基于TDC的时间间隔测量技术的研究
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摘要
时间是物质存在和运动的基本属性之一,为一切动力学系统和时序过程的测量和定量研究提供了必不可少的时基坐标。
本文在分析了各种时间测量方法的基础上,主要研究了基于TDC的时间间隔测量技术和基于模拟时间放大法的时间放大技术,并采用DSP作为控制器,设计了时间间隔测量系统。
本文根据恒定电流对电容充放电时,电容电压和充放电时间成线性关系的原理,设计了时间放大模块,实现了被测时间间隔信号的放大。通过该模块和TDC测量模块相结合,提高了时间间隔测量系统分辨率和测量精度。
本文对时间信号在传递过程中出现的传播延迟和TDC进行时间-数字转换时产生的响应延迟对测量结果的影响作了深入分析,针对实际转换曲线偏离理想转换曲线所导致测量误差的增大,采用了基于延迟线法的实验验证方法,通过求取测量系统的实际转换曲线,确定系统的偏移,减小了测量误差。
采用了根据实际转换曲线和理想转换曲线求取误差曲线的方法,对测量结果进行非线性校正,减小了测量过程中的非线性误差,提高了测量系统的精度。
实验结果表明,采用时间放大技术提高系统分辨率、求取系统的偏移值进行偏移校正和对系统进行非线性校正的方法,减小了测量误差、提高了系统的测量精度。
Time is one of the basic physical attributes of the word we live in, and works as an indispensably ruler for all dynamics systems and sequential procedure.
On the basis of various time interval measurement methods analysis, this dissertation mainly studies on the time interval measuring technology based on TDC and time extending technology based on analogy time extension method. Then DSP is used as a controller , and the time interval measurement system is designed.
When capacitor is charged or discharged with constant current, there is a linear relationship between voltage and charging or discharging time. Based on this, the time extension module is designed in this dissertation and it can magnify the time interval signal which will been measured. Both this module and TDC measurement module was combined to increase the time interval measurement system resolution and accuracy.
This dissertation analyzes the propagation delay arising in the process of interval time signal transmission of time signal and response delay happening in the process of time-to-digital converter which will affect the measuring result in-depth. Aiming at the increase of measuring error which aroused by the offset between actual conversion curve and ideal conversion curve, it applies experimental verification method which based on delay-line, to make sure of system offset through the procurement of actual conversion curve, and reduce the error.
A method in which acquires error curve according to the actual conversion curve and ideal conversion curve is given in this dissertation, it corrects the measuring result linearity, reduces DNL (Differential Nonlinearity) and INL (Integral Nonlinearity) in the measuring process, and improves the accuracy of measuring system.
The results show that the way of applying time extension to improve the resolution, doing offset correction by striking the offset and correcting nonlinearity, can reduce the measurement error and improve the accuracy of the system.
本文在分析了各种时间测量方法的基础上,主要研究了基于TDC的时间间隔测量技术和基于模拟时间放大法的时间放大技术,并采用DSP作为控制器,设计了时间间隔测量系统。
本文根据恒定电流对电容充放电时,电容电压和充放电时间成线性关系的原理,设计了时间放大模块,实现了被测时间间隔信号的放大。通过该模块和TDC测量模块相结合,提高了时间间隔测量系统分辨率和测量精度。
本文对时间信号在传递过程中出现的传播延迟和TDC进行时间-数字转换时产生的响应延迟对测量结果的影响作了深入分析,针对实际转换曲线偏离理想转换曲线所导致测量误差的增大,采用了基于延迟线法的实验验证方法,通过求取测量系统的实际转换曲线,确定系统的偏移,减小了测量误差。
采用了根据实际转换曲线和理想转换曲线求取误差曲线的方法,对测量结果进行非线性校正,减小了测量过程中的非线性误差,提高了测量系统的精度。
实验结果表明,采用时间放大技术提高系统分辨率、求取系统的偏移值进行偏移校正和对系统进行非线性校正的方法,减小了测量误差、提高了系统的测量精度。
Time is one of the basic physical attributes of the word we live in, and works as an indispensably ruler for all dynamics systems and sequential procedure.
On the basis of various time interval measurement methods analysis, this dissertation mainly studies on the time interval measuring technology based on TDC and time extending technology based on analogy time extension method. Then DSP is used as a controller , and the time interval measurement system is designed.
When capacitor is charged or discharged with constant current, there is a linear relationship between voltage and charging or discharging time. Based on this, the time extension module is designed in this dissertation and it can magnify the time interval signal which will been measured. Both this module and TDC measurement module was combined to increase the time interval measurement system resolution and accuracy.
This dissertation analyzes the propagation delay arising in the process of interval time signal transmission of time signal and response delay happening in the process of time-to-digital converter which will affect the measuring result in-depth. Aiming at the increase of measuring error which aroused by the offset between actual conversion curve and ideal conversion curve, it applies experimental verification method which based on delay-line, to make sure of system offset through the procurement of actual conversion curve, and reduce the error.
A method in which acquires error curve according to the actual conversion curve and ideal conversion curve is given in this dissertation, it corrects the measuring result linearity, reduces DNL (Differential Nonlinearity) and INL (Integral Nonlinearity) in the measuring process, and improves the accuracy of measuring system.
The results show that the way of applying time extension to improve the resolution, doing offset correction by striking the offset and correcting nonlinearity, can reduce the measurement error and improve the accuracy of the system.
引文
1 Ealgoo Kim, Hansang Lim, et al. Time of Flight(TOF) Measurement of Adjacent Pulses. IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference. 2001, 1:609~612
2江晓山,盛华义. BESⅢ主漂移室时间测量中HPTDC的应用研究.核电子学与探测技术. 2004, 24(4): 335~337
3沈文博,刘树彬,刘继国,安琪. BESⅢ中的高精度同步时间放大技术研究.中国科学技术大学学报. 2005, 35(5):624~628
4安琪.粒子物理实验中的精密时间间隔测量.核技术. 2006, 29(6): 453~461
5宋健,安琪,刘树彬.基于PCI总线的高精密时间间隔测量仪的研制.电子测量与仪器学报. 2006, 20(3):37~41
6童敏明,张徵.采用TDC-GP1的激光测距系统设计.工矿自动化. 2006, (5):56~59
7吴刚,李春来等.脉冲激光测距系统中高精度时间间隔测量模块的研究.红外与毫米波学报. 2007, 26(3):213~221
8赵欣,戚俊等.激光测高系统中基于GP1的飞行时间测量.量子电子学报. 2007, 24(1): 96~99
9李洋,戚俊等.激光测高仪中飞行时间的高精度测量方法的研究.量子电子学报. 2007, 24(1):89~94
10 J. Kailisz. Review of methods for time interval measurements with picoseconds resolution. Institute of Physics Publishing Metrologia. 2004, (41):17~32
11 J. Kailisz, R. Szplet, et al. Field-Programmable-Gate-Array-based time-to-digital converter with 200 ps resolution. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 1997, 46(1):51~55
12 R. Szplet, J. Kalisz, R. Szymanowski. Interpolating time counter with 100 ps resolution on a single FPGA device. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 2000, 49(4):879~883
13 R. Phlka, J. Kalisz, R Szplet. Nonlinearity correction of the integrated time-to-digital converter with direct coding. IEEE Transactions on Instrumenta-tion and Measurement. 1997, 46(2):449~453
14 M. Zielinski, D. Chaberski, S. Grzelak. Time interval measuring module with short dead-time[C]. Metrol .Meas. Syst. 2003,10
15 A. Mantyniemi, T. Rahkonen, J. Kostamovaara. high resolution digital CMOS time-to-converter based on nested delay locked loops. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. 1999, 2:537~540
16 Antti M?ntyniemi, Timo Rahkonen, Juha Kostamovaara. An Integrated 9-Channel Time Digitizer with 30ps Resolution. University of Oulu, 2002. University of Oulu, IEEE, 2002:16
17 Elvi R?is?nen-Ruotsalainen, Timo Rahkonen, Juha Kostamovaara, A High Resolution Time-to-Digital Converter Based on Time-to-Voltage Interpolation. Electronics laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and InfoTech Oulu University of Oulu, Linnanmaa, SF-90570 Oulu, Finland. IEEE, 2006:1~3
18 Robert Bogdan Staszewski, Sudheer Vemulapalli, Prasant Vallur, John Wallberg, Poras T. Balsara. 1.3V 20ps Time-to-Digital Converter for Frequency Synthesis in 90-nm CMOS. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems, 2006, 53(3):220~224
19 R.Tonietto, E. Zuffetti, R. Castello. A 3MHz Bandwidth Low Noise RF All Digital PLL with 12ps Resolution TimE To Digital Converter. Dipartimento di Elettronica-Universitàdi Paviavia via Ferrata, 2006. Universidad Pavia via Ferrata, IEEE. 2006:151~153
20 V. Ramakrishnan, Poras T. Balsara. A Wide-Range, High-Resolution, Compact, CMOS Time To Digital Converter. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on VLSI Design, The University of Texas at Dallas, 2006. The University of Texas at Dalla, 2006:179~184
21 Alex Kirichenko, Saad Sarwana, Deep Gupta, Irwin Rochwarger, Oleg Mukhanov. Multi-Channel Time Digitizing Systems. IEEE Transactions on Applied super conductivity. 2003, 13(2):369~372
22胡春海,韩非.高分辨力超声波飞行时间测量系统.传感器技术. 2005, 24(8):34~38
23梁勇飞,白立新,张一云,吴丽萍,周厚全.基于FPGA的时间序列采集器. 2006, 26(3):355~357
24伏全海,周文水,周渭.基于CPLD的时间间隔测量仪.测量与设备. 2004, (7):6~7
25雷琳君,杨燕,陈卫标.星载激光测距仪的高精度时间间隔测量单元.中国激光. 2007, 34(10):1422~1426
26于建国,陈明,周渭,刘海霞.精密时间间隔测量方法的改进.宇航计测技术. 2003, 23(3):15~20
27张新建,臧华国,崔雪梅,贺岩,陈卫标.用于机载激光测深系统的时间间隔测量模块.红外与激光工程. 2005, 34(2):159~163
28张立,陈育伟,胡以华.高性能时间间隔测量装置及其在激光成像中的应用.红外技术. 2004, 26(3):71~73
29张延.用FPGA实现短时段时间间隔测量.中国科学院上海天文台硕士论文. 1994, 20(4):474~481
30沈文博,刘树彬,刘继国,安琪. BESⅢ中的高精度同步时间放大技术研究.中国科学技术大学学报. 2005, 35(5):624~628
31安琪.粒子物理实验中的精密时间间隔测量.核技术. 2006, 29(6):454~ 461
32偶晓娟,李琳,王斌,杨喜光.基于时-空关系的时间间隔与频率测量方法的研究.仪器仪表学报. 2005, 27(6):1036~1038
33 Poki Chen, Chorng-Sii Hwang, Hen-Wai Tsao. A High-Precision Time-to-Digital Converter Using a Two-Level Conversion Scheme. IEEE Transac-tions on Nuclear Sciencie. 2004, 51(4):1349~1352
34 Chorng-Sii Hwang, Poki Chen, Hen-Wai Tsao. A High-Precision Time-to-Digital Converter Using A Two-Level Conversion Scheme. 2004, 51(4): 174~176
35 Chun-Chi Chen, Poki Chen, Chorng-Sii Hwang. A Precise Cyclic CMOS Time-to-Digital Converter With Low Thermal Sensitivity. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Sciencie. 2005, 52(4):834~838
36 Poki Chen, Chun-Chi Chen, You-Sheng Shen. A Low-Cost Low-Power CMOS Time-to-Digital Converter Based on Pulse Stretching. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Sciencie. 2006, 53(4):2215~2219
37 Poki Chen, Chun-Chi Chen, Jia-Chi Zheng, You Sheng Shen. A PVT Insensitive Vernier-Based Time-to-Digital Converter With Extended Input Range and High Accuracy. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2007,54(2) :294~302
38吴刚,李春来,朱磊,刘银年.利用高精度时间间隔测量技术实现光速测定方法的研究.应用光学. 2007, 28(3):350~353
39孙杰,潘继飞.短时段时间间隔测量方法综述.计算机测量与控制. 2007, 15(2):145~147
40张延,黄佩诚.高精度间间隔测量技术与方法.天文学进展. 2006, 24(1):1~14
41赵豫斌,章红宇,盛华义. BESⅢ漂移室电子学时间测量电路的性能测试.核电子学与探测技术. 2007, 27(2):240~242
2江晓山,盛华义. BESⅢ主漂移室时间测量中HPTDC的应用研究.核电子学与探测技术. 2004, 24(4): 335~337
3沈文博,刘树彬,刘继国,安琪. BESⅢ中的高精度同步时间放大技术研究.中国科学技术大学学报. 2005, 35(5):624~628
4安琪.粒子物理实验中的精密时间间隔测量.核技术. 2006, 29(6): 453~461
5宋健,安琪,刘树彬.基于PCI总线的高精密时间间隔测量仪的研制.电子测量与仪器学报. 2006, 20(3):37~41
6童敏明,张徵.采用TDC-GP1的激光测距系统设计.工矿自动化. 2006, (5):56~59
7吴刚,李春来等.脉冲激光测距系统中高精度时间间隔测量模块的研究.红外与毫米波学报. 2007, 26(3):213~221
8赵欣,戚俊等.激光测高系统中基于GP1的飞行时间测量.量子电子学报. 2007, 24(1): 96~99
9李洋,戚俊等.激光测高仪中飞行时间的高精度测量方法的研究.量子电子学报. 2007, 24(1):89~94
10 J. Kailisz. Review of methods for time interval measurements with picoseconds resolution. Institute of Physics Publishing Metrologia. 2004, (41):17~32
11 J. Kailisz, R. Szplet, et al. Field-Programmable-Gate-Array-based time-to-digital converter with 200 ps resolution. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 1997, 46(1):51~55
12 R. Szplet, J. Kalisz, R. Szymanowski. Interpolating time counter with 100 ps resolution on a single FPGA device. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 2000, 49(4):879~883
13 R. Phlka, J. Kalisz, R Szplet. Nonlinearity correction of the integrated time-to-digital converter with direct coding. IEEE Transactions on Instrumenta-tion and Measurement. 1997, 46(2):449~453
14 M. Zielinski, D. Chaberski, S. Grzelak. Time interval measuring module with short dead-time[C]. Metrol .Meas. Syst. 2003,10
15 A. Mantyniemi, T. Rahkonen, J. Kostamovaara. high resolution digital CMOS time-to-converter based on nested delay locked loops. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. 1999, 2:537~540
16 Antti M?ntyniemi, Timo Rahkonen, Juha Kostamovaara. An Integrated 9-Channel Time Digitizer with 30ps Resolution. University of Oulu, 2002. University of Oulu, IEEE, 2002:16
17 Elvi R?is?nen-Ruotsalainen, Timo Rahkonen, Juha Kostamovaara, A High Resolution Time-to-Digital Converter Based on Time-to-Voltage Interpolation. Electronics laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and InfoTech Oulu University of Oulu, Linnanmaa, SF-90570 Oulu, Finland. IEEE, 2006:1~3
18 Robert Bogdan Staszewski, Sudheer Vemulapalli, Prasant Vallur, John Wallberg, Poras T. Balsara. 1.3V 20ps Time-to-Digital Converter for Frequency Synthesis in 90-nm CMOS. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems, 2006, 53(3):220~224
19 R.Tonietto, E. Zuffetti, R. Castello. A 3MHz Bandwidth Low Noise RF All Digital PLL with 12ps Resolution TimE To Digital Converter. Dipartimento di Elettronica-Universitàdi Paviavia via Ferrata, 2006. Universidad Pavia via Ferrata, IEEE. 2006:151~153
20 V. Ramakrishnan, Poras T. Balsara. A Wide-Range, High-Resolution, Compact, CMOS Time To Digital Converter. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on VLSI Design, The University of Texas at Dallas, 2006. The University of Texas at Dalla, 2006:179~184
21 Alex Kirichenko, Saad Sarwana, Deep Gupta, Irwin Rochwarger, Oleg Mukhanov. Multi-Channel Time Digitizing Systems. IEEE Transactions on Applied super conductivity. 2003, 13(2):369~372
22胡春海,韩非.高分辨力超声波飞行时间测量系统.传感器技术. 2005, 24(8):34~38
23梁勇飞,白立新,张一云,吴丽萍,周厚全.基于FPGA的时间序列采集器. 2006, 26(3):355~357
24伏全海,周文水,周渭.基于CPLD的时间间隔测量仪.测量与设备. 2004, (7):6~7
25雷琳君,杨燕,陈卫标.星载激光测距仪的高精度时间间隔测量单元.中国激光. 2007, 34(10):1422~1426
26于建国,陈明,周渭,刘海霞.精密时间间隔测量方法的改进.宇航计测技术. 2003, 23(3):15~20
27张新建,臧华国,崔雪梅,贺岩,陈卫标.用于机载激光测深系统的时间间隔测量模块.红外与激光工程. 2005, 34(2):159~163
28张立,陈育伟,胡以华.高性能时间间隔测量装置及其在激光成像中的应用.红外技术. 2004, 26(3):71~73
29张延.用FPGA实现短时段时间间隔测量.中国科学院上海天文台硕士论文. 1994, 20(4):474~481
30沈文博,刘树彬,刘继国,安琪. BESⅢ中的高精度同步时间放大技术研究.中国科学技术大学学报. 2005, 35(5):624~628
31安琪.粒子物理实验中的精密时间间隔测量.核技术. 2006, 29(6):454~ 461
32偶晓娟,李琳,王斌,杨喜光.基于时-空关系的时间间隔与频率测量方法的研究.仪器仪表学报. 2005, 27(6):1036~1038
33 Poki Chen, Chorng-Sii Hwang, Hen-Wai Tsao. A High-Precision Time-to-Digital Converter Using a Two-Level Conversion Scheme. IEEE Transac-tions on Nuclear Sciencie. 2004, 51(4):1349~1352
34 Chorng-Sii Hwang, Poki Chen, Hen-Wai Tsao. A High-Precision Time-to-Digital Converter Using A Two-Level Conversion Scheme. 2004, 51(4): 174~176
35 Chun-Chi Chen, Poki Chen, Chorng-Sii Hwang. A Precise Cyclic CMOS Time-to-Digital Converter With Low Thermal Sensitivity. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Sciencie. 2005, 52(4):834~838
36 Poki Chen, Chun-Chi Chen, You-Sheng Shen. A Low-Cost Low-Power CMOS Time-to-Digital Converter Based on Pulse Stretching. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Sciencie. 2006, 53(4):2215~2219
37 Poki Chen, Chun-Chi Chen, Jia-Chi Zheng, You Sheng Shen. A PVT Insensitive Vernier-Based Time-to-Digital Converter With Extended Input Range and High Accuracy. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2007,54(2) :294~302
38吴刚,李春来,朱磊,刘银年.利用高精度时间间隔测量技术实现光速测定方法的研究.应用光学. 2007, 28(3):350~353
39孙杰,潘继飞.短时段时间间隔测量方法综述.计算机测量与控制. 2007, 15(2):145~147
40张延,黄佩诚.高精度间间隔测量技术与方法.天文学进展. 2006, 24(1):1~14
41赵豫斌,章红宇,盛华义. BESⅢ漂移室电子学时间测量电路的性能测试.核电子学与探测技术. 2007, 27(2):240~242