轻型汽车排放因子模型数据库研究
摘要
随着经济的发展和人们生活水平的提高,我国机动车产量和保有量正突飞猛进地增长。调查显示,机动车污染已成为城市空气污染的主要来源之一。由此带来的环境问题和健康隐患也引起了环保部门、政府部门等各界人士的关注。针对机动车污染,世界各国都在积极采取措施,一方面通过制定排放法规,不断严格机动车污染物排放标准;另一方面制定相应政策策略,来降低机动车污染物对环境的影响。
那么如何评估这些政策的效果以及对机动车污染状况进行预测?国外开发了一系列的机动车排放因子模型,用来定量计算机动车排放污染物、预测未来一段时期内或者某一特定区域内的排放量,从而为制定合理的政策、措施提供技术支持。国内很多研究机构利用国外的模型分别列出了北京、上海、澳门等地的排放清单,但是到目前为止还没有开发出自己的模型,在排放因子模型数据库方面的研究更是甚少,主要原因之一是数据库的不完整性及其分析方法的欠缺。排放因子模型数据库作为模型的核心部分,是建立模型的基础。因此,本课题基于这一点出发,研究排放因子模型数据库的分析方法,为我国轻型汽车排放因子模型建立打下坚实的基础。
本研究通过对国外模型的解析及对影响车辆的排放因素的探讨,分析排放因子模型数据库对数据的需求,从而利用车载测试设备和实验室设备进行试验,获得所需要的试验数据,建立排放因子模型数据库。在此基础上,研究了数据库如何用于排放因子模型。
本文研究了国外机动车排放因子模型建立的方法,对影响机动车排放的各个因素进行分析,研究数据库对数据的需求。探讨了建立污染物数据库的方法。在数据库基础上,分析了不同技术类型、不同排放标准、不同行驶里程的轻型汽车的排放差异,并研究了速度、加速度、以及速度、加速度的联合分布和排放的关系。
本文还研究了基本排放因子的确定方法,采用聚类统计分析方法获得分车型的零公里排放因子,再用回归分析方法获得车辆在一定里程的劣化率,最后得到不同技术类型的车辆在一定车龄的基本排放因子。通过对不同速度下的排放因子的回归分析,获取速度修正系数。
With the development of economy and the improvement of people's living standards, China's vehicle production and holdings are growing by leaps and bounds. There are surveies show that motor vehicle pollution has become a major source of urban air pollution, and the resulting environmental problems and health hazards have also caused environmental protection departments, government departments and other sectors of public's concern. For motor vehicle pollution ,every country in the world are actively taking measures that on the one hand through the development of emission regulations, to keep tighter emission standards for motor vehicles,and the other hand, by formulating appropriate strategies to reduce the environmental impact of motor vehicle pollutants.
Then how to assess the effects of these policies, and predict the vehicle pollution? A series of vehicle emission factor models have been developed abroad, being used to quantitatively calculate vehicle emissions and predict the emissions in the future, so as to provide technical support for formulating reasonable policies and measures. Many domestic research institutions listed the emission inventory in Beijing, Shanghai, Macau and other places by useing foreign models, but so far no institution has developed its own model, and research on the emission factor model database is even less.The main reason is the lack of integrity and analytical methods. Emission factor model database as a core part of the model is the basis to establish the model. Therefore, this paper studied the methods of the emission factor model database.
By studying the abroad models and the factors that affect vehicle emissions, the data demand for model database is analyzed. Then the data is obtained from the laboratory and on-board test equipments. Last, the databse is established.
This paper studies the establishment approach of foreign motor vehicle emission factor model, and discusses the various factors that effect on vehicle emissions.Also, this paper researches the the data demand and discusses the establishment of pollutant database. On the base of the database, the difference of emissions from different vehicles and the relationships between acceleration and velocity and emission are studied.
This paper also studies determination method of the basic emission factor and velocity correction coefficient.
那么如何评估这些政策的效果以及对机动车污染状况进行预测?国外开发了一系列的机动车排放因子模型,用来定量计算机动车排放污染物、预测未来一段时期内或者某一特定区域内的排放量,从而为制定合理的政策、措施提供技术支持。国内很多研究机构利用国外的模型分别列出了北京、上海、澳门等地的排放清单,但是到目前为止还没有开发出自己的模型,在排放因子模型数据库方面的研究更是甚少,主要原因之一是数据库的不完整性及其分析方法的欠缺。排放因子模型数据库作为模型的核心部分,是建立模型的基础。因此,本课题基于这一点出发,研究排放因子模型数据库的分析方法,为我国轻型汽车排放因子模型建立打下坚实的基础。
本研究通过对国外模型的解析及对影响车辆的排放因素的探讨,分析排放因子模型数据库对数据的需求,从而利用车载测试设备和实验室设备进行试验,获得所需要的试验数据,建立排放因子模型数据库。在此基础上,研究了数据库如何用于排放因子模型。
本文研究了国外机动车排放因子模型建立的方法,对影响机动车排放的各个因素进行分析,研究数据库对数据的需求。探讨了建立污染物数据库的方法。在数据库基础上,分析了不同技术类型、不同排放标准、不同行驶里程的轻型汽车的排放差异,并研究了速度、加速度、以及速度、加速度的联合分布和排放的关系。
本文还研究了基本排放因子的确定方法,采用聚类统计分析方法获得分车型的零公里排放因子,再用回归分析方法获得车辆在一定里程的劣化率,最后得到不同技术类型的车辆在一定车龄的基本排放因子。通过对不同速度下的排放因子的回归分析,获取速度修正系数。
With the development of economy and the improvement of people's living standards, China's vehicle production and holdings are growing by leaps and bounds. There are surveies show that motor vehicle pollution has become a major source of urban air pollution, and the resulting environmental problems and health hazards have also caused environmental protection departments, government departments and other sectors of public's concern. For motor vehicle pollution ,every country in the world are actively taking measures that on the one hand through the development of emission regulations, to keep tighter emission standards for motor vehicles,and the other hand, by formulating appropriate strategies to reduce the environmental impact of motor vehicle pollutants.
Then how to assess the effects of these policies, and predict the vehicle pollution? A series of vehicle emission factor models have been developed abroad, being used to quantitatively calculate vehicle emissions and predict the emissions in the future, so as to provide technical support for formulating reasonable policies and measures. Many domestic research institutions listed the emission inventory in Beijing, Shanghai, Macau and other places by useing foreign models, but so far no institution has developed its own model, and research on the emission factor model database is even less.The main reason is the lack of integrity and analytical methods. Emission factor model database as a core part of the model is the basis to establish the model. Therefore, this paper studied the methods of the emission factor model database.
By studying the abroad models and the factors that affect vehicle emissions, the data demand for model database is analyzed. Then the data is obtained from the laboratory and on-board test equipments. Last, the databse is established.
This paper studies the establishment approach of foreign motor vehicle emission factor model, and discusses the various factors that effect on vehicle emissions.Also, this paper researches the the data demand and discusses the establishment of pollutant database. On the base of the database, the difference of emissions from different vehicles and the relationships between acceleration and velocity and emission are studied.
This paper also studies determination method of the basic emission factor and velocity correction coefficient.
引文
[1]李伟.典型城市道路机动车排放污染特征研究.[硕士论文].北京:清华大学环境科学与工程系,2002
[2]胡京南.机动车尾气PM2.5排放特征研究.[博士论文].北京:清华大学环境科学与工程系,2005
[3]刘巽俊等.内燃机的排放与控制[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.11:3-15
[4]Ake Sjodin,Kenth Andreasson.Multiyear remote sensing measurements of gasoline light-duty vehicle emissions on a freeway ramp[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:4657-4665.
[5]马因韬.刘启汉等.机动车排放模型的应用及其适用性比较[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2008.2(44):308-316
[6]霍红,贺克斌,王岐东,等.机动车污染排放模型研究综述.环境污染与防治,2006,7(28):526-530
[7]Rakha H,Ahn K,Trani A.Comparison of MOBILE5a,MOBILE6,VT-MICRO,and CMEM models for estimating hot-stabilized light-duty gasoline vehicle emissions.Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering,2003,30:1010-1021
[8]Esteves-Booth A,Muneer A,Kubie T,et al.A review of vehicular emission models and driving cycles.Mechanical Engineering Science,2002,216:777-797
[9]Koupal J,Michaels H,Cumberworth M,et al.EPA's Plan for MOVES:A Comprehensi -ve Mobile Source Emissions Model.US EPA,2002
[10]An F,Bart h M,Norbeck J,et al.Development of comprehensive modal emissions model:operating under hot stabilized conditions.Transportation Research Record 1587[M].Washington D.C.:National academy Press,1997:52-62.
[11]郝吉明,傅立新,贺克斌,等.城市机动车排放污染控制-国际经验分析与中国的研究成果.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2000:30-47
[12]郝吉明,吴烨,傅立新,等.北京市机动车污染分担率的研究.环境科学,2001,22(5):1-6
[13]吴烨,郝吉明,傅立新,等.澳门机动车排放清单.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2002,42(12):1601-1604
[14]李修刚,杨晓光,王炜,等.用于城市交通规划的机动车污染物排放因子.交通运输工程学报,2001,1(4):87-91
[15]王海鲲,陈长虹,黄成,等.应用模型计算上海市机动车污染物排放.环境科学学报,2006,26(1):1-9
[16]姚志良,贺克斌,王岐东,等.IVE机动车排放模型应用研究.环境科学,2006,27(10):1928-1933
[17]何春玉,王岐东.运用CMEM模型计算北京市机动车排放因子.环境科学研究,2006,19(1):109-112
[18]李潭峰.上海市机动车排放因子及排放总量研究.上海:同济大学,2004
[19]谢绍东,宋翔宇,申新华.应用COPERTⅢ模型计算中国机动车排放因子.环境科学,2006,27(3):415-419
[20]郝艳召,于雷等.柴油车安装颗粒过滤器前后排放对比研究.汽车工程,2008,9(30):768-774
[21]黄鹏.国外车用柴油机SCR技术的应用研究.车用发动机.2005,6(3):5-7
[22]Anilovich I,Hakkert A S.Survey of vehicle emission in Israel related to vehicle age and periodic inspection[J].The Science of t Total Environment,1996(189/190):197-203.
[23]Callagher J,Livo R.Emission and age dist ribution of vehicle in the Colorado I/M program Winter 198921990[G].SAE Technical Papers No.910336,1991.
[24]国家环保局,国家质量监督检验局.GB18352.2-2005.轻型汽车污染物排放限值(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段.中国环境科学出版社,2005
[25]许建昌,李孟良,徐达等.车载排放测试技术的研究综述.天津汽车.2006.3:30-33
[26]刘双喜,陈杰峰.ELPI在重型车车载PM测试中的应用研究.汽车工程,2007,29(7):582-585
[27]王领辉.混合动力客车排放特性分析研究.[硕士论文].武汉:武汉理工大学,2009
[28]马志雄,李孟良,朱西产,等.主成分分析法在车辆实际行驶工况开发中的应用[J].武汉理工大学学报(管理与信息工程版),2004,26(4):32-34.
[29]马志雄,朱西产,李孟良等.动态聚类法在车辆实际行驶工况开发中的应用[J].武汉理工大学学报,2005,27(11):69-71
[30]Andre M,Hickman A J,Hassel D,Joumard R.Driving Cycles for Emissions Measurements under European Conditions[J].SAE Technical Paper Series,1995,950926.
[31]Andre M.Driving Cycles Development:Characterization of the Methods[J].SAE Technical PaperSeries,1996,961112.
[32]张毅.基于VSP的城市主干路机动车尾气排放研究.[硕士论文].长春:吉林大学载运工具运用工程,2007
[33]Jimenez,J.Understanding and Quantifying Motor Vehicle Emissions with Vehicle Specific Power and TILDAS Remote Sensing[D].Cambridge US:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1999.
[34]Frey,H.,Unal,A.,and Chen,J.,et al.Methodology for Developing Modal Emission Rates for EPA's Multi-Scale Motor Vehicle & Equipment Emission System(EPA 420-R-02-027)[R].Washington:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,2002.
[35]Koupal,J.,M.Cumberworth,and H.Michaels,et al.Draft Design and Implementation Plan for EPA's Multi-Scale Motor Vehicle and Equipment Emission System(MOVES)(EPA420-P-02-006)[R].Washington:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,2002.
[36]林正,吴家庆.北京南中轴路快速公交实施效果[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2007,7(4):137-142
[37]潘汉生,陈长虹,景启国等轻型柴油车排放特性与机动车比功率分布的实例研究.环境科学学报2005,25(10):1306-1313
[38]Bart h M,Younglove T,Wenzel T,et al.Analysis of modal emissions from a diverse in use vehicle fleet.Transportation Research Record[M].Washington D.C.:National academy Press,1997:73-84.
[39]王建海,冯于久.我国轻型汽油车污染物排放劣化系数分析.汽车工程.2009,1(29):75-78
[40]李维臻.在用车检测维护I/M制度分析.甘肃科技.2006,22(6):97-99
[2]胡京南.机动车尾气PM2.5排放特征研究.[博士论文].北京:清华大学环境科学与工程系,2005
[3]刘巽俊等.内燃机的排放与控制[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.11:3-15
[4]Ake Sjodin,Kenth Andreasson.Multiyear remote sensing measurements of gasoline light-duty vehicle emissions on a freeway ramp[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:4657-4665.
[5]马因韬.刘启汉等.机动车排放模型的应用及其适用性比较[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2008.2(44):308-316
[6]霍红,贺克斌,王岐东,等.机动车污染排放模型研究综述.环境污染与防治,2006,7(28):526-530
[7]Rakha H,Ahn K,Trani A.Comparison of MOBILE5a,MOBILE6,VT-MICRO,and CMEM models for estimating hot-stabilized light-duty gasoline vehicle emissions.Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering,2003,30:1010-1021
[8]Esteves-Booth A,Muneer A,Kubie T,et al.A review of vehicular emission models and driving cycles.Mechanical Engineering Science,2002,216:777-797
[9]Koupal J,Michaels H,Cumberworth M,et al.EPA's Plan for MOVES:A Comprehensi -ve Mobile Source Emissions Model.US EPA,2002
[10]An F,Bart h M,Norbeck J,et al.Development of comprehensive modal emissions model:operating under hot stabilized conditions.Transportation Research Record 1587[M].Washington D.C.:National academy Press,1997:52-62.
[11]郝吉明,傅立新,贺克斌,等.城市机动车排放污染控制-国际经验分析与中国的研究成果.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2000:30-47
[12]郝吉明,吴烨,傅立新,等.北京市机动车污染分担率的研究.环境科学,2001,22(5):1-6
[13]吴烨,郝吉明,傅立新,等.澳门机动车排放清单.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2002,42(12):1601-1604
[14]李修刚,杨晓光,王炜,等.用于城市交通规划的机动车污染物排放因子.交通运输工程学报,2001,1(4):87-91
[15]王海鲲,陈长虹,黄成,等.应用模型计算上海市机动车污染物排放.环境科学学报,2006,26(1):1-9
[16]姚志良,贺克斌,王岐东,等.IVE机动车排放模型应用研究.环境科学,2006,27(10):1928-1933
[17]何春玉,王岐东.运用CMEM模型计算北京市机动车排放因子.环境科学研究,2006,19(1):109-112
[18]李潭峰.上海市机动车排放因子及排放总量研究.上海:同济大学,2004
[19]谢绍东,宋翔宇,申新华.应用COPERTⅢ模型计算中国机动车排放因子.环境科学,2006,27(3):415-419
[20]郝艳召,于雷等.柴油车安装颗粒过滤器前后排放对比研究.汽车工程,2008,9(30):768-774
[21]黄鹏.国外车用柴油机SCR技术的应用研究.车用发动机.2005,6(3):5-7
[22]Anilovich I,Hakkert A S.Survey of vehicle emission in Israel related to vehicle age and periodic inspection[J].The Science of t Total Environment,1996(189/190):197-203.
[23]Callagher J,Livo R.Emission and age dist ribution of vehicle in the Colorado I/M program Winter 198921990[G].SAE Technical Papers No.910336,1991.
[24]国家环保局,国家质量监督检验局.GB18352.2-2005.轻型汽车污染物排放限值(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段.中国环境科学出版社,2005
[25]许建昌,李孟良,徐达等.车载排放测试技术的研究综述.天津汽车.2006.3:30-33
[26]刘双喜,陈杰峰.ELPI在重型车车载PM测试中的应用研究.汽车工程,2007,29(7):582-585
[27]王领辉.混合动力客车排放特性分析研究.[硕士论文].武汉:武汉理工大学,2009
[28]马志雄,李孟良,朱西产,等.主成分分析法在车辆实际行驶工况开发中的应用[J].武汉理工大学学报(管理与信息工程版),2004,26(4):32-34.
[29]马志雄,朱西产,李孟良等.动态聚类法在车辆实际行驶工况开发中的应用[J].武汉理工大学学报,2005,27(11):69-71
[30]Andre M,Hickman A J,Hassel D,Joumard R.Driving Cycles for Emissions Measurements under European Conditions[J].SAE Technical Paper Series,1995,950926.
[31]Andre M.Driving Cycles Development:Characterization of the Methods[J].SAE Technical PaperSeries,1996,961112.
[32]张毅.基于VSP的城市主干路机动车尾气排放研究.[硕士论文].长春:吉林大学载运工具运用工程,2007
[33]Jimenez,J.Understanding and Quantifying Motor Vehicle Emissions with Vehicle Specific Power and TILDAS Remote Sensing[D].Cambridge US:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1999.
[34]Frey,H.,Unal,A.,and Chen,J.,et al.Methodology for Developing Modal Emission Rates for EPA's Multi-Scale Motor Vehicle & Equipment Emission System(EPA 420-R-02-027)[R].Washington:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,2002.
[35]Koupal,J.,M.Cumberworth,and H.Michaels,et al.Draft Design and Implementation Plan for EPA's Multi-Scale Motor Vehicle and Equipment Emission System(MOVES)(EPA420-P-02-006)[R].Washington:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,2002.
[36]林正,吴家庆.北京南中轴路快速公交实施效果[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2007,7(4):137-142
[37]潘汉生,陈长虹,景启国等轻型柴油车排放特性与机动车比功率分布的实例研究.环境科学学报2005,25(10):1306-1313
[38]Bart h M,Younglove T,Wenzel T,et al.Analysis of modal emissions from a diverse in use vehicle fleet.Transportation Research Record[M].Washington D.C.:National academy Press,1997:73-84.
[39]王建海,冯于久.我国轻型汽油车污染物排放劣化系数分析.汽车工程.2009,1(29):75-78
[40]李维臻.在用车检测维护I/M制度分析.甘肃科技.2006,22(6):97-99