双语词典中的例证翻译
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摘要
双语词典的编纂过程实际上就是一种翻译过程。在双语词典中,例证的选取和翻译备受瞩目,因为词典中的释义是核心,例证是释义的延续,是对核心所做的支持和补充。释义和例证共同构成了词典的主体或称灵魂。双语词典的例证为源语言为非母语的读者提供语言环境以补充释义之不足,并提供词语的搭配信息、用法以帮助读者理解释义。词典评论者们常常会这样说:“例证之于词典,犹如血肉之于骨架。”这都说明例证及其翻译在词典中的重要性。1995年,刘重德在《山东外语教学》第一期上阐述“词无定义,译无定法。”的观点,也就是说词义取决于语境,而语境是千变万化的,因而译法也就不得不随之千变万化。由此可见,语境和翻译有着密切的关系。
本文立足于词典学的宏观视野,以语义原型模式的语境理论为框架,论证了语境理论对例证翻译所产生的影响。通过对比分析语境理论在篇章翻译和例证翻译中的差异,得出了例证翻译中同样存在着语境的结论。然而例证翻译是一种特殊性的翻译,它不具备普通翻译所具有的语段语境或语篇语境,译者必须在其语境不足或语境效果小的情况下去研究例证翻译。因此,例证文本的这种特殊性就使得语篇在例证翻译中无法进行通观。
由于近年来从事例证翻译的研究者很少跳出例证翻译的实践进行理性层面的思考,本文针对词典目前还缺乏相应的宏观性指导理论,说明例证翻译的重要功能之一是为词目词的使用提供典型的语境,以防止出现例证的词境无效或词境不足。此外,本文一方面先对《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》的发展史和特征做一概述,然后对该词典第6版中的例证翻译着重于从语义结构对比而不拘泥于逐字对译,即从篇章语义学的角度,以求得译文的正确和通顺,选出了21条例证进行分析。通过分析这些例句,作者认为在例证翻译中,其首要任务是要尽力保持原语例证的功能一等值性。另一方面,我们以例证译文的评价标准为切入点,对例证翻译的方法论进行探讨,认为例证翻译应该以“直译为主,意译为辅”。因此,本文指出例证翻译在追求功能等值的基础上也应遵守相应的指导性翻译原则,如:意义实证、阐发、合体、成词原则等。
The compilation of a bilingual dictionary is,in fact,the process of translation.In bilingual dictionaries,the choosing and translating of its examples are so important to people.Definitions are the core in a dictionary,while examples which are the extension of them,make a supplement to the core.Both definitions and examples become the body or soul of a dictionary.Apart from providing language environments for the target reader to supplement definitions,examples in bilingual dictionaries also add collocation information of words and usages so as to help readers' understanding of its definitions.Dictionary reviewers often talk that "examples in a dictionary are just like the fresh and blood of the body",which means examples and their translation are very important in dictionaries.In 1995,Liu Zhongde expatiated his views that "there isn't a fixed definition on words,and there isn't a fixed method on translation" in Shandong Foreign Language Teaching Journal.In other words,the meaning of a word depends on its context which is changeable,so the methods of its translation are also changeable.All this indicates that translation is closely related to its context.
Based on the lexicographical field,this thesis is aimed at demonstrating the influence of context theory on example translation with the framework of the context theory of the semantic prototype model. Through the contrastive analysis of the differences of context theory in textual translation and example translation,we come to know that context also exists in example translation.However,example translation is a kind of special translation which lacks of a paragraphic or textual context which is provided by general translation,it needs translators to study it under its inadequacy of context or its small context.Therefore,the idiosyncrasy of examples determines that it can't be looked through when it is translated.
At present,there are only a few researchers who have worked on example translation,gave a rational consideration out of its practice.This thesis which is aimed at lacking of relative macroscopical guiding theories,explains the most important function of example translation is to provide a typical context to headwords so as to avoid invalidation or inadequacy of the context.Moreover,the thesis,on the one hand,gives a brief introduction of the developing history and characteristics of the OALD.Then it launches on the semantic structure comparison,that is, from the angle of textual semantics,to choose 21 examples to analyze the translation in OALD_6.Through analyzing these examples,the author thinks that the main task of an example is to keep the equivalence with the example of its source language.On the other hand,we make a discussion on the methodology of example translation from its evaluating standard and consider that example translation should adopt the principle of "taking the literal translation as the main approach and the free translation as the supplementary approach".Therefore,this thesis,points out that example translation should follow some relevant guiding principles such as the principle of meaning verifying,the principle of meaning extending,the principle of appropriateness and word growing to achieve the functional equivalence.
本文立足于词典学的宏观视野,以语义原型模式的语境理论为框架,论证了语境理论对例证翻译所产生的影响。通过对比分析语境理论在篇章翻译和例证翻译中的差异,得出了例证翻译中同样存在着语境的结论。然而例证翻译是一种特殊性的翻译,它不具备普通翻译所具有的语段语境或语篇语境,译者必须在其语境不足或语境效果小的情况下去研究例证翻译。因此,例证文本的这种特殊性就使得语篇在例证翻译中无法进行通观。
由于近年来从事例证翻译的研究者很少跳出例证翻译的实践进行理性层面的思考,本文针对词典目前还缺乏相应的宏观性指导理论,说明例证翻译的重要功能之一是为词目词的使用提供典型的语境,以防止出现例证的词境无效或词境不足。此外,本文一方面先对《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》的发展史和特征做一概述,然后对该词典第6版中的例证翻译着重于从语义结构对比而不拘泥于逐字对译,即从篇章语义学的角度,以求得译文的正确和通顺,选出了21条例证进行分析。通过分析这些例句,作者认为在例证翻译中,其首要任务是要尽力保持原语例证的功能一等值性。另一方面,我们以例证译文的评价标准为切入点,对例证翻译的方法论进行探讨,认为例证翻译应该以“直译为主,意译为辅”。因此,本文指出例证翻译在追求功能等值的基础上也应遵守相应的指导性翻译原则,如:意义实证、阐发、合体、成词原则等。
The compilation of a bilingual dictionary is,in fact,the process of translation.In bilingual dictionaries,the choosing and translating of its examples are so important to people.Definitions are the core in a dictionary,while examples which are the extension of them,make a supplement to the core.Both definitions and examples become the body or soul of a dictionary.Apart from providing language environments for the target reader to supplement definitions,examples in bilingual dictionaries also add collocation information of words and usages so as to help readers' understanding of its definitions.Dictionary reviewers often talk that "examples in a dictionary are just like the fresh and blood of the body",which means examples and their translation are very important in dictionaries.In 1995,Liu Zhongde expatiated his views that "there isn't a fixed definition on words,and there isn't a fixed method on translation" in Shandong Foreign Language Teaching Journal.In other words,the meaning of a word depends on its context which is changeable,so the methods of its translation are also changeable.All this indicates that translation is closely related to its context.
Based on the lexicographical field,this thesis is aimed at demonstrating the influence of context theory on example translation with the framework of the context theory of the semantic prototype model. Through the contrastive analysis of the differences of context theory in textual translation and example translation,we come to know that context also exists in example translation.However,example translation is a kind of special translation which lacks of a paragraphic or textual context which is provided by general translation,it needs translators to study it under its inadequacy of context or its small context.Therefore,the idiosyncrasy of examples determines that it can't be looked through when it is translated.
At present,there are only a few researchers who have worked on example translation,gave a rational consideration out of its practice.This thesis which is aimed at lacking of relative macroscopical guiding theories,explains the most important function of example translation is to provide a typical context to headwords so as to avoid invalidation or inadequacy of the context.Moreover,the thesis,on the one hand,gives a brief introduction of the developing history and characteristics of the OALD.Then it launches on the semantic structure comparison,that is, from the angle of textual semantics,to choose 21 examples to analyze the translation in OALD_6.Through analyzing these examples,the author thinks that the main task of an example is to keep the equivalence with the example of its source language.On the other hand,we make a discussion on the methodology of example translation from its evaluating standard and consider that example translation should adopt the principle of "taking the literal translation as the main approach and the free translation as the supplementary approach".Therefore,this thesis,points out that example translation should follow some relevant guiding principles such as the principle of meaning verifying,the principle of meaning extending,the principle of appropriateness and word growing to achieve the functional equivalence.
引文
Atkins.B.T.S.1992.The Role of the Example in a Frame Semantics Dictionary.International Journal of Lexicography 1.
Baker,Mona.1992.In Other Words:A Coursebook on Translation.Paris:Taylor& Francis Limited.
Barnhart,C.L.1962.Problems in Editing Commercial Monolingual Dictionaries.In Problems in Lexicography,edited by Fred.W.H.and Sol Saporta.Bloomington:Indiana University Research Center.
Basil,Hatim.2001.Teaching and Researching Translation.Pearson Education Limited.
Bassnett,Susan & Lefevere,Andre.1998.Construction Cultures:Essays on Literary Translation.Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Bejoint,H.2002.Modern lexicography:An Introduction.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Bell.R.T.1989.Translation and Translating:Theory and Practice,Longman.
Bronte Charlotte.2007.Jane Eyre.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Cowie.A.P.1999.English dictionaries for foreign learners:a History.New York:Oxford University Press.
Halliday,M.A.K.1994.An Introduction to Functional Grammar.London:Edward and Amold.
Halliday,M.A.K.1978.Language as Social Semiotic:The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning.London:Edward Arnold.
Hartman.R.R.K.& James,G.1998.Dictionary of Lexicography.London:Taylor & Francis Limited.
Hartmann R P K.1983.Lexicography:Principles and Practices.London:Academic Press.
Hatim,Basil & Mason,Ian.2001.Discourse and the Translator.Beijing:Beijing Foreign Language Education Press.
Kipfer,Barbara Ann,Ed.1984.Workbook on Lexicography.New York:Charles Scribner's Sons.
Laufer B.1993.The Effect of Dictionary Definitions and Examples on the Use and Comprehension of New Words.Cahiers de Lexicologie.
Laundau,Sidney.I.2001.Dictionaries:The Art and Craft of Lexicography.New York:Charles Scribner's Sons.
Newmark,Peter.1982.Approaches to Translation.Pergamon Press Ltd.
Nida,Eugene A.2001.Language and Culture:Contexts in Translating.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nord,Christiane.1997.Translating As A Purposeful Activity:Functionalist Approaches Explained.Manchester:Stjerome Publishing.
Svensen,Bo.1993.Practical Lexicography:Principles and Methods of Dictionary-Making.New York:Oxford University Press.
Snell-hornby,Mary.1995.Translation Studies:An Integrated Approach.Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Svensen,B.1993.Practical Lexicography.New York:Oxford University Press.
Toury,Gideon.2001.Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Tytler,A.F.1790.Essay on the Principles of Translation.London:Dent.
Wilss,Wolfram.1982.The Science of Translation:Problems and Methods.Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen.
Zgusta L.1971.Manual of Lexicography.Prague:Academia.
包惠南,2001,《文化语境与语言翻译》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
兹古斯塔,林书武等译,1983,《词典学概论》。北京:商务印书馆。
陈楚祥,1994,词典评价标准十题,《辞书研究》第1期,10-21页。
陈伟,2006,《学理反思与策略重构》。上海:上海译文出版社。
胡明扬,1982,《词典学概论》。北京:中国人民大学出版社。
胡壮麟,2000,《语篇的衔接与连贯》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
方梦之,2003,《译学辞典》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
顾居祖,1990,《语言与文化》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
桂乾元,2004,《翻译学导论》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
黄建华,陈楚祥,1997,《双语词典学导论》。北京:商务印书馆。
黄建华,陈楚祥,1998,《双语词典学专集》。成都:四川教育出版社。
黄建华,章宜华,2000,《双语词典学专集》。北京:北京出版社。
黄建华,2000,《词典学研究》。广州:广东兴界图书出版公司。
霍尔.爱德华,居延安译,1998,《超越文化》上海:上海文化出版社。
霍恩比著,李北达译,1997,《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第四版)。北京:商务印书馆。
霍恩比著,石孝殊译,2004,《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第六版)。北京:商务印书馆。
何自然,冉永平,《语用与认知:关联理论研究》。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
江桂英,1993,双语学习词典中的文化语境,《辞书研究》第3期67-73页。
金隄,1997,《等效翻译探索》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
刘宓庆,1998,《文体与翻译》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
刘重德,1995,词无定义,译无定法--《英汉翻译词典例句》序,《山东外语教学》第1期,40-43页。
李运兴,2001,《语篇翻译引论》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
毛荣贵,2003,《翻译美学》。上海:上海交通大学出版社。
裴文,2000,《现代英语与语境学》。合肥:安徽大学出版社。
苏宝荣,2000,“语境”理论与辞书编纂,《辞书研究》第3期,26-34页。
唐文卿,2003,英汉词典中的例证选择与翻译,《辞书研究》第4期, 50-58页。
谭载喜,1999,《新编奈达论翻译》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
王立非,2002,语言标记性的诠释与扩展,《福建外语》第4期,1-10页。
万江波,2006,《双语词典中的翻译研究》。上海:复旦大学出版社。
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英国培生教育出版集团,何银银译,2006,《朗文高阶英汉双解词典》(第七版)。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
雍和明,2001,词典交际论-关于词典本质问题的再探讨,《外国语》第4期,38-43页。
赵彦春,2003,《认知词典学探索》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
张柏然,魏向清,2001,《双语词典学论集》。南京:江苏教育出版社。
张德禄,刘汝山,2003,《语篇连贯与衔接理论的发展及应用》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
曾东京,2003,《双语词典研究》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
张今,张宁,2005,《文学翻译原理》。北京:清华大学出版社。
朱永生,郑立信,苗兴伟,2001,《英汉语篇衔接手段对比研究》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
Baker,Mona.1992.In Other Words:A Coursebook on Translation.Paris:Taylor& Francis Limited.
Barnhart,C.L.1962.Problems in Editing Commercial Monolingual Dictionaries.In Problems in Lexicography,edited by Fred.W.H.and Sol Saporta.Bloomington:Indiana University Research Center.
Basil,Hatim.2001.Teaching and Researching Translation.Pearson Education Limited.
Bassnett,Susan & Lefevere,Andre.1998.Construction Cultures:Essays on Literary Translation.Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Bejoint,H.2002.Modern lexicography:An Introduction.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Bell.R.T.1989.Translation and Translating:Theory and Practice,Longman.
Bronte Charlotte.2007.Jane Eyre.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Cowie.A.P.1999.English dictionaries for foreign learners:a History.New York:Oxford University Press.
Halliday,M.A.K.1994.An Introduction to Functional Grammar.London:Edward and Amold.
Halliday,M.A.K.1978.Language as Social Semiotic:The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning.London:Edward Arnold.
Hartman.R.R.K.& James,G.1998.Dictionary of Lexicography.London:Taylor & Francis Limited.
Hartmann R P K.1983.Lexicography:Principles and Practices.London:Academic Press.
Hatim,Basil & Mason,Ian.2001.Discourse and the Translator.Beijing:Beijing Foreign Language Education Press.
Kipfer,Barbara Ann,Ed.1984.Workbook on Lexicography.New York:Charles Scribner's Sons.
Laufer B.1993.The Effect of Dictionary Definitions and Examples on the Use and Comprehension of New Words.Cahiers de Lexicologie.
Laundau,Sidney.I.2001.Dictionaries:The Art and Craft of Lexicography.New York:Charles Scribner's Sons.
Newmark,Peter.1982.Approaches to Translation.Pergamon Press Ltd.
Nida,Eugene A.2001.Language and Culture:Contexts in Translating.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nord,Christiane.1997.Translating As A Purposeful Activity:Functionalist Approaches Explained.Manchester:Stjerome Publishing.
Svensen,Bo.1993.Practical Lexicography:Principles and Methods of Dictionary-Making.New York:Oxford University Press.
Snell-hornby,Mary.1995.Translation Studies:An Integrated Approach.Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Svensen,B.1993.Practical Lexicography.New York:Oxford University Press.
Toury,Gideon.2001.Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Tytler,A.F.1790.Essay on the Principles of Translation.London:Dent.
Wilss,Wolfram.1982.The Science of Translation:Problems and Methods.Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen.
Zgusta L.1971.Manual of Lexicography.Prague:Academia.
包惠南,2001,《文化语境与语言翻译》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
兹古斯塔,林书武等译,1983,《词典学概论》。北京:商务印书馆。
陈楚祥,1994,词典评价标准十题,《辞书研究》第1期,10-21页。
陈伟,2006,《学理反思与策略重构》。上海:上海译文出版社。
胡明扬,1982,《词典学概论》。北京:中国人民大学出版社。
胡壮麟,2000,《语篇的衔接与连贯》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
方梦之,2003,《译学辞典》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
顾居祖,1990,《语言与文化》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
桂乾元,2004,《翻译学导论》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
黄建华,陈楚祥,1997,《双语词典学导论》。北京:商务印书馆。
黄建华,陈楚祥,1998,《双语词典学专集》。成都:四川教育出版社。
黄建华,章宜华,2000,《双语词典学专集》。北京:北京出版社。
黄建华,2000,《词典学研究》。广州:广东兴界图书出版公司。
霍尔.爱德华,居延安译,1998,《超越文化》上海:上海文化出版社。
霍恩比著,李北达译,1997,《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第四版)。北京:商务印书馆。
霍恩比著,石孝殊译,2004,《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第六版)。北京:商务印书馆。
何自然,冉永平,《语用与认知:关联理论研究》。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
江桂英,1993,双语学习词典中的文化语境,《辞书研究》第3期67-73页。
金隄,1997,《等效翻译探索》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
刘宓庆,1998,《文体与翻译》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
刘重德,1995,词无定义,译无定法--《英汉翻译词典例句》序,《山东外语教学》第1期,40-43页。
李运兴,2001,《语篇翻译引论》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
毛荣贵,2003,《翻译美学》。上海:上海交通大学出版社。
裴文,2000,《现代英语与语境学》。合肥:安徽大学出版社。
苏宝荣,2000,“语境”理论与辞书编纂,《辞书研究》第3期,26-34页。
唐文卿,2003,英汉词典中的例证选择与翻译,《辞书研究》第4期, 50-58页。
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