vermeer.Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Transalationstheorie Tubingen:Niemeyer,1984.
Stefan,Friedrich.Conflict VS Harmony:Globalization and Asian Film &TV.Berlin:Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung,2003.
Trosborg,A.Text Typology and Trnnslntion.Amsterdam & Philadelphia:Benjamins,1997.
Vermeer,H.J.Translation als Informationsangebot.Lebende Sprachen,1982
Vermeer,H.J.What does it mean to translate? Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics 13:2,1987.
Vermeer,H.J.Skopos and Commission in Translational Action.In Chesteramn(ed.)173-187,1989.
Vermeer,H.J.Skopos and Commission trans,by Chesterman,A.,in Venuti 2000,212-32,2000.
Vinay,J.P.& J.Darbelnet.Comparative Stylistics of French and English:a Methodology for Translation.Amsterdam & Philadelphia:John Benjamins,1995.
Waley,Arthur.The Analects.外语教学与研究出版社。 1996。
Wang Zuoliang.Essays on English Stylistics.Shanghai:Foreign Languages Teaching and Research,1980.
Wilss,Wolfram.The Science of Trarrslation:Problems and Methods.Tubingen:Narr,1977.
Wilss,Wolfram.The Science of Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang.A Dream of Red Mansions.Beijing:Foreign Language Press,1994.
陈小慰,翻译功能的启示-对某些翻译方法的新思考,《中国翻译》第4期,9-12,2000。
戴锦华,《电影批评》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004。
方梦之,毛忠明,《应用翻译教程》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004。
冯庆华,《实用翻译教程(增订本)》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002。
胡壮麟,《语言学教程(修订版)》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001。
贾磊磊,《电影语言学导论》,北京:中国电影出版社,1996。
贾文波,《汉英时文翻译政治经济汉译英300句析》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1999。
贾文波,原作意图与翻译策略,《中国翻译》第4期,23-25页,2002。
孔慧怡,《翻译·文学·文化》,北京:北京大学出版社1999。
罗经国,《古文观止精选汉英对照》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2005。
刘宓庆,《当代翻译理论》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2000。
李运兴,字幕翻译的策略,《中国翻译》第4期,18-19页,2001。
毛荣贵,《翻译美学》,上海:上海交通大学出版社,2005。
马祖毅,《中国翻译简史(增订版)》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2004。
谭载喜,《新编奈达论翻译》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1999。
谭载喜,《西方翻译简史(增订版)》,北京:商务印书馆,2004。
唐国全,翻译的功能主义标准,《四川外语学院学报》第4期,84-88页,1996。
萧立明,《新译学论稿》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001。
萧立明,《英汉比较研究与翻译》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002。
谢天振,《译介学》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999。
张锦兰,目的论与翻译方法,《中国科技翻译》第1期,11-13页,2004。
张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,《英汉翻译教程》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,1980。
—. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
Catford, J. C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Schafner, Christina. Translation and Norms. Clevedon/Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 1999.
Delabastita, D. Translation and mass-communication: film and T.V. London: Pinter Publishers, 1989.
Nida, A. Eugene & Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. E.J. Brill, Leiden: The Netherlands, 1982.
Nida, A. Eugene & Lyell D. Regburn. Meaning Across Cultures. New York: Orbis Books, 1981.
Nida, A. Eugene. Towards a Science of Translating. E.j.Brill, Leiden: The Netherlands, 1964.
—. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.
Halliday, & Rugaiya, Hassan. Cohesion in English. New York: Longman, 1976.
Jakobson,R.On Linguistic Aspects of Translation,in Venuti 2000:113-118,1959.
Meetham,A.R.& Hudson,R.A.Encyclopaedia in linguistics:Information and Control.Oxford:Pergamon,1972.
Newmark,Peter.The Theory and Craft of Translation.London:Cambridge Press,1976.
Newmark,Peter.Approaches to Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001a.
Newmark,Peter.A Textbook of Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001b.
Nord,Christiane.Skopos,Loyalty and Translational Conventions 3(11:91-109),1991.
Nord,Christiane.Translating as a Purposeful Activity:Functionlist aches Explained.Manchester:St.Jerome Publishing,1997.
Nord,Christiane.Translating as a Purposeful Activity:Approaches Explained.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
Reiss,Katharina and Hans J.Vermeer.Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Transalationstheorie Tubingen:Niemeyer,1984.
Stefan,Friedrich.Conflict VS Harmony:Globalization and Asian Film &TV.Berlin:Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung,2003.
Trosborg,A.Text Typology and Trnnslntion.Amsterdam & Philadelphia:Benjamins,1997.
Vermeer,H.J.Translation als Informationsangebot.Lebende Sprachen,1982
Vermeer,H.J.What does it mean to translate? Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics 13:2,1987.
Vermeer,H.J.Skopos and Commission in Translational Action.In Chesteramn(ed.)173-187,1989.
Vermeer,H.J.Skopos and Commission trans,by Chesterman,A.,in Venuti 2000,212-32,2000.
Vinay,J.P.& J.Darbelnet.Comparative Stylistics of French and English:a Methodology for Translation.Amsterdam & Philadelphia:John Benjamins,1995.
Waley,Arthur.The Analects.外语教学与研究出版社。 1996。
Wang Zuoliang.Essays on English Stylistics.Shanghai:Foreign Languages Teaching and Research,1980.
Wilss,Wolfram.The Science of Trarrslation:Problems and Methods.Tubingen:Narr,1977.
Wilss,Wolfram.The Science of Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang.A Dream of Red Mansions.Beijing:Foreign Language Press,1994.
陈小慰,翻译功能的启示-对某些翻译方法的新思考,《中国翻译》第4期,9-12,2000。
戴锦华,《电影批评》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004。
方梦之,毛忠明,《应用翻译教程》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004。
冯庆华,《实用翻译教程(增订本)》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002。
胡壮麟,《语言学教程(修订版)》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001。
贾磊磊,《电影语言学导论》,北京:中国电影出版社,1996。
贾文波,《汉英时文翻译政治经济汉译英300句析》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1999。
贾文波,原作意图与翻译策略,《中国翻译》第4期,23-25页,2002。
孔慧怡,《翻译·文学·文化》,北京:北京大学出版社1999。
罗经国,《古文观止精选汉英对照》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2005。
刘宓庆,《当代翻译理论》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2000。
李运兴,字幕翻译的策略,《中国翻译》第4期,18-19页,2001。
毛荣贵,《翻译美学》,上海:上海交通大学出版社,2005。
马祖毅,《中国翻译简史(增订版)》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2004。
谭载喜,《新编奈达论翻译》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1999。
谭载喜,《西方翻译简史(增订版)》,北京:商务印书馆,2004。
唐国全,翻译的功能主义标准,《四川外语学院学报》第4期,84-88页,1996。
萧立明,《新译学论稿》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001。
萧立明,《英汉比较研究与翻译》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002。
谢天振,《译介学》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999。
张锦兰,目的论与翻译方法,《中国科技翻译》第1期,11-13页,2004。
张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,《英汉翻译教程》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,1980。