大型特低扬程泵装置水力性能优化与综合比较研究
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摘要
大型特低扬程泵站在水资源调配、水环境改善、城市防洪和农业灌排等工程中应用广泛。特低扬程泵站具有扬程低、流量大的特点,用于调水和水环境改善的泵站还具有年运行时间长的特点。这些泵站对泵装置效率要求很高,并要求泵装置具有结构简单、电机通风散热条件好、安装检修方便、运行维护方便和投资少等优点。适用于特低扬程泵站的特低扬程泵装置具有流道水力损失小、泵装置效率高的优点,其包括水平轴伸泵装置、灯泡贯流泵装置、竖井贯流泵装置和潜水贯流泵装置等4种类型。每种类型的泵装置具有各自的特点,不同型式泵装置的水力性能有何差距、选择何种型式的泵装置应用于特低扬程泵站是需要研究的问题。
本文以我国大型特低扬程泵站的建设为背景,对不同型式的特低扬程泵装置分别进行较为深入细致的优化水力设计研究,最大限度地提高其水力性能；在优化水力设计研究的基础上对其水力性能进行比较,并对不同型式特低扬程泵装置的机组结构、安装检修、运行管理及投资等综合指标进行比较研究；力争找出水力性能优异且具有结构简单、安装检修方便、运行管理方便和投资少等优点的特低扬程泵装置。主要研究内容和成果如下：
(1)根据特低扬程泵装置进、出水流道的作用和水力设计的要求,提出了泵装置及进、出水流道优化水力设计的目标,并建立了进、出水流道优化水力设计的目标函数。基于泵装置效率与水泵效率及流道效率的关系,指出流道效率与水泵效率同等重要,分析了水泵效率的水平和发展趋势,研究了水泵水力模型测试段与低扬程泵装置中泵段的差别,修正了水泵水力模型测试段效率：研究了流道效率与泵装置扬程和流道水力损失之间的关系,提出了减少流道水力损失是特低扬程泵装置优化水力设计的关键问题,并从降低流速和改善流态的角度提出了减少流道水力损失的具体途径。对特低扬程泵装置优化水力设计的方法进行了研究,分析了泵装置模型试验和泵装置数值模拟研究方法的优缺点,提出了流道模型试验和流道数值模拟的研究方法,研究了几种研究方法相互之间的关系,提出了低扬程泵装置优化水力设计采用“以流道分析研究方法为主、以泵装置整体研究方法为辅,以数值模拟研究方法为主、以模型试验研究方法为辅”的研究方法思路。
(2)采用流道数值模拟方法对水平前轴伸泵装置进、出水流道分别进行了三维流动数值模拟和优化水力设计研究,提高了流道的水力性能,并揭示了流道内的水流运动和湍动能分布规律；采用泵装置数值模拟方法对水平前轴仲泵装置优化方案进行三维流动数值模拟,分析了其内部水流运动状态,并验证了流道数值模拟的结果；采用流道模型试验方法对水平前轴伸泵装置进、出水流道优化方案分别进行模型试验,观察了流道内的流态、测试了流道的水力损失,并检验和确认了流道数值模拟的结果。采用流道数值模拟方法对水平后轴伸泵装置进、出水流道分别进行三维流动数值模拟和优化水力设计研究,提高了流道的水力性能,并揭示了流道内的水流运动和湍动能分布规律；采用泵装置数值模拟方法对水平后轴伸泵装置优化方案进行三维流动数值模拟,分析了其内部水流运动状态,并验证了流道数值模拟的结果。在对水平前轴伸和水平后轴伸泵装置分别进行优化水力设计的基础上比较了其水力性能,水平前轴伸泵装置的水力损失小于水平后轴伸泵装置。
(3)采用流道数值模拟方法对前置灯泡贯流泵装置进、出水流道分别进行了三维流动数值模拟和优化水力设计研究,提高了流道的水力性能,并揭示了流道内的水流运动和湍动能分布规律；采用泵装置数值模拟方法对前置灯泡贯流泵装置优化方案进行三维流动数值模拟,分析了其内部水流运动状态,并验证了流道数值模拟的结果；采用流道模型试验方法对前置灯泡贯流泵装置进、出水流道优化方案分别进行模型试验,观察了流道内的流态、测试了流道的水力损失,并检验和确认了流道数值模拟的结果。采用流道数值模拟方法对后置灯泡贯流泵装置进、出水流道分别进行三维流动数值模拟和优化水力设计研究,提高了流道的水力性能,并揭示了流道内的水流运动和湍动能分布规律：采用泵装置数值模拟方法对后置灯泡贯流泵装置优化方案进行三维流动数值模拟,分析了其内部水流运动状态,并验证了流道数值模拟的结果；采用流道模型试验方法对后置灯泡贯流泵装置进、出水流道优化方案分别进行模型试验,观察了流道内的流态、测试了流道的水力损失,并检验和确认了流道数值模拟的结果。在对前置灯泡和后置灯泡贯流泵装置分别进行优化水力设计的基础上比较了其水力性能,前置灯泡贯流泵装置的水力损失小于后置灯泡贯流泵装置。
(4)分析了前置竖井贯流泵装置进、出水流道的特征,分别建立了进、出水流道的几何数学模型,以实现流道的参数化设计；采用流道数值模拟方法对前置竖井贯流泵装置进、出水流道分别进行了三维流动数值模拟和优化水力设计研究,提高了流道的水力性能,并揭示了流道内的水流运动和湍动能分布规律：研究了流道长度、宽度和高度等3个控制尺寸对前置竖井贯流泵装置进、出水流道水力性能的影响,得到流道水力性能与各控制尺寸变化的关系曲线；采用泵装置数值模拟方法对前置竖井贯流泵装置优化方案进行三维流动数值模拟,分析了其内部水流运动状态,并验证了流道数值模拟的结果；采用流道模型试验方法对前置竖井贯流泵装置进、出水流道优化方案分别进行模型试验,观察了流道内的流态、测试了流道的水力损失,并检验和确认了流道数值模拟的结果。采用流道数值模拟方法对后置竖井贯流泵装置进、出水流道分别进行三维流动数值模拟和优化水力设计研究,提高了流道的水力性能,并揭示了流道内的水流运动和湍动能分布规律；采用泵装置数值模拟方法对后置竖井贯流泵装置优化方案进行三维流动数值模拟,分析了其内部水流运动状态,并验证了流道数值模拟的结果；采用流道模型试验方法对后置竖井贯流泵装置进、出水流道优化方案分别进行模型试验,观察了流道内的流态、测试了流道的水力损失,并检验和确认了流道数值模拟的结果。在对前置竖井和后置竖井贯流泵装置分别进行优化水力设计的基础上比较了其水力性能,前置竖井贯流泵装置的水力损失小于后置竖井贯流泵装置。对前置竖井贯流泵装置进、出水流道的流场进行了多角度的详细剖析,研究表明其具有优异水力性能的原因是因其具有优异的内特性。采用泵装置模型试验方法对前置竖井贯流泵装置的水力性能进行了测试,前置竖井贯流泵装置在设计扬程工况(设计扬程3.1m、设计流量33.4m3/s)和平均扬程工况(平均扬程2.7m、设计流量33.4m3/s)时的泵装置效率分别达83.11%和83.02%,临界空化余量分别为4.63m和4.28m,泵装置水力性能十分优异。
(5)在对不同型式特低扬程泵装置分别进行优化水力设计研究的基础上,对其水力性能进行了定量比较,按流道水力损失从小到大排依次为前置灯泡贯流泵装置、前置竖井贯流泵装置、后置灯泡贯流泵装置、水平前轴伸泵装置、水平后轴伸泵装置和后置竖井贯流泵装置。对水平前轴伸泵装置、后置灯泡贯流泵装置和前置竖井贯流泵装置等3种型式泵装置的泵装置效率和土建尺寸、泵组结构、轴承受力条件、电机散热冷却、设备投资、安装检修及运行维护等综合指标进行了比较研究,比较结果表明：前置竖井贯流泵装置在特低扬程条件下获得了十分优异的水力性能,并具有结构较简单、电机通风散热条件较好、安装检修较方便、投资较低和运行维护较方便等优点。前置竖井贯流泵装置在特低扬程泵站中具有十分广阔的应用前景。
Large pumping station with especial low head is applied widely to projects of water diversion, water environment improvement, urban flood control, agriculture irrigation and drainage, etc. The large pumping station with especial low head has characters of low head and large discharge, and the pumping station which is applied to the projects of water diversion and water environment improvement also has character of long run time. The pumping station has high standard in pump system efficiency, and requires that the pump system has advantages of simple structure, good electromotor radiating and cooling condition, convenient installation and service, convenient operating maintenance and low equipment investment. Especial low head pump system which is suitable to the pumping station has advantages of little hydraulic loss and high pump system efficiency, and the pump system includes four types:horizontal extension shaft pump system, bulb tubular pump system, shaft tubular pump system, submerged tubular pump system. Each type of pump system has each character, what is the difference among different type of pump systems and which type of pump system should be chosen to be applied to the pumping station with especial low head are the questions that need to be researched.
With the background of construction of large pumping station with especial low head in our country, sufficient optimum hydraulic design for different type of pump systems have been completed respectively, so as to improve their hydraulic performance as far as possible. Based on the optimum hydraulic design research, their hydraulic performance was compared, and their comprehensive index including pump assembly structure, installation and service, operating management and equipment investment were compared. According to the comparative results, the especial low head pump system which has excellent hydraulic performance and has advantages of simple structure, convenient installation and service, convenient operating management and low investment was find out. The main research contents and achievements are as follows:
(1) According to the functions and hydraulic design requirements of inlet&outlet conduit of especial low head pump system, objectives of optimum hydraulic design for pump system and inlet&outlet conduit were put forward, and objective functions of optimum hydraulic design for inlet&outlet conduit were set up. Based on the relationship among pump system efficiency, pump efficiency and conduit efficiency, the opinion that the conduit efficiency is as important as the pump efficiency was pointed out. Level and development trend of the pump efficiency was analyzed, different between pump model test section and pump segment of low pump system was researched, and efficiency of the pump model test section was modified. Relationship among the conduit efficiency, pump system head and conduit hydraulic loss was researched, to reduce the conduit hydraulic loss as far as possible which is the key problem of optimum hydraulic design for especial low head pump system was put forward, and detail solution approaches to reduce the conduit hydraulic loss were put forward from angles of lowering the flow velocity and improving the flow pattern in the conduit. Method of optimum hydraulic design for especial low head pump system was studied, advantages and disadvantages of pump system model test research method and pump system numerical simulation research method were analyzed, conduit model test research method and conduit numerical simulation research method were put forward, relationships among these research methods were studied, and study approach of "relying mainly on conduit analysis research method and supplemented by pump system research method, relying mainly on numerical simulation research method and supplemented by model test research method" was put forward for optimum hydraulic design of especial low head pump system.
(2) By applying the conduit numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation and optimum hydraulic design for inlet and outlet conduit of horizontal front extension shaft pump system have been completed respectively, the conduit hydraulic performance was improved, laws of water flow motion and turbulence kinetic energy distribution in the conduit were revealed. By applying the pump system numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation for optimization scheme of the pump system has been completed, water flow motion law in the pump system was analyzed, and the conduit numerical simulation results were verified. By applying the conduit model test method, model tests for optimization scheme of the inlet and outlet conduit have been completed respectively, flow patterns in the conduits were observed and conduit hydraulic losses were tested, and the conduit numerical simulation results were verified and validated. By applying the conduit numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation and optimum hydraulic design for inlet and outlet conduit of horizontal rear extension shaft pump system has been completed respectively, the conduit hydraulic performance was improved, laws of water flow motion and turbulence kinetic energy distribution in the conduit were revealed. By applying the pump system numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation for optimization scheme of the pump system has been completed, water flow motion law in the pump system was analyzed, and conduit numerical simulation results were verified. Based on the optimum hydraulic design for the horizontal front extension shaft pump system and horizontal rear extension shaft pump system respectively, their hydraulic losses were compared, hydraulic loss of the horizontal front extension shaft pump system is less than that of the horizontal rear extension shaft pump system.
(3) By applying the conduit numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation and optimum hydraulic design for inlet and outlet conduit of front-positioned bulb tubular pump system have been completed respectively, the conduit hydraulic performance was improved, laws of water flow motion and turbulence kinetic energy distribution in the conduit were revealed. By applying the pump system numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation for optimization scheme of the pump system has been completed, water flow motion law in the pump system was analyzed, and the conduit numerical simulation results were verified. By applying the conduit model test method, model tests for optimization scheme of the inlet and outlet conduit have been completed respectively, flow patterns in the conduits were observed and conduit hydraulic losses were tested, and the conduit numerical simulation results were verified and validated. By applying the conduit numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation and optimum hydraulic design for inlet and outlet conduit of rear-positioned bulb tubular pump system have been completed respectively, the conduit hydraulic performance was improved, laws of water flow motion and turbulence kinetic energy distribution in the conduit were revealed. By applying the pump system numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation for optimization scheme of the pump system has been completed, water flow motion law in the pump system was analyzed, and conduit numerical simulation results were verified. By applying the conduit model test method, model tests for optimization scheme of the inlet and outlet conduit have been completed respectively, flow patterns in the conduits were observed and conduit hydraulic losses were tested, and the conduit numerical simulation results were verified and validated. Based on the optimum hydraulic design for the front-positioned bulb tubular pump system and rear-positioned bulb tubular pump system respectively, their hydraulic losses were compared, hydraulic loss of the front-positioned bulb tubular pump system is less than that of the rear-positioned bulb tubular pump system.
(4) In order to realize parameter design of conduit, on the basis of analyzing the characters of inlet and outlet conduit of front-positioned shaft tubular pump system, geometry mathematic models of inlet and outlet conduit were set up respectively. By applying the conduit numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation and optimum hydraulic design for inlet and outlet conduit of front-positioned shaft tubular pump system have been completed respectively, the conduit hydraulic performance was improved, laws of water flow motion and turbulence kinetic energy distribution in the conduit were revealed. Influence of conduit control dimensions that are length, width and height on hydraulic performance of inlet and outlet conduit were studied, and relationship curves between conduit hydraulic performance and control dimensions were gained. By applying the pump system numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation for optimization scheme of the pump system has been completed, water flow motion law in the pump system was analyzed, and the conduit numerical simulation results were verified. By applying the conduit model test method, model tests for optimization scheme of the inlet and outlet conduit have been completed respectively, flow patterns in the conduits were observed and conduit hydraulic losses were tested, and conduit numerical simulation results were verified and validated. By applying the conduit numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation and optimum hydraulic design for inlet and outlet conduit of rear-positioned shaft tubular pump system have been completed respectively, the conduit hydraulic performance was improved, laws of water flow motion and turbulence kinetic energy distribution in the conduit were revealed. By applying the pump system numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation for optimization scheme of the pump system has been completed, water flow motion law in the pump system was analyzed, and the conduit numerical simulation results were verified. By applying the conduit model test method, model tests for optimization scheme of the inlet and outlet conduit have been completed respectively, flow patterns in the conduits were observed and conduit hydraulic losses were tested, and conduit numerical simulation results were verified and validated. Based on the optimum hydraulic design for the front-positioned shaft tubular pump system and rear-positioned shaft tubular pump system respectively, their hydraulic losses were compared, hydraulic loss of the front-positioned shaft tubular pump system is less than that of the rear-positioned shaft tubular pump system. Flow patterns of the inlet and outlet conduit of front-positioned shaft tubular pump system were analyzed in detail from all angles of view, the research indicates that main reason of the excellent hydraulic performance of the pump system is due to its excellent internal characteristics. By applying the pump system model test method, hydraulic performance of the front-positioned shaft tubular pump system was tested, test results indicate that hydraulic performance of the pump system is very excellent:pump system efficiency at design head operation point(the design head is3.1m, the design discharge is33.4m3/s) and average head operation point(the average head is2.7m, the design discharge is33.4m3/s) are83.11%and83.02%respectively, and the critical net positive suction heads at the two operation points are4.63m and4.28m respectively.
(5) Based on sufficiently optimum hydraulic design for different types of especial low head pump system, their hydraulic performance was compared quantitative, according to the conduit hydraulic loss the pump systems are in turn as follows:front-positioned bulb tubular pump system, front-positioned shaft tubular pump system, rear-positioned bulb tubular pump system, horizontal front extension shaft pump system, horizontal rear extension shaft pump system and rear-positioned shaft tubular pump system. Pump system efficiency and comprehensive index of three types of pump systems which are horizontal front extension shaft pump system, rear-positioned bulb tubular pump system and front-positioned shaft tubular pump system were compared, and the comprehensive index includes civil works dimension, pump assembly structure, bearing load condition, electromotor radiating and cooling, equipment investment, installation and service, operating maintenance, etc. The comparative result indicates that the front-positioned shaft tubular pump system gains very excellent hydraulic performance under the condition of especial low head, and has advantages of simpler structure, better electromotor radiating and cooling condition, more convenient installation and service, lower investment and more convenient operating maintenance. So it can be extensively applied to especial low head pumping stations.
本文以我国大型特低扬程泵站的建设为背景,对不同型式的特低扬程泵装置分别进行较为深入细致的优化水力设计研究,最大限度地提高其水力性能；在优化水力设计研究的基础上对其水力性能进行比较,并对不同型式特低扬程泵装置的机组结构、安装检修、运行管理及投资等综合指标进行比较研究；力争找出水力性能优异且具有结构简单、安装检修方便、运行管理方便和投资少等优点的特低扬程泵装置。主要研究内容和成果如下：
(1)根据特低扬程泵装置进、出水流道的作用和水力设计的要求,提出了泵装置及进、出水流道优化水力设计的目标,并建立了进、出水流道优化水力设计的目标函数。基于泵装置效率与水泵效率及流道效率的关系,指出流道效率与水泵效率同等重要,分析了水泵效率的水平和发展趋势,研究了水泵水力模型测试段与低扬程泵装置中泵段的差别,修正了水泵水力模型测试段效率：研究了流道效率与泵装置扬程和流道水力损失之间的关系,提出了减少流道水力损失是特低扬程泵装置优化水力设计的关键问题,并从降低流速和改善流态的角度提出了减少流道水力损失的具体途径。对特低扬程泵装置优化水力设计的方法进行了研究,分析了泵装置模型试验和泵装置数值模拟研究方法的优缺点,提出了流道模型试验和流道数值模拟的研究方法,研究了几种研究方法相互之间的关系,提出了低扬程泵装置优化水力设计采用“以流道分析研究方法为主、以泵装置整体研究方法为辅,以数值模拟研究方法为主、以模型试验研究方法为辅”的研究方法思路。
(2)采用流道数值模拟方法对水平前轴伸泵装置进、出水流道分别进行了三维流动数值模拟和优化水力设计研究,提高了流道的水力性能,并揭示了流道内的水流运动和湍动能分布规律；采用泵装置数值模拟方法对水平前轴仲泵装置优化方案进行三维流动数值模拟,分析了其内部水流运动状态,并验证了流道数值模拟的结果；采用流道模型试验方法对水平前轴伸泵装置进、出水流道优化方案分别进行模型试验,观察了流道内的流态、测试了流道的水力损失,并检验和确认了流道数值模拟的结果。采用流道数值模拟方法对水平后轴伸泵装置进、出水流道分别进行三维流动数值模拟和优化水力设计研究,提高了流道的水力性能,并揭示了流道内的水流运动和湍动能分布规律；采用泵装置数值模拟方法对水平后轴伸泵装置优化方案进行三维流动数值模拟,分析了其内部水流运动状态,并验证了流道数值模拟的结果。在对水平前轴伸和水平后轴伸泵装置分别进行优化水力设计的基础上比较了其水力性能,水平前轴伸泵装置的水力损失小于水平后轴伸泵装置。
(3)采用流道数值模拟方法对前置灯泡贯流泵装置进、出水流道分别进行了三维流动数值模拟和优化水力设计研究,提高了流道的水力性能,并揭示了流道内的水流运动和湍动能分布规律；采用泵装置数值模拟方法对前置灯泡贯流泵装置优化方案进行三维流动数值模拟,分析了其内部水流运动状态,并验证了流道数值模拟的结果；采用流道模型试验方法对前置灯泡贯流泵装置进、出水流道优化方案分别进行模型试验,观察了流道内的流态、测试了流道的水力损失,并检验和确认了流道数值模拟的结果。采用流道数值模拟方法对后置灯泡贯流泵装置进、出水流道分别进行三维流动数值模拟和优化水力设计研究,提高了流道的水力性能,并揭示了流道内的水流运动和湍动能分布规律：采用泵装置数值模拟方法对后置灯泡贯流泵装置优化方案进行三维流动数值模拟,分析了其内部水流运动状态,并验证了流道数值模拟的结果；采用流道模型试验方法对后置灯泡贯流泵装置进、出水流道优化方案分别进行模型试验,观察了流道内的流态、测试了流道的水力损失,并检验和确认了流道数值模拟的结果。在对前置灯泡和后置灯泡贯流泵装置分别进行优化水力设计的基础上比较了其水力性能,前置灯泡贯流泵装置的水力损失小于后置灯泡贯流泵装置。
(4)分析了前置竖井贯流泵装置进、出水流道的特征,分别建立了进、出水流道的几何数学模型,以实现流道的参数化设计；采用流道数值模拟方法对前置竖井贯流泵装置进、出水流道分别进行了三维流动数值模拟和优化水力设计研究,提高了流道的水力性能,并揭示了流道内的水流运动和湍动能分布规律：研究了流道长度、宽度和高度等3个控制尺寸对前置竖井贯流泵装置进、出水流道水力性能的影响,得到流道水力性能与各控制尺寸变化的关系曲线；采用泵装置数值模拟方法对前置竖井贯流泵装置优化方案进行三维流动数值模拟,分析了其内部水流运动状态,并验证了流道数值模拟的结果；采用流道模型试验方法对前置竖井贯流泵装置进、出水流道优化方案分别进行模型试验,观察了流道内的流态、测试了流道的水力损失,并检验和确认了流道数值模拟的结果。采用流道数值模拟方法对后置竖井贯流泵装置进、出水流道分别进行三维流动数值模拟和优化水力设计研究,提高了流道的水力性能,并揭示了流道内的水流运动和湍动能分布规律；采用泵装置数值模拟方法对后置竖井贯流泵装置优化方案进行三维流动数值模拟,分析了其内部水流运动状态,并验证了流道数值模拟的结果；采用流道模型试验方法对后置竖井贯流泵装置进、出水流道优化方案分别进行模型试验,观察了流道内的流态、测试了流道的水力损失,并检验和确认了流道数值模拟的结果。在对前置竖井和后置竖井贯流泵装置分别进行优化水力设计的基础上比较了其水力性能,前置竖井贯流泵装置的水力损失小于后置竖井贯流泵装置。对前置竖井贯流泵装置进、出水流道的流场进行了多角度的详细剖析,研究表明其具有优异水力性能的原因是因其具有优异的内特性。采用泵装置模型试验方法对前置竖井贯流泵装置的水力性能进行了测试,前置竖井贯流泵装置在设计扬程工况(设计扬程3.1m、设计流量33.4m3/s)和平均扬程工况(平均扬程2.7m、设计流量33.4m3/s)时的泵装置效率分别达83.11%和83.02%,临界空化余量分别为4.63m和4.28m,泵装置水力性能十分优异。
(5)在对不同型式特低扬程泵装置分别进行优化水力设计研究的基础上,对其水力性能进行了定量比较,按流道水力损失从小到大排依次为前置灯泡贯流泵装置、前置竖井贯流泵装置、后置灯泡贯流泵装置、水平前轴伸泵装置、水平后轴伸泵装置和后置竖井贯流泵装置。对水平前轴伸泵装置、后置灯泡贯流泵装置和前置竖井贯流泵装置等3种型式泵装置的泵装置效率和土建尺寸、泵组结构、轴承受力条件、电机散热冷却、设备投资、安装检修及运行维护等综合指标进行了比较研究,比较结果表明：前置竖井贯流泵装置在特低扬程条件下获得了十分优异的水力性能,并具有结构较简单、电机通风散热条件较好、安装检修较方便、投资较低和运行维护较方便等优点。前置竖井贯流泵装置在特低扬程泵站中具有十分广阔的应用前景。
Large pumping station with especial low head is applied widely to projects of water diversion, water environment improvement, urban flood control, agriculture irrigation and drainage, etc. The large pumping station with especial low head has characters of low head and large discharge, and the pumping station which is applied to the projects of water diversion and water environment improvement also has character of long run time. The pumping station has high standard in pump system efficiency, and requires that the pump system has advantages of simple structure, good electromotor radiating and cooling condition, convenient installation and service, convenient operating maintenance and low equipment investment. Especial low head pump system which is suitable to the pumping station has advantages of little hydraulic loss and high pump system efficiency, and the pump system includes four types:horizontal extension shaft pump system, bulb tubular pump system, shaft tubular pump system, submerged tubular pump system. Each type of pump system has each character, what is the difference among different type of pump systems and which type of pump system should be chosen to be applied to the pumping station with especial low head are the questions that need to be researched.
With the background of construction of large pumping station with especial low head in our country, sufficient optimum hydraulic design for different type of pump systems have been completed respectively, so as to improve their hydraulic performance as far as possible. Based on the optimum hydraulic design research, their hydraulic performance was compared, and their comprehensive index including pump assembly structure, installation and service, operating management and equipment investment were compared. According to the comparative results, the especial low head pump system which has excellent hydraulic performance and has advantages of simple structure, convenient installation and service, convenient operating management and low investment was find out. The main research contents and achievements are as follows:
(1) According to the functions and hydraulic design requirements of inlet&outlet conduit of especial low head pump system, objectives of optimum hydraulic design for pump system and inlet&outlet conduit were put forward, and objective functions of optimum hydraulic design for inlet&outlet conduit were set up. Based on the relationship among pump system efficiency, pump efficiency and conduit efficiency, the opinion that the conduit efficiency is as important as the pump efficiency was pointed out. Level and development trend of the pump efficiency was analyzed, different between pump model test section and pump segment of low pump system was researched, and efficiency of the pump model test section was modified. Relationship among the conduit efficiency, pump system head and conduit hydraulic loss was researched, to reduce the conduit hydraulic loss as far as possible which is the key problem of optimum hydraulic design for especial low head pump system was put forward, and detail solution approaches to reduce the conduit hydraulic loss were put forward from angles of lowering the flow velocity and improving the flow pattern in the conduit. Method of optimum hydraulic design for especial low head pump system was studied, advantages and disadvantages of pump system model test research method and pump system numerical simulation research method were analyzed, conduit model test research method and conduit numerical simulation research method were put forward, relationships among these research methods were studied, and study approach of "relying mainly on conduit analysis research method and supplemented by pump system research method, relying mainly on numerical simulation research method and supplemented by model test research method" was put forward for optimum hydraulic design of especial low head pump system.
(2) By applying the conduit numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation and optimum hydraulic design for inlet and outlet conduit of horizontal front extension shaft pump system have been completed respectively, the conduit hydraulic performance was improved, laws of water flow motion and turbulence kinetic energy distribution in the conduit were revealed. By applying the pump system numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation for optimization scheme of the pump system has been completed, water flow motion law in the pump system was analyzed, and the conduit numerical simulation results were verified. By applying the conduit model test method, model tests for optimization scheme of the inlet and outlet conduit have been completed respectively, flow patterns in the conduits were observed and conduit hydraulic losses were tested, and the conduit numerical simulation results were verified and validated. By applying the conduit numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation and optimum hydraulic design for inlet and outlet conduit of horizontal rear extension shaft pump system has been completed respectively, the conduit hydraulic performance was improved, laws of water flow motion and turbulence kinetic energy distribution in the conduit were revealed. By applying the pump system numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation for optimization scheme of the pump system has been completed, water flow motion law in the pump system was analyzed, and conduit numerical simulation results were verified. Based on the optimum hydraulic design for the horizontal front extension shaft pump system and horizontal rear extension shaft pump system respectively, their hydraulic losses were compared, hydraulic loss of the horizontal front extension shaft pump system is less than that of the horizontal rear extension shaft pump system.
(3) By applying the conduit numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation and optimum hydraulic design for inlet and outlet conduit of front-positioned bulb tubular pump system have been completed respectively, the conduit hydraulic performance was improved, laws of water flow motion and turbulence kinetic energy distribution in the conduit were revealed. By applying the pump system numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation for optimization scheme of the pump system has been completed, water flow motion law in the pump system was analyzed, and the conduit numerical simulation results were verified. By applying the conduit model test method, model tests for optimization scheme of the inlet and outlet conduit have been completed respectively, flow patterns in the conduits were observed and conduit hydraulic losses were tested, and the conduit numerical simulation results were verified and validated. By applying the conduit numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation and optimum hydraulic design for inlet and outlet conduit of rear-positioned bulb tubular pump system have been completed respectively, the conduit hydraulic performance was improved, laws of water flow motion and turbulence kinetic energy distribution in the conduit were revealed. By applying the pump system numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation for optimization scheme of the pump system has been completed, water flow motion law in the pump system was analyzed, and conduit numerical simulation results were verified. By applying the conduit model test method, model tests for optimization scheme of the inlet and outlet conduit have been completed respectively, flow patterns in the conduits were observed and conduit hydraulic losses were tested, and the conduit numerical simulation results were verified and validated. Based on the optimum hydraulic design for the front-positioned bulb tubular pump system and rear-positioned bulb tubular pump system respectively, their hydraulic losses were compared, hydraulic loss of the front-positioned bulb tubular pump system is less than that of the rear-positioned bulb tubular pump system.
(4) In order to realize parameter design of conduit, on the basis of analyzing the characters of inlet and outlet conduit of front-positioned shaft tubular pump system, geometry mathematic models of inlet and outlet conduit were set up respectively. By applying the conduit numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation and optimum hydraulic design for inlet and outlet conduit of front-positioned shaft tubular pump system have been completed respectively, the conduit hydraulic performance was improved, laws of water flow motion and turbulence kinetic energy distribution in the conduit were revealed. Influence of conduit control dimensions that are length, width and height on hydraulic performance of inlet and outlet conduit were studied, and relationship curves between conduit hydraulic performance and control dimensions were gained. By applying the pump system numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation for optimization scheme of the pump system has been completed, water flow motion law in the pump system was analyzed, and the conduit numerical simulation results were verified. By applying the conduit model test method, model tests for optimization scheme of the inlet and outlet conduit have been completed respectively, flow patterns in the conduits were observed and conduit hydraulic losses were tested, and conduit numerical simulation results were verified and validated. By applying the conduit numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation and optimum hydraulic design for inlet and outlet conduit of rear-positioned shaft tubular pump system have been completed respectively, the conduit hydraulic performance was improved, laws of water flow motion and turbulence kinetic energy distribution in the conduit were revealed. By applying the pump system numerical simulation method,3-D turbulent flow numerical simulation for optimization scheme of the pump system has been completed, water flow motion law in the pump system was analyzed, and the conduit numerical simulation results were verified. By applying the conduit model test method, model tests for optimization scheme of the inlet and outlet conduit have been completed respectively, flow patterns in the conduits were observed and conduit hydraulic losses were tested, and conduit numerical simulation results were verified and validated. Based on the optimum hydraulic design for the front-positioned shaft tubular pump system and rear-positioned shaft tubular pump system respectively, their hydraulic losses were compared, hydraulic loss of the front-positioned shaft tubular pump system is less than that of the rear-positioned shaft tubular pump system. Flow patterns of the inlet and outlet conduit of front-positioned shaft tubular pump system were analyzed in detail from all angles of view, the research indicates that main reason of the excellent hydraulic performance of the pump system is due to its excellent internal characteristics. By applying the pump system model test method, hydraulic performance of the front-positioned shaft tubular pump system was tested, test results indicate that hydraulic performance of the pump system is very excellent:pump system efficiency at design head operation point(the design head is3.1m, the design discharge is33.4m3/s) and average head operation point(the average head is2.7m, the design discharge is33.4m3/s) are83.11%and83.02%respectively, and the critical net positive suction heads at the two operation points are4.63m and4.28m respectively.
(5) Based on sufficiently optimum hydraulic design for different types of especial low head pump system, their hydraulic performance was compared quantitative, according to the conduit hydraulic loss the pump systems are in turn as follows:front-positioned bulb tubular pump system, front-positioned shaft tubular pump system, rear-positioned bulb tubular pump system, horizontal front extension shaft pump system, horizontal rear extension shaft pump system and rear-positioned shaft tubular pump system. Pump system efficiency and comprehensive index of three types of pump systems which are horizontal front extension shaft pump system, rear-positioned bulb tubular pump system and front-positioned shaft tubular pump system were compared, and the comprehensive index includes civil works dimension, pump assembly structure, bearing load condition, electromotor radiating and cooling, equipment investment, installation and service, operating maintenance, etc. The comparative result indicates that the front-positioned shaft tubular pump system gains very excellent hydraulic performance under the condition of especial low head, and has advantages of simpler structure, better electromotor radiating and cooling condition, more convenient installation and service, lower investment and more convenient operating maintenance. So it can be extensively applied to especial low head pumping stations.
引文
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