入侵植物辣子草抗逆性及化感作用的初步研究
|
摘要
辣子草(Galinsoga parviflora Cav.)原产南美洲,1915年在我国云南和四川等地发现,是一种危害较严重的外来入侵种。研究其在逆境条件下的生理适应机制和化感作用对于有效预警和治理该入侵种具有十分重要意义。
本研究采用人工设置温度梯度和自然干旱方法,研究了在不同环境胁迫条件(温度和干旱)下辣子草抗氧化酶、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛(MDA)的变化。结果表明:在10℃～30℃范围内辣子草抗氧化酶系统变化趋势不一致,脯氨酸随温度升高而升高,可溶性蛋白随温度升高降低,MDA含量未出现显著性变化;在5℃、35℃和45℃胁迫下抗氧化系统受到损伤,MDA含量显著上升;在干旱胁迫条件下,抗氧化酶系统先上升,后下降,MDA含量在干旱胁迫后期含量显著上升。应用Fuzzy方法,对辣子草抗氧化酶在2种逆境不同水平胁迫的动态进行综合评价,认为辣子草生长的最适温度在15～30℃间,对低温环境也有一定的适应能力,对干旱环境的适应性较差。
采用生物测定法,研究辣子草水浸提液对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)和油菜(Brassica napus L.)种子萌发和幼苗生长以及抗氧化系统的影响,结果表明辣子草具有化感作用。辣子草水浸提液对受体植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长整体表现为抑制效应,这种抑制效应随着水浸提液浓度的升高而增大;在辣子草水浸提液作用下,油菜幼苗活性氧清除系统和细胞膜通透性遭到破坏,保护酶系统失衡,随着水浸提液的作用时间延长油菜叶片内的SOD活性和MDA含量表现为先升高后降低的趋势,POD活性的变化则是先下降后持续升高。
采用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术研究低温胁迫前后辣子草化感作用的变化,结果表明:温度胁迫改变了辣子草水浸提液对蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)根尖细胞的有丝分裂指数、微核率和畸变率的化感效应。低温胁迫前,辣子草水浸提液使蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降,微核率和畸变率增大;低温胁迫后,辣子草水浸提液的化感效应发生变化,对有丝分裂指数的影响表现为“低浓度促进,高浓度抑制”效应,而微核率和畸变率较胁迫前显著增大。低温打破代谢的协调性,在温度胁迫下,辣子草可能通过增加体内化感物质的数量和种类,以增加对矿物质和水分的吸收,并向环境释放化感物质,抑制和排挤周围的其他植物,增强其竞争能力。
Galinsoga parviflora Cav(.gallant-soldier), native to South America, was first recorded in Yunnan and Sichuan in 1915. Now it has already become an invasive plant in China. Knowledge of the physiological response in stressful environments and allelopathy are very useful in determining the invasive mechanism of this plant.
By using the artificial constitution temperature steps and natural dry method in this paper, the varieties of proline, soluble protein, antioxidant enzymes and monodehydroascorbate (MDA) in G. parviflora were studied by environmental stresses such as temperature and drought. The result showed that changes of antioxidant enzymes of G. parviflora were difference from 10℃to 30℃while MDA was found no significant changes and antioxidant enzymes were damaged and MDA contents sharply increased at 5℃,30℃and 35℃. For the drought treatments, the antioxidant enzymes increased at the beginning and decreased later, while MDA increased only at later stage. These results indicated that G.parviflora had a better adaptation to low temperature than the heat and drought stress. Using Fuzzy synthetic evaluation, we evaluated the developments of the antioxidant enzymes, finding that 15-30`C was the optimum temperature for the growth of G.parviflora.
By using bioassay method, the allelopathy of aqueous extracts of the G.parviflora. to seed germination, seedling growth and antioxidant enzymes of rice (Oryza sativa L), wheat (Triticum aestivum L)and rape (Brassica napus L)were studied. The results showed the allelopathic effect of gallant-soldier. High concentration aqueous extracts inhibited evidently seed germination and the seedling growth, and this effect was concentration dependent, increasing with increase of aqueous extracts concentration. Under the effect of the aqueous extract, the active oxygen metabolism system and cell membrane permeability were destroyed, and the balance of the protective enzyme system was broken. With the action time of aqueous extracts prolong, the SOD active and the content of MDA of rape in leaf increased at the beginning and decreased later, but the POD active had an opposite tendency.
The effect of low temperature stress on allelopathy of G.parviflora was studied by using micronucleus test in Vicia faba root tip cell. The results showed that allelopathic effects of the aqueous extracts of G.parviflora on mitotic index, micronucleus and aberration rates were changed under low temperature stress. Mitotic index decreased, while micronucleus and aberration rates increased by the aqueous extracts of G.parviflora before low temperature stress. After the low temperature stress, however, mitotic index changed in accordance with the concentration of the aqueous extracts of G.parviflora low aqueous extracts concentration of the weed led to mitotic index increase, and high concentration resulted in mitotic index decrease. In addition, micronucleus and aberration rates were significantly higher than those before the stress. Low temperature stress disturbed metabolic cooperation. When G. parvi- flora was stressed by low temperature, on the one hand, this species could enhance absorbing ability of root on mineral substance and water by increasing amount and type of allelopathic substance, on the other hand, it could strengthen its competitive ability by releasing allelopathic substance into the environment to inhibit and supplant other plants.
本研究采用人工设置温度梯度和自然干旱方法,研究了在不同环境胁迫条件(温度和干旱)下辣子草抗氧化酶、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛(MDA)的变化。结果表明:在10℃～30℃范围内辣子草抗氧化酶系统变化趋势不一致,脯氨酸随温度升高而升高,可溶性蛋白随温度升高降低,MDA含量未出现显著性变化;在5℃、35℃和45℃胁迫下抗氧化系统受到损伤,MDA含量显著上升;在干旱胁迫条件下,抗氧化酶系统先上升,后下降,MDA含量在干旱胁迫后期含量显著上升。应用Fuzzy方法,对辣子草抗氧化酶在2种逆境不同水平胁迫的动态进行综合评价,认为辣子草生长的最适温度在15～30℃间,对低温环境也有一定的适应能力,对干旱环境的适应性较差。
采用生物测定法,研究辣子草水浸提液对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)和油菜(Brassica napus L.)种子萌发和幼苗生长以及抗氧化系统的影响,结果表明辣子草具有化感作用。辣子草水浸提液对受体植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长整体表现为抑制效应,这种抑制效应随着水浸提液浓度的升高而增大;在辣子草水浸提液作用下,油菜幼苗活性氧清除系统和细胞膜通透性遭到破坏,保护酶系统失衡,随着水浸提液的作用时间延长油菜叶片内的SOD活性和MDA含量表现为先升高后降低的趋势,POD活性的变化则是先下降后持续升高。
采用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术研究低温胁迫前后辣子草化感作用的变化,结果表明:温度胁迫改变了辣子草水浸提液对蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)根尖细胞的有丝分裂指数、微核率和畸变率的化感效应。低温胁迫前,辣子草水浸提液使蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降,微核率和畸变率增大;低温胁迫后,辣子草水浸提液的化感效应发生变化,对有丝分裂指数的影响表现为“低浓度促进,高浓度抑制”效应,而微核率和畸变率较胁迫前显著增大。低温打破代谢的协调性,在温度胁迫下,辣子草可能通过增加体内化感物质的数量和种类,以增加对矿物质和水分的吸收,并向环境释放化感物质,抑制和排挤周围的其他植物,增强其竞争能力。
Galinsoga parviflora Cav(.gallant-soldier), native to South America, was first recorded in Yunnan and Sichuan in 1915. Now it has already become an invasive plant in China. Knowledge of the physiological response in stressful environments and allelopathy are very useful in determining the invasive mechanism of this plant.
By using the artificial constitution temperature steps and natural dry method in this paper, the varieties of proline, soluble protein, antioxidant enzymes and monodehydroascorbate (MDA) in G. parviflora were studied by environmental stresses such as temperature and drought. The result showed that changes of antioxidant enzymes of G. parviflora were difference from 10℃to 30℃while MDA was found no significant changes and antioxidant enzymes were damaged and MDA contents sharply increased at 5℃,30℃and 35℃. For the drought treatments, the antioxidant enzymes increased at the beginning and decreased later, while MDA increased only at later stage. These results indicated that G.parviflora had a better adaptation to low temperature than the heat and drought stress. Using Fuzzy synthetic evaluation, we evaluated the developments of the antioxidant enzymes, finding that 15-30`C was the optimum temperature for the growth of G.parviflora.
By using bioassay method, the allelopathy of aqueous extracts of the G.parviflora. to seed germination, seedling growth and antioxidant enzymes of rice (Oryza sativa L), wheat (Triticum aestivum L)and rape (Brassica napus L)were studied. The results showed the allelopathic effect of gallant-soldier. High concentration aqueous extracts inhibited evidently seed germination and the seedling growth, and this effect was concentration dependent, increasing with increase of aqueous extracts concentration. Under the effect of the aqueous extract, the active oxygen metabolism system and cell membrane permeability were destroyed, and the balance of the protective enzyme system was broken. With the action time of aqueous extracts prolong, the SOD active and the content of MDA of rape in leaf increased at the beginning and decreased later, but the POD active had an opposite tendency.
The effect of low temperature stress on allelopathy of G.parviflora was studied by using micronucleus test in Vicia faba root tip cell. The results showed that allelopathic effects of the aqueous extracts of G.parviflora on mitotic index, micronucleus and aberration rates were changed under low temperature stress. Mitotic index decreased, while micronucleus and aberration rates increased by the aqueous extracts of G.parviflora before low temperature stress. After the low temperature stress, however, mitotic index changed in accordance with the concentration of the aqueous extracts of G.parviflora low aqueous extracts concentration of the weed led to mitotic index increase, and high concentration resulted in mitotic index decrease. In addition, micronucleus and aberration rates were significantly higher than those before the stress. Low temperature stress disturbed metabolic cooperation. When G. parvi- flora was stressed by low temperature, on the one hand, this species could enhance absorbing ability of root on mineral substance and water by increasing amount and type of allelopathic substance, on the other hand, it could strengthen its competitive ability by releasing allelopathic substance into the environment to inhibit and supplant other plants.
引文
1. Lovei G L. Biodiversity-global change through invasion [J]. Nature, 1997, 388: 627-628
2. 李振宇, 解焱. 中国外来入侵种[M]. 北京, 科学出版社, 2002: 165-166
3. Callaway R M, Aschehoud E T. Invasive plants versus their new and old neighbors [J]. Amechanism for exotic invasion. Science, 2000, 290: 521- 523
4. 徐海根, 强胜. 中国外来入侵物种编目[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2004: 112-113
5. 齐淑艳, 徐文铎, 文言. 外来入侵植物牛膝菊种群构件生物量结构[J]. 应用生态学报, 2006, 17(12): 2283-2286
6. 苏亚拉图, 金凤, 哈斯巴根. 内蒙古外来入侵植物的初步研究[J]. 内蒙古师范大学学报,2007, 36 (4) : 480-483
7. 孟宪东, 徐兴友, 尹秀玲, 等. 辣子草在北方生长发育的初步观察[J]. 绵阳经济技术高等专科学校学报, 1997, 12(6): 16-17
8. 李合生. 植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2001: 252-260
9. 中国科学院上海植物生理研究所. 现代植物生理学实验指南[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 1999: 110-132
10. 杨敏生, 裴保华,朱之娣. 白杨双杂交种无性系抗旱性鉴定指标分析[J]. 林业科学, 2002, 38(6): 36-39
11. 曾任森. 化感作用研究中的生物测定方法综述[J]. 应用生态学报, 1999, 10(1):123-126
12. Williamson G B, Richardson D. Biossays for allelopathy: Mersuing treatment responses with independent controls [J]. Journal .Chem. Ecol, 1988, 14: 181-187
13. 蒋亚林, 陆寿珍, 沈大棱. 细胞生物学实验[M]. 上海: 复旦大学出版社, 1996: 44-46
14. 黎华寿, 张修玉. 氯酸钾污染对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传毒性效应[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2005,24(5): 1013-1017
15. 杨汉民. 细胞生物学实验[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社,1997: 82-83
16. Devarshi S, Renu K C. Drought acclimation confers oxidative stress tolerance by inducing coordinated antioxidant defense at cellular and sub cellular level in leaves of wheat seedlings [J]. Physiologia Plantarum., 2006, 127: 494-506
17. 刘少群, 贾正晖, 马缨丹叶片水提物与挥发油的生物活性及化学成分研究[J]. 广西植物,2002, 22(2): 185-188
18. 陈立松, 刘星辉. 植物抗热性鉴定指标的种类[J]. 干旱地区农业研究, 1997, 15(4): 71-77
19. 杨淑慎, 高俊凤. 活性氧、自由基与植物的衰老[J]. 西北植物学报, 2001, 21(2): 215-220
20. 张文辉, 段宝利, 周建云. 不同种源栓皮栎幼苗叶片水分关系和保护酶活性对干旱胁迫的响应[J]. 植物生态学报, 2004, 28(4): 483-490
21. 杨敏生, 裴保华, 朱之悌. 白杨双交杂种无性系抗旱性鉴定指标分析[J]. 植物学报, 2002, 38(6): 36-42
22. 曾任森. 化感作用研究中的生物测定方法综述[J]. 应用生态学报, 1999, 10(1): 123-126
23. Turk M A, Tawaha A M. Allelopathic effect of black mustard (Brassica nigra L.) on germination and growth of wild at (Avena fatua L.)[J]. Crop Protection, 2003, 22:673-677
24. Wardle D A, Nilsson M.C., Gallet C. An ecosystem-level perspective of allelopathy.[J] Biological Reviews, 1998, 73:305-319
25. 郑丽,冯玉龙.紫茎泽兰叶片化感作用对10种草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J].生态学报,2005, 25(10):2782-2787
26. Tefera T. Allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus extracts on seed germination and seedling growth of Eragrostis tef[J]. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 2002, 188: 306-310
27. Fowler N. The role of competition in plant communities in arid and semi-arid regions[J]. Annual Review of Ecological Systematics, 1986, 17:89-110
28. 曾任森, 林象联, 谭惠芬.等. 蟛蜞菊根分泌物的异种克生作用及初步分离[J]. 生态学杂志, 1994, 13(1): 51-56
29. 王大力.全球CO2浓度变化与植物的化感作用[J].生态学报, 1999,19(1):122-127
30. 邵华,彭少麟,张弛,等.薇甘菊的化感作用研究[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(5):62-65
31. 王艳平,汤陵华,方先文,等.化感水稻不同组织水浸提液对稗草的化感作用[J].植物遗传资源学报,2003, 4(3): 191-194
32. 王芳.茄子连作障碍的研究[C].中国农业大学博士论文,2003
33. Calera M R, Anaya A L, Gavilanes R M, Effect of a phytotoxic resin glycoside on the activity of the H+-ATPase from plasma membrane[J]. J Chem Ecol., 1995, 21: 289-297
34. Romagni J G, Meazza G, Nanayakkara N. The phytotoxic lichen metabolite, usnic acid, isprotent inhibitor of plant p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase[J]. FEBS Lett, 2000, 480: 301-305
35. Politycka B. Peroxidase activity and lipid peroxidation in roots of cucumber seedlings influenced by derivatives of cinnarnic and benzoic acids[J]. Acta Physiol. Plant, 1996, 18: 365-370
36. 吕卫光,张春兰,袁飞,等.有机肥减轻连作黄瓜自毒作用的机制[J].上海农业学报.2002,18(3): 52-56
37. 吴凤芝,黄彩红,赵凤艳.酚酸类物质对黄瓜幼苗生长及保护酶活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002, 35 (7):821-825
38. 林文雄,何华勤,郭玉春,等. 水稻化感作用及其生理生化特性的研究[J]. 应用生态学报,2001, 72 (6) : 871-875
39. Oueslati. Allelopathy in two durum wheat (Triticum durum L.)varieties [J]. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment., 2003, 96: 161-163
40. 王硕,慕小倩,杨超. 黄花蒿浸提液对小麦幼苗的化感作用及其机理研究[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报, 2006, 34(6): 106-109
41. 徐汝梅, 叶万辉. 生物入侵: 理论与实践[M]. 北京, 科学出版社, 2003: 49-63
42. 赵福庚, 何龙飞, 罗庆云. 植物逆境生理生态学[M]. 北京, 化学出版社, 2004: 47-61
43. 杜凤移, 于树华, 马丹炜, 等. 三叶鬼针草对蚕豆根尖遗传毒性的研究[J]. 生态环境,2007, 16(3): 944-949
44. 钱晓薇. 乙酸铜对蚕豆根尖细胞致畸效应[J]. 细胞生物学杂志, 2005, 27(3): 351-357
45. Kanaya N, Gill B S, Grover I S, et al. Vicia faba chromosomal aberration assays[J]. Mutation Research, 1994, 310: 231-243
46. 孔垂华,徐涛,胡飞,等. 环境胁迫下植物的化感作用及其诱导机制[J]. 生态学报, 2000, 20 (5) : 849-854
47. Wu H, Pratley J, Lemerle D, et al. Crop cultivars with allelopathy capability [J]. Weed Research , 1999 , 39: 171-180
48. Degrassi F, Rizzzoni M. Micronucleus test in Vicia faba root tips to detect mutagen damage in freshwater pollution [J]. Mutation Research, 1982, 97: 19-22
49. Andre S, Heyer A H, Scmid B. Plant diversity affects cultural soil bacteria experimentalgrassland communities[J]. Journal of Ecology, 2000, 88: 988-998
50. Baker H G. The evolution of weeds [J]. Annual of Review of Ecological System. 1974,5: 1-4
51. 强胜, 曹学章. 中国异域杂草的考察与分析[J]. 植物资源与环境学报, 2000, 9(4): 34-38
52. 谭万忠.. 空心莲子草对几种作物的损失测定[J]. 杂草学报, 1994, 8(1): 28-34
53. Alpert P, Bone E, Holzapfel C. Invasiveness, invisibility and the role of environmental stress in the spread of non-native plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology[J], Evolution and Systematics, 2000, 3: 52-66
54. Webb S L, Dwyer M. The myth of the resilient forest: Case study of the invasive Norway maple( Acer platanoides) [J]. Rhodora, 2000,102:332-354
55. Callaway R M, Aschehoud E T. Invasive Plants Versus Their New and Old Neighbors: A Mechanism for Exotic Invasion [J]. Science, 2000, 290: 521-523
56. Keane R M, Crawley M J. Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis [J]. Trends in Ecology &Evolution, 2002, 17: 164-170
57. Case T J. Invasion resistance in strongly interacting species rich model competition communities [J]. Proc. Nat J. Acad. Sci. 1990, 87: 9610-9614
58. Allen L S, Allen E J, Ponweera S. A mathematical model for weed dispersal and control [J]. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 1996,5: 815-834
59. Dukes J S, Money H A. Does global change increase the success of biological invaders[J] Trends in Ecology&Evolution. 1999, 14: 135-139
60. Milchunas D G, Lauenroth W K. Inertia in plant community structure: State changes after cessation of nutrient-enrichment stress [J]. Ecological Applications, 1995, 5: 452-458
61. Baskin N. Y. Winners and losers in a changing world: global changed may promote invasions and alter the fate of invasive species[J]. Biology Science, 2000, 50: 53-65
62. 李承森编. 植物科学进展(第1 卷)[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 1998. 293~304
63. 陈辉蓉, 吴振斌, 贺峰等. 植物抗逆性研究进展[J]. 环境污染治理技术与设备, 2001, 2 (3): 7-13
64. Janas K M, Cvikrova M, Palagiewicz A, eatl. Constitutive elevated accumulation of pheny lpropanoids in soybean roots at low temperature[J]. Plant Science, 2002, 163: 369-373.
65. Liu Z J. Drought-inducedin vivosynthesis of camptothecin in Camptotheca acuminateseedlings[J]. Physiologia Plantarum, 2000, 110: 483-488.
66. Shang X H, Wang Y, Yan X F. Effect of soil moisture on growth and root-salidro side content in Rhodiola sachalinensis [J]. Plant Physiology Communications, 2003, 39: 335-336.
67. 李霞, 阎秀峰, 刘剑锋. 氮素形态对黄檗幼苗三种生物碱含量的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2005, 25(4): 2159~2164.
68. 王国莉, 郭振飞. 植物耐冷性分子机理的研究进展[J], 植物学通报, 2003, 20(6): 671-679
69. 王建华, 刘鸿先, 徐同. 超氧物歧化酶(SOD)在植物逆境和衰老生理中的作用[J]. 植物生理学通讯, 1989, 1(1):1-3
70. 李美茹, 刘鸿先, 王以柔. 植物细胞中的抗寒物质及其与植物耐冷性的关系[J]. 植物生理学通讯, 1995, 31(4): 328-334
71. 郭水良, 方 芳, 强胜. 不同温度对七种外来杂草生理指标的影响及其适应意义[J]. 广西植物, 2003, 23 (1): 73-76
72. 李继泉, 金幼菊. 环境因子对植物他感化合物的影响[J]. 河北林果研究, 1999, 14(3): 285-292
73. 周凯, 郭维明, 徐迎春. 菊科植物化感作用研究进展[J], .生态学报, 2004, 24(8): 1780-1788
74. Chapin F S. New cogon then nitrogen cycle [J], Nature. 1995, 377: 199-201
75. 孔垂华, 胡飞, 谢华亮, 等. 外源多胺对水稻萌发和前期生长的作用及其在土壤中的滞留[J]. 应用生态学报, 1996, 7(4): 377-380
76. Rice E L. Allelopathy (2nd ed) [M]. Academic Press. New York, 1984.
77. Molisch H. Einfluss D. Plane auf die and ere-Allelopathie. Fischer, Jena. 1937.
78. Muller C H, Muller W H, Haines B L. Volatile Growth inhibitors Production by Shrubs [J]. Science. 1964, 143: 471-473
79. Rice E L. Allelopathy [M]. Acadanic Press, Orlando, F L. 1974
80. 张宝琛, 白雪芳, 顾立华. 等. 生化他感作用与高寒草甸上人工草场自然退化现象的研究[J]. 生态学报, 1989, 9 (2): 115-120
81. Bot R. Plant phenolics in allelopathy [J]. Inherit., 1996, 62: 186-202.
82. Blum U. Allelopathic interactions involving phenolic acids [J]. Journal Nemat, 1996, 28: 259-267.
83. 柴强, 黄高宝. 植物化感作用的机理、影响因素及应用潜力[J]. 西北植物学报, 2003, 23(3): 509-515
84. 孙文浩, 余叔文. 相生相克效应及其应用[M]. 植物生理学通讯, 1992, 28(2): 81-87
85. 喻景权. 蔬菜生产中的化学他感作用问题及其研究[C]. 园艺学进展(第二辑).侯喜林主编. 东南大学出版社, 南京. 1998, 21(4): 336-343
86. 王璞, 赵秀琴. 几种化感物质对棉花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2005, 6(3): 26-31
87. 周志红, 骆世明, 牟子平, 等. 番茄的化感作用研究[J]. 应用生态学报, 1997, 8(4): 445-449
88. Blum U. Allelopathic interactions involving phenolic acids [J]. Journal Nemat., 1996, 28: 259-267
89. Gerig T M, Blum U. Effects of four phenolic acids on leaf area expansion of cucumber seedlings grown in Portsmouth B2soil materials [J]. Journal Chem. Ecol., 2001, 17: 29-40
90. Ortega, R C, Anaya A L, Ramos L. Effects of allelopathic compounds of corn pollen on respiration and cell division of watermelon[J]. Journal Chem. Ecol. 2002, 14: 71-86
91. Bazivamakenga R R, Leroux G D, Simard R. Effects of benzonic and cinnamic on membrane permeability of soybean roots [J]. Journal Chem. Ecol., 1995, 21: 1271-1285
92. 吕卫光, 张春兰. 化感物质抑制连作黄瓜生长的作用机制[J]. 中国农业科学, 2002, 35(1): 106-109
93. Einhellig,F. A. Mechanisms and modes of action of allelochemicals[M]. In: The Science ofAllelopathy.A.R.Putnam and C.S.Tang. John Wiley&Sons. New York.1986, 171-188
94. AlsaadawiI S, Al-Hadithy S , Arif B. Effects of three phenolic acid on chlorophyllcontent and ion uptake in cowpea seedling[J]. J.Chem .Ecol, 1986, 12: 221-227
95. Lyu S.W, Blum U. Effects of ferulic acid and allelopathic compound,on P,K and water uptake by cucumber seedlings in a split-root system[J].J.Chem.Ecol.,1990,16(8): 2429-2439
96. Einhellig F. A. Mechanism of action of allelochemicals in allelopathy [J]. ACS Symp. Ser. 1995,582: 96-116
97. Inderjit, Dakshini, K..Interference potential of Pluchea lanceolata (Asteraceae): growth and physiological responses of asparagus bean,Vigna unguiculata Var sesquipedalis.Amer [J].J.Bot.1992, 79: 977-981
98. Shibu J Andrew R.G. Allelopathy in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.)alley cropping.Ⅱ.Effects of juglone on hydroponically grown corn (Zea mays L.)and soybean (Glycine max L.Merr.) growth and physiology [J]. Plant and soil, 1998, 203:199-205
99. Hejl A, Einhellig,F, Rasmussen J. Effects of juglone on growth, phyotosynthesis, and respiration[J]. J.Chem.Ecol.1993,16:931-939
100. Padhy B, Patnaik P, Tripathy K. Allelopathy potential of Eucalyptus leaf litter leachates ongermination and seedling growth of finger millet [J]. J.Chem.Ecol, 2000, 7(1):69-78
101. Devi R.S. Prasad, M.V..Effects of ferulic acid on growth and hydrolytic enzyme activities of germinating maize seeds[J]. J.Chem.Ecol.,1992,18:1981-1990
102. Bazivamakenga R., Simard R, Leroux G. Determination of organic acids in soil extracts by ion chromatography[J].Soil Biol.Biochem.,1995, 27(3):349-356
103. 吕卫光,张春兰.有机肥减轻连作黄瓜自毒作用的机制[J].上海农业学报.2002,18(2):52-56
104. 戚建华. 嫁接黄瓜化感作用的研究[M]. 西北农林科技大学硕士论文. 2004
105. Yu J Q, Ye S F, Zhang M. F. Effects of root exudates and aqueous root extracts of cucumber(Cucumis sativus) and allelochemicals, on photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes in cucumber[J]. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 2003,31:129-139
106. Roshchina V, Roshchina D. The excretory function of higher plant [J]. New York: Spinger-verlag. 2003, 21: 213—215
107. 吴辉,郑师章.根分泌物及其生态效应[J].生态学杂志,1992,11(6):42-47
108. Barkosky R, Einhellig F. Effects of salicylic acid on plant-water relationships [J]. J.Chem.Ecol., 1993, 19:237-247
109. Ray S, Laloraya M..Interaction of gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, and phenolic compounds in the control of hypocotyl growth of Amaranthus caudatus seedlings[J]. J.Bot.,1984, 62: 2047-2052
110. Rocio C O, Ana L , Blanca E eatl. Effects of allelochemical stress produced by Sicos deppei on seedling root ultrasucture of Phaseolus vulagaris and Cucurbitaficifolia[J]. Chem. Ecol., 1998, 24: 2039-2057
111. Wink M , Latz B. Allelopathic properities of alkaloids and other natural produces. Organisms,processes, and applications [M]. 1995, 112: 117-126
112. 李寿田, 周健民, 王火焰, 等. 植物化感作用机理的研究进展[J]. 农村生态环境,2001,17(4) : 52-55
113. Wu H W, Terry H, James P. Allelochemical in wheat: variation of phenolic acid in shoot tissues [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 2002. 27: 125-135
114. Olofsdotter M. Getting closer to breeding for completive ability and the role of allelopathy example from rice ( Oryza sativa) [J] . Weed Technology. 2001, 15: 798-806
115. Philippe S, Craig C S, Michael A S, etal. Alfalfa Auto toxicity: Effects of Reseeding Delay, Original Stand Age, and Cultivar [J]. Agron., 2002, 94: 775-781
116. Liu J P, Zhang X Q, Luo P, etal. The Effect of Lixivium of Limpograsson Germinati on and growth of legumina forages [J]. Seed, 2005, 24 : 5-8
117. 潘开文, 宋亮, 王进闯, 等. 酚酸类物质对苜蓿种子萌发及抗氧化物酶活性的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2006, 26(10): 3393-3401
118. Putnam A R., Tang C S. The Science of Allelopathy[M]. John Wiley& Sons, New York, 1986. 211: 133-145
119. 邵华、彭少麟、张弛,等. 化感作用研究中渗透势对生物测定结果的影响[J], 中国生态农业学报, 2003, 11(3): 36-39
120. Leather G R, Einhellig F A. Mechanisms of allelopathic action in bioassay[J]. ACS Symp Ser , 1985, 268: 197-205
121. 中国科学院植物研究所.中国高等植物图鉴(4)[M]. 北京.科学出版社. 1983, 102-114
122. 刘济明, 李霞, 王宁. 黔中不同耕地类型土壤杂草种子库研究[J]. 广州大学学报, 2005, 4(4): 305-308
123. 何永福, 陆得清, 叶照春,等. 50﹪乙草胺对旱地杂草辣子草防除效果研究[J]. 植物保护,2007, 33 (4): 132-134
124. Garica F J, Zquez B. Survival, germ inability and fungal colonization of dimorphic achene’s of the annual weed Galinsoga parviflora buried in the soil [J]. Weed Research , 2003,43, 269–275
2. 李振宇, 解焱. 中国外来入侵种[M]. 北京, 科学出版社, 2002: 165-166
3. Callaway R M, Aschehoud E T. Invasive plants versus their new and old neighbors [J]. Amechanism for exotic invasion. Science, 2000, 290: 521- 523
4. 徐海根, 强胜. 中国外来入侵物种编目[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2004: 112-113
5. 齐淑艳, 徐文铎, 文言. 外来入侵植物牛膝菊种群构件生物量结构[J]. 应用生态学报, 2006, 17(12): 2283-2286
6. 苏亚拉图, 金凤, 哈斯巴根. 内蒙古外来入侵植物的初步研究[J]. 内蒙古师范大学学报,2007, 36 (4) : 480-483
7. 孟宪东, 徐兴友, 尹秀玲, 等. 辣子草在北方生长发育的初步观察[J]. 绵阳经济技术高等专科学校学报, 1997, 12(6): 16-17
8. 李合生. 植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2001: 252-260
9. 中国科学院上海植物生理研究所. 现代植物生理学实验指南[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 1999: 110-132
10. 杨敏生, 裴保华,朱之娣. 白杨双杂交种无性系抗旱性鉴定指标分析[J]. 林业科学, 2002, 38(6): 36-39
11. 曾任森. 化感作用研究中的生物测定方法综述[J]. 应用生态学报, 1999, 10(1):123-126
12. Williamson G B, Richardson D. Biossays for allelopathy: Mersuing treatment responses with independent controls [J]. Journal .Chem. Ecol, 1988, 14: 181-187
13. 蒋亚林, 陆寿珍, 沈大棱. 细胞生物学实验[M]. 上海: 复旦大学出版社, 1996: 44-46
14. 黎华寿, 张修玉. 氯酸钾污染对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传毒性效应[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2005,24(5): 1013-1017
15. 杨汉民. 细胞生物学实验[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社,1997: 82-83
16. Devarshi S, Renu K C. Drought acclimation confers oxidative stress tolerance by inducing coordinated antioxidant defense at cellular and sub cellular level in leaves of wheat seedlings [J]. Physiologia Plantarum., 2006, 127: 494-506
17. 刘少群, 贾正晖, 马缨丹叶片水提物与挥发油的生物活性及化学成分研究[J]. 广西植物,2002, 22(2): 185-188
18. 陈立松, 刘星辉. 植物抗热性鉴定指标的种类[J]. 干旱地区农业研究, 1997, 15(4): 71-77
19. 杨淑慎, 高俊凤. 活性氧、自由基与植物的衰老[J]. 西北植物学报, 2001, 21(2): 215-220
20. 张文辉, 段宝利, 周建云. 不同种源栓皮栎幼苗叶片水分关系和保护酶活性对干旱胁迫的响应[J]. 植物生态学报, 2004, 28(4): 483-490
21. 杨敏生, 裴保华, 朱之悌. 白杨双交杂种无性系抗旱性鉴定指标分析[J]. 植物学报, 2002, 38(6): 36-42
22. 曾任森. 化感作用研究中的生物测定方法综述[J]. 应用生态学报, 1999, 10(1): 123-126
23. Turk M A, Tawaha A M. Allelopathic effect of black mustard (Brassica nigra L.) on germination and growth of wild at (Avena fatua L.)[J]. Crop Protection, 2003, 22:673-677
24. Wardle D A, Nilsson M.C., Gallet C. An ecosystem-level perspective of allelopathy.[J] Biological Reviews, 1998, 73:305-319
25. 郑丽,冯玉龙.紫茎泽兰叶片化感作用对10种草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J].生态学报,2005, 25(10):2782-2787
26. Tefera T. Allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus extracts on seed germination and seedling growth of Eragrostis tef[J]. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 2002, 188: 306-310
27. Fowler N. The role of competition in plant communities in arid and semi-arid regions[J]. Annual Review of Ecological Systematics, 1986, 17:89-110
28. 曾任森, 林象联, 谭惠芬.等. 蟛蜞菊根分泌物的异种克生作用及初步分离[J]. 生态学杂志, 1994, 13(1): 51-56
29. 王大力.全球CO2浓度变化与植物的化感作用[J].生态学报, 1999,19(1):122-127
30. 邵华,彭少麟,张弛,等.薇甘菊的化感作用研究[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(5):62-65
31. 王艳平,汤陵华,方先文,等.化感水稻不同组织水浸提液对稗草的化感作用[J].植物遗传资源学报,2003, 4(3): 191-194
32. 王芳.茄子连作障碍的研究[C].中国农业大学博士论文,2003
33. Calera M R, Anaya A L, Gavilanes R M, Effect of a phytotoxic resin glycoside on the activity of the H+-ATPase from plasma membrane[J]. J Chem Ecol., 1995, 21: 289-297
34. Romagni J G, Meazza G, Nanayakkara N. The phytotoxic lichen metabolite, usnic acid, isprotent inhibitor of plant p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase[J]. FEBS Lett, 2000, 480: 301-305
35. Politycka B. Peroxidase activity and lipid peroxidation in roots of cucumber seedlings influenced by derivatives of cinnarnic and benzoic acids[J]. Acta Physiol. Plant, 1996, 18: 365-370
36. 吕卫光,张春兰,袁飞,等.有机肥减轻连作黄瓜自毒作用的机制[J].上海农业学报.2002,18(3): 52-56
37. 吴凤芝,黄彩红,赵凤艳.酚酸类物质对黄瓜幼苗生长及保护酶活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002, 35 (7):821-825
38. 林文雄,何华勤,郭玉春,等. 水稻化感作用及其生理生化特性的研究[J]. 应用生态学报,2001, 72 (6) : 871-875
39. Oueslati. Allelopathy in two durum wheat (Triticum durum L.)varieties [J]. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment., 2003, 96: 161-163
40. 王硕,慕小倩,杨超. 黄花蒿浸提液对小麦幼苗的化感作用及其机理研究[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报, 2006, 34(6): 106-109
41. 徐汝梅, 叶万辉. 生物入侵: 理论与实践[M]. 北京, 科学出版社, 2003: 49-63
42. 赵福庚, 何龙飞, 罗庆云. 植物逆境生理生态学[M]. 北京, 化学出版社, 2004: 47-61
43. 杜凤移, 于树华, 马丹炜, 等. 三叶鬼针草对蚕豆根尖遗传毒性的研究[J]. 生态环境,2007, 16(3): 944-949
44. 钱晓薇. 乙酸铜对蚕豆根尖细胞致畸效应[J]. 细胞生物学杂志, 2005, 27(3): 351-357
45. Kanaya N, Gill B S, Grover I S, et al. Vicia faba chromosomal aberration assays[J]. Mutation Research, 1994, 310: 231-243
46. 孔垂华,徐涛,胡飞,等. 环境胁迫下植物的化感作用及其诱导机制[J]. 生态学报, 2000, 20 (5) : 849-854
47. Wu H, Pratley J, Lemerle D, et al. Crop cultivars with allelopathy capability [J]. Weed Research , 1999 , 39: 171-180
48. Degrassi F, Rizzzoni M. Micronucleus test in Vicia faba root tips to detect mutagen damage in freshwater pollution [J]. Mutation Research, 1982, 97: 19-22
49. Andre S, Heyer A H, Scmid B. Plant diversity affects cultural soil bacteria experimentalgrassland communities[J]. Journal of Ecology, 2000, 88: 988-998
50. Baker H G. The evolution of weeds [J]. Annual of Review of Ecological System. 1974,5: 1-4
51. 强胜, 曹学章. 中国异域杂草的考察与分析[J]. 植物资源与环境学报, 2000, 9(4): 34-38
52. 谭万忠.. 空心莲子草对几种作物的损失测定[J]. 杂草学报, 1994, 8(1): 28-34
53. Alpert P, Bone E, Holzapfel C. Invasiveness, invisibility and the role of environmental stress in the spread of non-native plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology[J], Evolution and Systematics, 2000, 3: 52-66
54. Webb S L, Dwyer M. The myth of the resilient forest: Case study of the invasive Norway maple( Acer platanoides) [J]. Rhodora, 2000,102:332-354
55. Callaway R M, Aschehoud E T. Invasive Plants Versus Their New and Old Neighbors: A Mechanism for Exotic Invasion [J]. Science, 2000, 290: 521-523
56. Keane R M, Crawley M J. Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis [J]. Trends in Ecology &Evolution, 2002, 17: 164-170
57. Case T J. Invasion resistance in strongly interacting species rich model competition communities [J]. Proc. Nat J. Acad. Sci. 1990, 87: 9610-9614
58. Allen L S, Allen E J, Ponweera S. A mathematical model for weed dispersal and control [J]. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 1996,5: 815-834
59. Dukes J S, Money H A. Does global change increase the success of biological invaders[J] Trends in Ecology&Evolution. 1999, 14: 135-139
60. Milchunas D G, Lauenroth W K. Inertia in plant community structure: State changes after cessation of nutrient-enrichment stress [J]. Ecological Applications, 1995, 5: 452-458
61. Baskin N. Y. Winners and losers in a changing world: global changed may promote invasions and alter the fate of invasive species[J]. Biology Science, 2000, 50: 53-65
62. 李承森编. 植物科学进展(第1 卷)[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 1998. 293~304
63. 陈辉蓉, 吴振斌, 贺峰等. 植物抗逆性研究进展[J]. 环境污染治理技术与设备, 2001, 2 (3): 7-13
64. Janas K M, Cvikrova M, Palagiewicz A, eatl. Constitutive elevated accumulation of pheny lpropanoids in soybean roots at low temperature[J]. Plant Science, 2002, 163: 369-373.
65. Liu Z J. Drought-inducedin vivosynthesis of camptothecin in Camptotheca acuminateseedlings[J]. Physiologia Plantarum, 2000, 110: 483-488.
66. Shang X H, Wang Y, Yan X F. Effect of soil moisture on growth and root-salidro side content in Rhodiola sachalinensis [J]. Plant Physiology Communications, 2003, 39: 335-336.
67. 李霞, 阎秀峰, 刘剑锋. 氮素形态对黄檗幼苗三种生物碱含量的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2005, 25(4): 2159~2164.
68. 王国莉, 郭振飞. 植物耐冷性分子机理的研究进展[J], 植物学通报, 2003, 20(6): 671-679
69. 王建华, 刘鸿先, 徐同. 超氧物歧化酶(SOD)在植物逆境和衰老生理中的作用[J]. 植物生理学通讯, 1989, 1(1):1-3
70. 李美茹, 刘鸿先, 王以柔. 植物细胞中的抗寒物质及其与植物耐冷性的关系[J]. 植物生理学通讯, 1995, 31(4): 328-334
71. 郭水良, 方 芳, 强胜. 不同温度对七种外来杂草生理指标的影响及其适应意义[J]. 广西植物, 2003, 23 (1): 73-76
72. 李继泉, 金幼菊. 环境因子对植物他感化合物的影响[J]. 河北林果研究, 1999, 14(3): 285-292
73. 周凯, 郭维明, 徐迎春. 菊科植物化感作用研究进展[J], .生态学报, 2004, 24(8): 1780-1788
74. Chapin F S. New cogon then nitrogen cycle [J], Nature. 1995, 377: 199-201
75. 孔垂华, 胡飞, 谢华亮, 等. 外源多胺对水稻萌发和前期生长的作用及其在土壤中的滞留[J]. 应用生态学报, 1996, 7(4): 377-380
76. Rice E L. Allelopathy (2nd ed) [M]. Academic Press. New York, 1984.
77. Molisch H. Einfluss D. Plane auf die and ere-Allelopathie. Fischer, Jena. 1937.
78. Muller C H, Muller W H, Haines B L. Volatile Growth inhibitors Production by Shrubs [J]. Science. 1964, 143: 471-473
79. Rice E L. Allelopathy [M]. Acadanic Press, Orlando, F L. 1974
80. 张宝琛, 白雪芳, 顾立华. 等. 生化他感作用与高寒草甸上人工草场自然退化现象的研究[J]. 生态学报, 1989, 9 (2): 115-120
81. Bot R. Plant phenolics in allelopathy [J]. Inherit., 1996, 62: 186-202.
82. Blum U. Allelopathic interactions involving phenolic acids [J]. Journal Nemat, 1996, 28: 259-267.
83. 柴强, 黄高宝. 植物化感作用的机理、影响因素及应用潜力[J]. 西北植物学报, 2003, 23(3): 509-515
84. 孙文浩, 余叔文. 相生相克效应及其应用[M]. 植物生理学通讯, 1992, 28(2): 81-87
85. 喻景权. 蔬菜生产中的化学他感作用问题及其研究[C]. 园艺学进展(第二辑).侯喜林主编. 东南大学出版社, 南京. 1998, 21(4): 336-343
86. 王璞, 赵秀琴. 几种化感物质对棉花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2005, 6(3): 26-31
87. 周志红, 骆世明, 牟子平, 等. 番茄的化感作用研究[J]. 应用生态学报, 1997, 8(4): 445-449
88. Blum U. Allelopathic interactions involving phenolic acids [J]. Journal Nemat., 1996, 28: 259-267
89. Gerig T M, Blum U. Effects of four phenolic acids on leaf area expansion of cucumber seedlings grown in Portsmouth B2soil materials [J]. Journal Chem. Ecol., 2001, 17: 29-40
90. Ortega, R C, Anaya A L, Ramos L. Effects of allelopathic compounds of corn pollen on respiration and cell division of watermelon[J]. Journal Chem. Ecol. 2002, 14: 71-86
91. Bazivamakenga R R, Leroux G D, Simard R. Effects of benzonic and cinnamic on membrane permeability of soybean roots [J]. Journal Chem. Ecol., 1995, 21: 1271-1285
92. 吕卫光, 张春兰. 化感物质抑制连作黄瓜生长的作用机制[J]. 中国农业科学, 2002, 35(1): 106-109
93. Einhellig,F. A. Mechanisms and modes of action of allelochemicals[M]. In: The Science ofAllelopathy.A.R.Putnam and C.S.Tang. John Wiley&Sons. New York.1986, 171-188
94. AlsaadawiI S, Al-Hadithy S , Arif B. Effects of three phenolic acid on chlorophyllcontent and ion uptake in cowpea seedling[J]. J.Chem .Ecol, 1986, 12: 221-227
95. Lyu S.W, Blum U. Effects of ferulic acid and allelopathic compound,on P,K and water uptake by cucumber seedlings in a split-root system[J].J.Chem.Ecol.,1990,16(8): 2429-2439
96. Einhellig F. A. Mechanism of action of allelochemicals in allelopathy [J]. ACS Symp. Ser. 1995,582: 96-116
97. Inderjit, Dakshini, K..Interference potential of Pluchea lanceolata (Asteraceae): growth and physiological responses of asparagus bean,Vigna unguiculata Var sesquipedalis.Amer [J].J.Bot.1992, 79: 977-981
98. Shibu J Andrew R.G. Allelopathy in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.)alley cropping.Ⅱ.Effects of juglone on hydroponically grown corn (Zea mays L.)and soybean (Glycine max L.Merr.) growth and physiology [J]. Plant and soil, 1998, 203:199-205
99. Hejl A, Einhellig,F, Rasmussen J. Effects of juglone on growth, phyotosynthesis, and respiration[J]. J.Chem.Ecol.1993,16:931-939
100. Padhy B, Patnaik P, Tripathy K. Allelopathy potential of Eucalyptus leaf litter leachates ongermination and seedling growth of finger millet [J]. J.Chem.Ecol, 2000, 7(1):69-78
101. Devi R.S. Prasad, M.V..Effects of ferulic acid on growth and hydrolytic enzyme activities of germinating maize seeds[J]. J.Chem.Ecol.,1992,18:1981-1990
102. Bazivamakenga R., Simard R, Leroux G. Determination of organic acids in soil extracts by ion chromatography[J].Soil Biol.Biochem.,1995, 27(3):349-356
103. 吕卫光,张春兰.有机肥减轻连作黄瓜自毒作用的机制[J].上海农业学报.2002,18(2):52-56
104. 戚建华. 嫁接黄瓜化感作用的研究[M]. 西北农林科技大学硕士论文. 2004
105. Yu J Q, Ye S F, Zhang M. F. Effects of root exudates and aqueous root extracts of cucumber(Cucumis sativus) and allelochemicals, on photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes in cucumber[J]. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 2003,31:129-139
106. Roshchina V, Roshchina D. The excretory function of higher plant [J]. New York: Spinger-verlag. 2003, 21: 213—215
107. 吴辉,郑师章.根分泌物及其生态效应[J].生态学杂志,1992,11(6):42-47
108. Barkosky R, Einhellig F. Effects of salicylic acid on plant-water relationships [J]. J.Chem.Ecol., 1993, 19:237-247
109. Ray S, Laloraya M..Interaction of gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, and phenolic compounds in the control of hypocotyl growth of Amaranthus caudatus seedlings[J]. J.Bot.,1984, 62: 2047-2052
110. Rocio C O, Ana L , Blanca E eatl. Effects of allelochemical stress produced by Sicos deppei on seedling root ultrasucture of Phaseolus vulagaris and Cucurbitaficifolia[J]. Chem. Ecol., 1998, 24: 2039-2057
111. Wink M , Latz B. Allelopathic properities of alkaloids and other natural produces. Organisms,processes, and applications [M]. 1995, 112: 117-126
112. 李寿田, 周健民, 王火焰, 等. 植物化感作用机理的研究进展[J]. 农村生态环境,2001,17(4) : 52-55
113. Wu H W, Terry H, James P. Allelochemical in wheat: variation of phenolic acid in shoot tissues [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 2002. 27: 125-135
114. Olofsdotter M. Getting closer to breeding for completive ability and the role of allelopathy example from rice ( Oryza sativa) [J] . Weed Technology. 2001, 15: 798-806
115. Philippe S, Craig C S, Michael A S, etal. Alfalfa Auto toxicity: Effects of Reseeding Delay, Original Stand Age, and Cultivar [J]. Agron., 2002, 94: 775-781
116. Liu J P, Zhang X Q, Luo P, etal. The Effect of Lixivium of Limpograsson Germinati on and growth of legumina forages [J]. Seed, 2005, 24 : 5-8
117. 潘开文, 宋亮, 王进闯, 等. 酚酸类物质对苜蓿种子萌发及抗氧化物酶活性的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2006, 26(10): 3393-3401
118. Putnam A R., Tang C S. The Science of Allelopathy[M]. John Wiley& Sons, New York, 1986. 211: 133-145
119. 邵华、彭少麟、张弛,等. 化感作用研究中渗透势对生物测定结果的影响[J], 中国生态农业学报, 2003, 11(3): 36-39
120. Leather G R, Einhellig F A. Mechanisms of allelopathic action in bioassay[J]. ACS Symp Ser , 1985, 268: 197-205
121. 中国科学院植物研究所.中国高等植物图鉴(4)[M]. 北京.科学出版社. 1983, 102-114
122. 刘济明, 李霞, 王宁. 黔中不同耕地类型土壤杂草种子库研究[J]. 广州大学学报, 2005, 4(4): 305-308
123. 何永福, 陆得清, 叶照春,等. 50﹪乙草胺对旱地杂草辣子草防除效果研究[J]. 植物保护,2007, 33 (4): 132-134
124. Garica F J, Zquez B. Survival, germ inability and fungal colonization of dimorphic achene’s of the annual weed Galinsoga parviflora buried in the soil [J]. Weed Research , 2003,43, 269–275