中气轿车气动特性模型风洞试验研究
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摘要
汽车气动特性对汽车的动力性、燃油经济性、操纵稳定性、舒适性和安全性有着非常大的影响。通过汽车气动特性研究来降低汽车气动阻力,不仅可以提高汽车的动力性,而且还可以提高发动机燃烧效率,改善汽车的燃油经济性。另外,汽车在高速行驶时的侧风稳定性是汽车安全性的重要指标之一。因此,开展汽车气动特性研究对提高汽车的安全性以及汽车节能减排有着非常重要的意义。
汽车风洞试验是汽车气动特性研究的重要手段,本文以湖南大学HD-2风洞为试验平台,开展中气轿车气动特性模型风洞试验研究。首先,阐述了汽车风洞的类型及构造、汽车风洞试验技术要求以及汽车风洞试验洞壁干扰的修正方法等汽车风洞试验理论,并较详细地介绍了测试设备、仪器以及它们的原理与使用方法。其次,测量了中气模型的气动力及力矩,分析该模型的气动特性以及后视镜对其阻力系数、升力系数的影响；采用粒子图像测速(PIV)系统定量地测量中气模型纵对面的流场,分析中气模型尾部的涡量特性与湍动能特性；同时,本文还采用电子压力扫描阀系统测量中气模型纵对面表面压强分布,分析中气模型纵对面表面平均压力系数与脉动压力系数的分布特性,及其对该模型气动性能的影响。
汽车队列行驶是智能交通系统研究的热点之一,本文最后还研究了队列行驶间距对中气轿车气动特性的影响,为队列行驶间距的确定提供试验依据。
本文的研究成果对汽车气动性能的评估与优化有较大的指导意义,并有助于理解汽车气动力产生及作用的机理。
The power performance, fuel efficiency, handling stability, comfort and safety of an automoblie are significantly affected by its aerodynamic characteristics. By study on aerodynamic characteristics of automobile to reduce the aerodynamic drag, can not only improve power performance, but also can improve engine's combustion efficiency and improve fuel economy. In addition, crosswind stability is one of important indicator of safety when automobile at high speeds. Therefore, carry out the research on aerodynamic characteristics of automobile has a very great significance to improve the safety of automobile and reduction of automotive exhaust emissions.
Wind tunnel test is the major method which is used by the study of aerodynamic characteristics of automobile. In this paper, based on the test which is carried by HD-2 wind tunnel in Hunan University, do research on the aerodynamic characteristic of Zhongqi car model in the wind tunnel. To begin with, demonstrate the theory about wind tunnel test, such as types and configuration of wind tunnel, technical requirements for the wind tunnel test, the correct method of wall interference. Describe the test equipment, instruments, principle and instruction of that in detail. Then, measure the aerodynamic force and moment of the model, analyze the influence of aerodynamic characteristics of the model and rear mirror on drag coefficient and lift coefficient; quantitatively measure the model external flow field in symmetry by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), the characteristics of vortices and turbulence kinetic energy in the rear part of the model is analyzed; meanwhile, measure the pressure distribution of the model in symmetry by Electronic Pressure Scanner Valve(EPSV). Analyze the distribution characteristics of the coefficients of surface pressure and fluctuation pressure on the model in symmetry, and study the influence of the result on the aerodynamic characteristics of the car.
Platoon is one of the hotspots in study of Intelligent Transportation System. Finally, this paper study the influence of platoon longitudinal spacing on the aerodynamic characteristics of Zhongqi car, and provide experimental basis for determine the longitudinal spacing.
The results of this paper are significant to evaluate and optimize the aerodynamic capability of automobile, and help understand the mechanism of the generation and action of aerodynamic force.
汽车风洞试验是汽车气动特性研究的重要手段,本文以湖南大学HD-2风洞为试验平台,开展中气轿车气动特性模型风洞试验研究。首先,阐述了汽车风洞的类型及构造、汽车风洞试验技术要求以及汽车风洞试验洞壁干扰的修正方法等汽车风洞试验理论,并较详细地介绍了测试设备、仪器以及它们的原理与使用方法。其次,测量了中气模型的气动力及力矩,分析该模型的气动特性以及后视镜对其阻力系数、升力系数的影响；采用粒子图像测速(PIV)系统定量地测量中气模型纵对面的流场,分析中气模型尾部的涡量特性与湍动能特性；同时,本文还采用电子压力扫描阀系统测量中气模型纵对面表面压强分布,分析中气模型纵对面表面平均压力系数与脉动压力系数的分布特性,及其对该模型气动性能的影响。
汽车队列行驶是智能交通系统研究的热点之一,本文最后还研究了队列行驶间距对中气轿车气动特性的影响,为队列行驶间距的确定提供试验依据。
本文的研究成果对汽车气动性能的评估与优化有较大的指导意义,并有助于理解汽车气动力产生及作用的机理。
The power performance, fuel efficiency, handling stability, comfort and safety of an automoblie are significantly affected by its aerodynamic characteristics. By study on aerodynamic characteristics of automobile to reduce the aerodynamic drag, can not only improve power performance, but also can improve engine's combustion efficiency and improve fuel economy. In addition, crosswind stability is one of important indicator of safety when automobile at high speeds. Therefore, carry out the research on aerodynamic characteristics of automobile has a very great significance to improve the safety of automobile and reduction of automotive exhaust emissions.
Wind tunnel test is the major method which is used by the study of aerodynamic characteristics of automobile. In this paper, based on the test which is carried by HD-2 wind tunnel in Hunan University, do research on the aerodynamic characteristic of Zhongqi car model in the wind tunnel. To begin with, demonstrate the theory about wind tunnel test, such as types and configuration of wind tunnel, technical requirements for the wind tunnel test, the correct method of wall interference. Describe the test equipment, instruments, principle and instruction of that in detail. Then, measure the aerodynamic force and moment of the model, analyze the influence of aerodynamic characteristics of the model and rear mirror on drag coefficient and lift coefficient; quantitatively measure the model external flow field in symmetry by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), the characteristics of vortices and turbulence kinetic energy in the rear part of the model is analyzed; meanwhile, measure the pressure distribution of the model in symmetry by Electronic Pressure Scanner Valve(EPSV). Analyze the distribution characteristics of the coefficients of surface pressure and fluctuation pressure on the model in symmetry, and study the influence of the result on the aerodynamic characteristics of the car.
Platoon is one of the hotspots in study of Intelligent Transportation System. Finally, this paper study the influence of platoon longitudinal spacing on the aerodynamic characteristics of Zhongqi car, and provide experimental basis for determine the longitudinal spacing.
The results of this paper are significant to evaluate and optimize the aerodynamic capability of automobile, and help understand the mechanism of the generation and action of aerodynamic force.
引文
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[3]Riedler.Wissenschaftliche Automobilebewertung.Verl.Oldenburg,1911
[4]W.G.Aston. Body design and wind resistance. The Autocar.August,1911
[5]Jung-Dokee, Moo-Sung Kim, Byung-Cheon Lee.The COANDA Flow Control and Newtonian Concept Approch to Achieve Drag Reduction of Passenger Vehicle. SAE Paper 011267,2001:1256-1266
[6]W.H.Hucho, L.J.Janssen, G.Schwarz. The Wind Tunnel's Ground Plane Boundary Layer Interference with the Flow underneath Cars.SAE Paper 750066,1975, 2034-2043
[7]W.Klemperer. Investigation of the aerodynamics drag of Automobiles.Zeitshrift fur Flugtechnik Motorluftschiffahrt, Vol.13,1922
[8]W.Kamm.Lehrstuhl und Forshungsinstitut fur Kraftsfahrtwesen und Fahrzeutmotoren.Prospectus.Technische Hochshule.Stuttgart,1967
[9]W.Kamm and C.Schmid.Automobile Testing.Springer.Berlin,1938
[10]W.E.Lay. Is 50 miles per gallon possible with correct streamlining?.SAE-Journal, Vol.32,1933
[11]L.Romani.Les Essais aerodynamiques des voitures automobiles.maquettes et vehicles reel. Union Technique de L'Automobile et du Cycle. Paper No.11,1950
[12]R.G.S.White.A Rating Method for Assessing Vehicle Aerodynamic Drag Coefficients.MIRA-Rep.No.1967/9
[13]W.H.Hucho. Aerodynamics of Road Vehicle.Butterworth Co.Ltd,1987
[14]Franz K, Schenkel.The Origins of Drag and Lift Reductions on Automobiles with Front and Rear Spoilers. Society of Automotive Engineers,1978,1661-1670
[15]W.Angelis, D.Drikakis, F Durst, etal. Numerical and experimental study of the flow over a two-dimensional car model. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1996(62):57-59
[16]李征初.汽车尾流场测量、显示与诊断技术研究：[国防科学技术大学硕士论文].长沙：国防科学技术大学,1999,1-4
[17]Mercker E.A blockage Correction for Automotive Testing in a Wind Tunnel with Close Test Section.Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1986,22
[18]Edzard Mercker, Jochen Wiedemann. Comparison of Different Ground Simulation Techniques for Use in Automotive Wind Tunnels. SAE Paper 900321,1990
[19]E. Mercker, N. Breuer, H. Berneburg, H. J. Emmelmann. On the Aerodynamic Interference Due to the Rolling Wheels of Passenger Cars.SAE Paper 910311, 1991
[20]H.D.Papenfuss,M.Kronast.Moving-model technique used in automobile aerodynamics for measurement of ground effects.Experiments in Fluids,1991(11): 161-166
[21]Hiroshi Sato, Michitoshi Takagi. Airflow Measurement around Passenger Car Models Using a Two-Channel Laser Doppler Velocimeter. SAE Paper 930297, 1993
[22]Antonello Cogotti. Ground Effect Simulation for Full-Scale Cars in the Pininfarina Wind Tunnel. SAE Paper 950996,1995
[23]Bearman. P W. Near Wake Flows behind Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Bluff Bodies. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1997:33-54,69-71
[24]Antonello Cogotti. A Parametric Study on the Ground Effect of a Simplified Car Model.SAE Paper 980031,1998
[25]Antonello Cogotti. Presentation of Flow Field Investigation by PIV on a Full-Scale Car in the Pininfarina Wind Tunnel.SAE Paper,2000-01-0870
[26]Balkanyi S.R, Bernal L P, Khalighi B, etal. Dynamics of Manipulated Bluff Body Wakes. AIAA Paper,2000-2556
[27]Balkanyi S.R. An Experimental Investigation of DraS Reduction Devices for Blunt Based Road Vehicle:[MS thesis].Delft University of Technology,2001
[28]Balkanyi S R, Bernal L P, Khalighi B. Analysis of the Near Wake of Bluff Bodies in Ground Proximity. ASME Paper,2002-32347
[29]G. McCutcheon, McColgan A H, Grant I.Wake Studies of a Model Passenger Car Using PIV. SAE Paper,2002-01-3335
[30]Abdullah M Al-Garni, Luis P. Bernal.Experimental Investigation of the Near Wake of a Pick-up Truck. SAE Paper,2003-01-0651
[31]Abdullah M Al-Garni, Luis P. Bernal.Experimental Investigation of the Flow around a Generic SUV. SAE Paper,2004-01-0228
[32]Kevin R. Cooper, Jason Leuschen. Model and Full-Scale Wind Tunnel Tests of Second-Generation Aerodynamic Fuel Saving Devices for Tractor-Trailers. SAE Paper,2005-01-3512
[33]Duygu ERDEM, Hayri ACAR.CAR REAR WING AERODYNAMICS.12th International Symposium on Flow Visualization. Germany,2006
[34]Wolfgang Mayer, Jochen Wiedemann.The Influence of Rotating Wheels on the Total Road Load. SAE Paper,2007-01-1047
[35]Bahram Khalighi, James Johnson, Kuo-Huey Chen.Experimental Characterization of the Unsteady Flow Field behind Two outside Rear View Mirrors. SAE Paper,2008-01-0476
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