风力机专用翼型的空气动力特性研究
摘要
随着科学技术的发展,能源需求的日益增大,环境保护问题也迫在眉睫。风能作为一种洁净的可再生环保能源以其独特的优越性越来越受到社会的重视。风力机发电是利用风能的主要形式,叶片是风力发电机吸收风能的重要部件,而翼型又是叶片设计的最基本要素,因此,对风力机翼型的研究是当前风力机空气动力学研究的一个热点,也是风力机研究的基础。
本文首先在分析国内外风电开发现状、风力机翼型研究现状的基础上,对风力机翼型的空气动力学的基本理论做了详细的介绍,包括翼型的几何特性,传统风力机翼型系列和风力机专用翼型系列等,并对各种系列翼型的空气动力特性进行了描述。其次以提高计算精度为目标,对数值计算中涉及到的湍流模型、网格划分方式、离散格式等,进行了比较性研究,找到了一种较为合理的搭配方式,用这种计算方式对不同展向长度的直叶片进行了数值计算,以研究三维效应对翼型气动性能的影响。第三,在数值计算中,发现附体流动时翼型升阻力监测曲线有波动现象,而且波动的幅度随着攻角的增加而增加,分析引起该现象的原因,并逐一进行验证计算,结果发现后缘厚度过大是引起该现象的主要原因,故对原翼型后缘做了三种改型计算,结果表明,减小后缘厚度的确会减小升阻力监测曲线的波动幅度,而增加后缘厚度将增大波动幅度。最后,利用Gurney襟翼来分析翼型受力的波动现象。
With the development of science and technology,energy demand is ever-increasing. At the same time, Environment protection is an important problem that we must faced to.Wind energy as a clean green renewable energy is recognized by the society for its unique advantages.Adopting wind turbine to generate electricity is the major form of using wind energy to deal with above problem.The blades of Wind turbine is an important component of the wind turbine to absorb wind energy,the airfoil is the key assembly of the blades. So the design method research of wind turbine airfoils is a hot and the basic investigation the wind turbines in the study of aerodynamics nowadays.
In this paper,on the basis of analysis the development status of domestic and foreign wind power and dedicated airfoils for wind turbines firstly,the basic theory of aerodynamics of wind turbine airfoils were described in detail,including the geometric characteristics of airfoils, the traditional and dedicated wind turbine airfoil series, and various series of airfoil aerodynamic characteristics are described. Secondly,with the aim of improve the accuracy of numerical calculation involved in turbulence models,mesh methods,discrete format,comparative study was conducted to find a more reasonable way, using this formula on different spanwise length of the straight blade has been calculated to study the three-dimensional effect on airfoil performance.Thirdly, during the numerical calculation,it was found that in the attached state flow airfoil life and drag curve fluctuation monitoring,but also fluctuated with the increase of the angle of attack, analysis of the reasons causing the phenomenon,and one by one to verify the calculationfound that excessive trailing edge thickness is the main reason causing the phenomenon, so did the original airfoil trailing edge, three modified calculation, the results show that the reduced trailing edge thickness would indeed reduce the drag and lift curve of the fluctuation monitoringand increased edge thickness will increase volatility.Finally,Gurney flap used to analyze the phenomenon of fluctuations for lift and drag of airfoil.
本文首先在分析国内外风电开发现状、风力机翼型研究现状的基础上,对风力机翼型的空气动力学的基本理论做了详细的介绍,包括翼型的几何特性,传统风力机翼型系列和风力机专用翼型系列等,并对各种系列翼型的空气动力特性进行了描述。其次以提高计算精度为目标,对数值计算中涉及到的湍流模型、网格划分方式、离散格式等,进行了比较性研究,找到了一种较为合理的搭配方式,用这种计算方式对不同展向长度的直叶片进行了数值计算,以研究三维效应对翼型气动性能的影响。第三,在数值计算中,发现附体流动时翼型升阻力监测曲线有波动现象,而且波动的幅度随着攻角的增加而增加,分析引起该现象的原因,并逐一进行验证计算,结果发现后缘厚度过大是引起该现象的主要原因,故对原翼型后缘做了三种改型计算,结果表明,减小后缘厚度的确会减小升阻力监测曲线的波动幅度,而增加后缘厚度将增大波动幅度。最后,利用Gurney襟翼来分析翼型受力的波动现象。
With the development of science and technology,energy demand is ever-increasing. At the same time, Environment protection is an important problem that we must faced to.Wind energy as a clean green renewable energy is recognized by the society for its unique advantages.Adopting wind turbine to generate electricity is the major form of using wind energy to deal with above problem.The blades of Wind turbine is an important component of the wind turbine to absorb wind energy,the airfoil is the key assembly of the blades. So the design method research of wind turbine airfoils is a hot and the basic investigation the wind turbines in the study of aerodynamics nowadays.
In this paper,on the basis of analysis the development status of domestic and foreign wind power and dedicated airfoils for wind turbines firstly,the basic theory of aerodynamics of wind turbine airfoils were described in detail,including the geometric characteristics of airfoils, the traditional and dedicated wind turbine airfoil series, and various series of airfoil aerodynamic characteristics are described. Secondly,with the aim of improve the accuracy of numerical calculation involved in turbulence models,mesh methods,discrete format,comparative study was conducted to find a more reasonable way, using this formula on different spanwise length of the straight blade has been calculated to study the three-dimensional effect on airfoil performance.Thirdly, during the numerical calculation,it was found that in the attached state flow airfoil life and drag curve fluctuation monitoring,but also fluctuated with the increase of the angle of attack, analysis of the reasons causing the phenomenon,and one by one to verify the calculationfound that excessive trailing edge thickness is the main reason causing the phenomenon, so did the original airfoil trailing edge, three modified calculation, the results show that the reduced trailing edge thickness would indeed reduce the drag and lift curve of the fluctuation monitoringand increased edge thickness will increase volatility.Finally,Gurney flap used to analyze the phenomenon of fluctuations for lift and drag of airfoil.
引文
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[8]A.Timmer and A.P.Schaffarczyk Proc.The effect of roughness at high Reynolds numbers on the performance of DU97-W-300Mod[J].Wind Energy,2004,7 (4):295-307.
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[23]邓枫,伍贻兆,刘学强.用DES数值模拟分离扰流中的旋涡运动[J].计算物理.2008,25(6)：683-688.
[24]Stefan Schmidt,Frank Thiele.Detached Eddy Simulation of Flow around A-Airfoil[J].Flow,Turbulence and combustion,2003, Volume 71, Numbers 1-4:261-278.
[25]Li D,Igor Men'shov,Nakamura Y.2-D RANS simulation for three different stall types[A]. Proceedings of the Thirty-fifth Fluid Dynamics Conference of Japan[C].Kyoto, Japan,2003.
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[27]Strelets M. Detached eddy simulation of massively separated flows[R]. AIAA-2001-0879,2001.
[28].Zingg D W.Comparison of several spatial discretizations for the N-S equations[R].AIAA-99-3260,1999
[29]覃文洁,胡春光,郭良平等.近壁面网格尺寸对湍流计算的影响[J].北京理工大学报,2006,26(5),388-392.
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[32]CHRISTOPHER P S,STEPHANIE M T,EARL P N D. Computational fluid dynamics of flat-back airfoils for wind turbine applications [R]. Reno:AIAA,2006.
[33]STRELETS M.Detached eddy simulation of massively separated flows[R].Reno:AIAA,2001.
[34]XIONG Jun,LING Guocan,ZHU Keqin. Effects of spanwise characteristic length on the transiton feature in the wake of a cylinder[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics,2003,16(2):66-68.
[35]D.M.Somers.The S814 and S815 Airfoils[M].NREL/SR 500-36292.Dec,2004.
[36]J A C Kentifiled,E J Claelle.The flow physics of the Gurney flaps devices for improving turbine blade performance [J].Wind Engineering,1993,19 (1):24-34.
[37]Roy Myose,Michael Papadakis,Ismael Hwron.Gurney Flap Experiments on Airfoils,Wings,and Reflection Plane Model[J].35stAerospace Sciences Meeting.March-April 1997,Reno,NV.Paper no. AIAA-1997-0034.
[38]Christopher P.Stone,Stephanie M.Tebo,Earl P.N.Duque. Computational Fluid Dynamics of Flatback airfoils for Wind Turbine Applications [J].44th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit.2006 Reno,USA.PaPer no. AIAA-2006-0194.
[39]刘雄,陈严,叶枝全.增加风力机叶片翼型后缘厚度对气动性能的影响[J].太阳能学报,2006,27(5)：489-495.
[40]J.P.Baker,E. A.Mayda,C.P.van Dam.Experimental And Computationl Analysis of Thick Flatback Wind turbine Airfoils[J]. 44th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit.2006 Reno,USA.PaPer no.AIAA-2006-0193.
[41]Drela,M.Integral Boundary layer Formulation for Blunt Trailing edges [J].27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit.1989 Reno,USA.PaPer no. AIAA-1989-2166.
[42]夏商周,申振华.改型尾缘对翼型流场影响的数值模拟[J].沈阳航空工业学院学报,2005,22[5]：1-3.
[43]包能胜,霍福鹏,叶枝全等.表面粗糙度对风力机翼型性能的影响[J].太阳能学报,2005,26(4)：458-462.
[44]申振华,于国亮.翼型弯度对风力机性能的影响[J].动力工程.2007,27(1)：136-139.
[45]上官云信,周瑞兴,高永卫,等.翼型相对厚度对失速分离特性的影响[J].空气动力学学报.2000,18(增)：21-26.
[46]LIEBECK R H. Design of subsonic airfoil for high lift[J]. Journal of aircraft,1978, 15 (9):547-561.
[47]JANG C S,ROSS J C,CUMMINGS R M. Numerical investigation of an airfoil with a Gurney flap [J].Aircraft Design,1998,1(2):75-88.
[48]Jang C S,Ross J C,CummingsR M,Numerical investigation of an airfoil with a Gurney flap[J]. Aircraft Design,1998,(1):75-88.
[49]BOYD J A.Trailing edge device for an airfoil:US, Patent 4542868 [P],1985-9-24.
[50]包能胜,曹人靖,叶枝全.水平轴风力机桨叶二维增升实验研究[J].太阳能学报,2001,22(1)：72-76.
[51]张维智,李方洲,李智,等.风力机叶片后缘下表面带锯齿襟翼时的风洞试验研究[J].风力发电,2004,4：13-17.
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[55]王福军.计算流体动力学分析CFD软件原理与应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004.
[56]张涵信.分离流与漩涡运动的结构分析[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2002.
[2]施鹏飞.2008年国内外风电持续快速发展[J].可再生能源,2009,27(2)：6-10.
[3]Conner B, Leithead W.Control strategies for variable speed regulated wind turbines[A].EWEC。Greece:European Wind Energy Association,1994.402-424
[4]R.P.J.O.M.van Rooij,W.A.Timmer,A.Bruining Determination of the local inflow angle on rotating blades[R].Proceeding of the World Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition,July-2002,Berlin,Germany.
[5]W.A.Timmer,R.P.J.O.M.van Rooij. Summary of the Delft university wind turbine dedicated air-foils[J].41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting. January 2003,Reno,USA. Paper no.AIAA-2003-0352.
[6]R.van Rooij,W.A.Timmer.Roughness sensitivity considerations for thick rotor blade airfoils[R].41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting,January 2003,Reno,USA..Paper no.AIAA-2003-0350
[7]A.Timmer and A.P.Schaffarczyk Proc.Effect of roughness on the performance of a 30% thick wind turbine airfoil at high Reynolds numbers[R].EWEA special topic conference:The Science of making torque from wind Delft,The Netherland, April 19-21.2004.
[8]A.Timmer and A.P.Schaffarczyk Proc.The effect of roughness at high Reynolds numbers on the performance of DU97-W-300Mod[J].Wind Energy,2004,7 (4):295-307.
[9]黄继雄.风力机专用翼型及其气动特性研究[D].硕士学位论文,汕头：汕头大学,2001.
[10]罗惕乾.流体力学[M].北京：机械工业出版社2003.8.
[11]刘天宝,程兆雪.流体力学与叶栅理论[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1990.10
[12]Timmer W A,Rooij V.Some aspects of high angle-of-attack flow on airfoils for wind turbine application[J].European Wind Energy Conference and Exbition, Copenhagen,Denmark,2001.
[13]Nonweiler T.Maximum lift data for symmetrical wings[J].Aircraft Eng.Bd.,1955, 17:2-8.
[14]Roskam J,C T Lan.Airplane aerodynamics and performance[J].DAR corporation, 1997.
[15]泷泽强,张大康.风力机风轮贴粗糙带增效风洞试验[J].风力发电,1998(3)：26～28.
[16]贺德馨.风工程与工业空气动力学[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2006.
[17]Tangler JI, Somers D M.NREL airfoil families for HAWTS[R].USA,NREL/TP-422-7109,1995.
[18]Fuglsang,Christian Bak.Development of the ris wind turbine airfoils[J].Wind Energy,2004.7:145-162.
[19]Bjorck A.2-D Airfoil Wind Tunnel Test at Stall[A].Proceeding of IEA 7th symposium on Aerodynamics of Wind turbines[C],Denmark,1993
[20]Guilmineau E,Piquet J,Queutry P.Two-Dimensional Turbulent Viscous Flow Simulation Past Airfoils at Fixed Incidence[J].Computers&Fluides.,1997,26(2): 135
[21]张兆顺、崔桂香、许春晓.湍流理论与模拟[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005：23-27.
[22]王汉青,王志勇,寇广孝.大涡模拟理论进展及其在工程中的应用.流体机械.2004,32(7)：23-27.
[23]邓枫,伍贻兆,刘学强.用DES数值模拟分离扰流中的旋涡运动[J].计算物理.2008,25(6)：683-688.
[24]Stefan Schmidt,Frank Thiele.Detached Eddy Simulation of Flow around A-Airfoil[J].Flow,Turbulence and combustion,2003, Volume 71, Numbers 1-4:261-278.
[25]Li D,Igor Men'shov,Nakamura Y.2-D RANS simulation for three different stall types[A]. Proceedings of the Thirty-fifth Fluid Dynamics Conference of Japan[C].Kyoto, Japan,2003.
[26]李栋,焦予秦,Igor Men'shov,中村佳朗.Detached-Eddy Simulation方法模拟不同类型翼型的失速特性[J].航空学报,2005,26(4)：406-410.
[27]Strelets M. Detached eddy simulation of massively separated flows[R]. AIAA-2001-0879,2001.
[28].Zingg D W.Comparison of several spatial discretizations for the N-S equations[R].AIAA-99-3260,1999
[29]覃文洁,胡春光,郭良平等.近壁面网格尺寸对湍流计算的影响[J].北京理工大学报,2006,26(5),388-392.
[30]GUILMINEAU E, PIQUET J, QUEUTRY P. Two-dimensional turbulent viscous flow simulation past airfoils at fixed incidence[J]. Computers& Fluides, 1997,26(2):135-140.
[31]NATHAN L. A procedure for numerically analyzing airfoils and wing sections[D]. Missouri:The Faculty of the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering University of Missouri-Columbia,2006.
[32]CHRISTOPHER P S,STEPHANIE M T,EARL P N D. Computational fluid dynamics of flat-back airfoils for wind turbine applications [R]. Reno:AIAA,2006.
[33]STRELETS M.Detached eddy simulation of massively separated flows[R].Reno:AIAA,2001.
[34]XIONG Jun,LING Guocan,ZHU Keqin. Effects of spanwise characteristic length on the transiton feature in the wake of a cylinder[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics,2003,16(2):66-68.
[35]D.M.Somers.The S814 and S815 Airfoils[M].NREL/SR 500-36292.Dec,2004.
[36]J A C Kentifiled,E J Claelle.The flow physics of the Gurney flaps devices for improving turbine blade performance [J].Wind Engineering,1993,19 (1):24-34.
[37]Roy Myose,Michael Papadakis,Ismael Hwron.Gurney Flap Experiments on Airfoils,Wings,and Reflection Plane Model[J].35stAerospace Sciences Meeting.March-April 1997,Reno,NV.Paper no. AIAA-1997-0034.
[38]Christopher P.Stone,Stephanie M.Tebo,Earl P.N.Duque. Computational Fluid Dynamics of Flatback airfoils for Wind Turbine Applications [J].44th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit.2006 Reno,USA.PaPer no. AIAA-2006-0194.
[39]刘雄,陈严,叶枝全.增加风力机叶片翼型后缘厚度对气动性能的影响[J].太阳能学报,2006,27(5)：489-495.
[40]J.P.Baker,E. A.Mayda,C.P.van Dam.Experimental And Computationl Analysis of Thick Flatback Wind turbine Airfoils[J]. 44th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit.2006 Reno,USA.PaPer no.AIAA-2006-0193.
[41]Drela,M.Integral Boundary layer Formulation for Blunt Trailing edges [J].27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit.1989 Reno,USA.PaPer no. AIAA-1989-2166.
[42]夏商周,申振华.改型尾缘对翼型流场影响的数值模拟[J].沈阳航空工业学院学报,2005,22[5]：1-3.
[43]包能胜,霍福鹏,叶枝全等.表面粗糙度对风力机翼型性能的影响[J].太阳能学报,2005,26(4)：458-462.
[44]申振华,于国亮.翼型弯度对风力机性能的影响[J].动力工程.2007,27(1)：136-139.
[45]上官云信,周瑞兴,高永卫,等.翼型相对厚度对失速分离特性的影响[J].空气动力学学报.2000,18(增)：21-26.
[46]LIEBECK R H. Design of subsonic airfoil for high lift[J]. Journal of aircraft,1978, 15 (9):547-561.
[47]JANG C S,ROSS J C,CUMMINGS R M. Numerical investigation of an airfoil with a Gurney flap [J].Aircraft Design,1998,1(2):75-88.
[48]Jang C S,Ross J C,CummingsR M,Numerical investigation of an airfoil with a Gurney flap[J]. Aircraft Design,1998,(1):75-88.
[49]BOYD J A.Trailing edge device for an airfoil:US, Patent 4542868 [P],1985-9-24.
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