地源热泵系统地下埋管换热器理论分析及工程应用研究
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摘要
节能与环保是关系到21世纪国民经济可持续发展的两个重大课题。全世界都在致力于低能耗、无污染、可再生新能源工程技术的研究与应用。本文结合现阶段国内外的研究进展，以目前尚处于发展阶段的新型空调技术——地源热泵技术作为研究课题，为空调的节能与环保提出一个新的发展方向。主要研究内容如下：
1．对现有的地源热泵埋管换热器传热模型、设计方法进行对比分析。在总结了国内外埋管换热器设计经验的基础上，进行了埋管换热器计算机辅助设计程序开发，该程序可用于水平埋管、U型埋管以及套管式换热器的设计计算。重点介绍了程序开发的系统结构、主要功能、涉及到的计算方法等。计算程序的开发不仅使换热器设计流程更加清晰，也大大缩短了设计周期，提高了计算精度。
2．提出了地源热泵—辐射地板联合系统的概念，阐述了该系统基本原理以及运行和控制模式。结合工程实际，设计了一套应用于别墅的新型空调系统。重点介绍了建筑空调负荷计算、地下埋管换热器系统、辐射地板系统以及热泵和建筑物内分配系统设计等方面的内容。地源热泵联合辐射地板对房间进行冷暖联供，既具有地源热泵季节性平均性能系数高、土壤蓄热能力强、随环境温度波动小等优点，且能改善空气源热泵系统新风供给量与耗能之间的矛盾关系。
3．以地源热泵空调系统为研究对象，从技术和经济性两方面对两种地源热泵(水平埋管、垂直埋管)与常规空气源热泵空调系统进行了分析和比较。分别计算了上述三种系统的COP、逐月制冷／制热量，并分析了初投资、运行和维护费用、投资回收期、净价值以及偿还利率等经济学参数对不同系统的影响。结果表明地源热泵系统在降低空调高峰负荷以及总能耗等方面比空气源热泵系统具有明显的优势。
Energy saving and environmental protection are always two prevailing problems since last century. As a result, the investigation and application of low-cost, nonpolluting and renewable energy engineering technique are widely concerned. In this paper, a novel technique of air-conditioning, ground-source heat pump is mainly discussed, based on the existing research developments. It brings forward a new way to the energy saving and environmental protection of air-conditioning systems. The main research contents of this paper are as following:
1. Based on the analysis of existing heat transfer models, design methods and experiences of the ground loop heat exchangers, a computer-aided design software is proposed. It can be used to design the horizontal loop, vertical loop and double-pipe heat exchangers. The main structure, functions and calculation methods of the software are discussed in detail. It is proved that the application of the computer-aided design can improve the calculation precision, and shorten the design period.
2. The integrated system combined radiant floor with ground-source heat pump is discussed. The basic theory, various operating and controlling models of the system are described. Based on the theory of this integrated system, a new air-conditioning system applied to the villadom is designed. The calculation and design procedures of air
conditioning load, ground loop heat exchangers, radiant floor system, distribution system between heat pump and build are mainly introduced. An array of benefits is provided with the application of the integrated system, such as high COP&SPF, energy saving, small fluctuation with the ambient temperature, improving the conflict between the fresh air supply and energy consumption and etc.
3. A comparison has been made on ground-source heat pump (GSHP) with the air-source heat pump (ASHP). Two main categories of ground-source heat pumps (horizontal and vertical) are analyzed technically and economically. Monthly heating/cooling capacities and coefficients of performance for air-source and vertical and horizontal ground-source systems are calculated. The desired type of heat exchanger is determined by considering economic factors such as the total costs, comprised of the capital and operating costs. The cost-effectiveness of investments of each system is discussed, with parameters, such as the payback period, net present value and internal rate of return. It is concluded that the ground-source heat pumps have the potential to reduce peak demands and total electricity consumption, thus offer better techno-economic viability.
1．对现有的地源热泵埋管换热器传热模型、设计方法进行对比分析。在总结了国内外埋管换热器设计经验的基础上，进行了埋管换热器计算机辅助设计程序开发，该程序可用于水平埋管、U型埋管以及套管式换热器的设计计算。重点介绍了程序开发的系统结构、主要功能、涉及到的计算方法等。计算程序的开发不仅使换热器设计流程更加清晰，也大大缩短了设计周期，提高了计算精度。
2．提出了地源热泵—辐射地板联合系统的概念，阐述了该系统基本原理以及运行和控制模式。结合工程实际，设计了一套应用于别墅的新型空调系统。重点介绍了建筑空调负荷计算、地下埋管换热器系统、辐射地板系统以及热泵和建筑物内分配系统设计等方面的内容。地源热泵联合辐射地板对房间进行冷暖联供，既具有地源热泵季节性平均性能系数高、土壤蓄热能力强、随环境温度波动小等优点，且能改善空气源热泵系统新风供给量与耗能之间的矛盾关系。
3．以地源热泵空调系统为研究对象，从技术和经济性两方面对两种地源热泵(水平埋管、垂直埋管)与常规空气源热泵空调系统进行了分析和比较。分别计算了上述三种系统的COP、逐月制冷／制热量，并分析了初投资、运行和维护费用、投资回收期、净价值以及偿还利率等经济学参数对不同系统的影响。结果表明地源热泵系统在降低空调高峰负荷以及总能耗等方面比空气源热泵系统具有明显的优势。
Energy saving and environmental protection are always two prevailing problems since last century. As a result, the investigation and application of low-cost, nonpolluting and renewable energy engineering technique are widely concerned. In this paper, a novel technique of air-conditioning, ground-source heat pump is mainly discussed, based on the existing research developments. It brings forward a new way to the energy saving and environmental protection of air-conditioning systems. The main research contents of this paper are as following:
1. Based on the analysis of existing heat transfer models, design methods and experiences of the ground loop heat exchangers, a computer-aided design software is proposed. It can be used to design the horizontal loop, vertical loop and double-pipe heat exchangers. The main structure, functions and calculation methods of the software are discussed in detail. It is proved that the application of the computer-aided design can improve the calculation precision, and shorten the design period.
2. The integrated system combined radiant floor with ground-source heat pump is discussed. The basic theory, various operating and controlling models of the system are described. Based on the theory of this integrated system, a new air-conditioning system applied to the villadom is designed. The calculation and design procedures of air
conditioning load, ground loop heat exchangers, radiant floor system, distribution system between heat pump and build are mainly introduced. An array of benefits is provided with the application of the integrated system, such as high COP&SPF, energy saving, small fluctuation with the ambient temperature, improving the conflict between the fresh air supply and energy consumption and etc.
3. A comparison has been made on ground-source heat pump (GSHP) with the air-source heat pump (ASHP). Two main categories of ground-source heat pumps (horizontal and vertical) are analyzed technically and economically. Monthly heating/cooling capacities and coefficients of performance for air-source and vertical and horizontal ground-source systems are calculated. The desired type of heat exchanger is determined by considering economic factors such as the total costs, comprised of the capital and operating costs. The cost-effectiveness of investments of each system is discussed, with parameters, such as the payback period, net present value and internal rate of return. It is concluded that the ground-source heat pumps have the potential to reduce peak demands and total electricity consumption, thus offer better techno-economic viability.
引文
[1] S.R Kavanaugh, K.Raffery. Ground Source Heat Pumps Design of Geothermal Systems for Commercial and Institutional Building. ASHRAE. 1997.
[2] IGSHPA. Design and Installations Standards. Stillwater, Oklahoma: International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. 1991
[3] Heap, R.D. Heat Pumps, London E&F. N. Spon Ltd. 1979
[4] David R. Dinse, Geothermal System for School, ASHRAE Journal 5, 1998
[5] American Society of Heating Refrigeration an Air-Conditioning Engineers, Commercial/Institutional Ground-Source Heat Pump Engineering Manual, 1995
[6] 殷平，地源热泵在中国，现代空调，2001(3)：P1-10
[7] 寿青云，陈汝东，高效节能的空调—地源热泵，节能，2001(1)：41-43
[8] 魏先勋，李元旦，土壤源热泵的研究，湖南大学学报，2000(2)：62-65
[9] 周亚素，张旭，土壤源热泵系统的研究现状与发展前景，1999(12)：37-42
[10] 高祖锟，用于供暖的土壤-水热泵系统，暖通空调，1995(4)：9-12
[11] Yavuzturk, C. Modeling of Vertical Ground Loop Heat Exchangers for Ground Source Heat pump Systems,, Ph.D. dissertation, Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University 1999,231pp
[12] Gep. Geothermal Energy Program. Geothermal heat pumps: geothermal heat pump overview (http://www.eren.doe.gov/geotherm. al/heatpumpsover.html)
[13] Bose J E, and Parker J D. Ground-coupled heat pump Research. ASHRAE Trans, 1983(2): 75-390
[14] Mei, V.C. and C.J Emerson, New Approach for Analysis of Ground-Coil Design for Applied Heat Pump Systems. ASHRAE Transactions, 1991(2): 1216-1224
[15] Kavanaugh, S.P. Design method for hybrid ground-source heat pumps. ASHRAE Trans 1998(2)
[16] 胡鸣明，刘宪英，魏唐隶，地热源热泵地下埋管换热器传热模型的综述，重庆建筑大学学报，1999(8)：106-111
[17] 刘宪英等，地源热泵冬季供暖测试及传热模型，暖通空调，2000(4)：11-14
[18] 李元旦，张旭，土壤源热泵的国内外研究和应用现状及展望，制冷空调与电力机械，2002(1)：4-7
[19] 张旭，土壤源热泵的实验及相关基础理论研究，现代空调，2001(3)：75-87
[20] 胡鸣明等，国外地源热泵发展历史与设计方法，四川制冷，1999(2)：20-23
[21] 张旭，太阳能—土壤源热泵及其相关基础理论，同济大学博士后研究报告，1999
[22] 柳晓雷，王德林，方肇洪，垂直埋管地源热泵的圆柱面传热模型及简化计算，
山东建筑工程学院学报，2001(1)：47-51
[23] 张昆峰等，土壤热源与热泵联结运行冬季工况的实验研究，华中理工大学学报，1996(1)：23-26
[24] Yavuzturk, C., J.D.Spilter, etc., A Transient two-dimensional Finite Volume Model for the Simulation of Vertical U-Tube Ground Heat Exchangers, ASHRAE Transactions, 1999,105(2):465-474
[25] V. C. Mei et al, Vertical Concentric Tube Ground Coil Design for Applied Heat pump Systems, ASHRAE Transactions, 1983, Part 2B
[26] V. C. Mei, Theoretical heat pump ground coil analysis with Variable ground far-field boundary conditions. AICHE Journal, 1986, Vol. 32(7): 1211-1215
[27] Ingersoll, L.R. and H.J. Plass, Theory of the Ground Pipe Heat Source for the Heat Pump. Heating, Piping & Air Conditioning, 1948:119-122
[28] D.A. Ball, Design Methods for Ground-Source Heat Pumps, ASHRAE Trans,DC-83-08
[29] 丁勇等，地热源热泵系统试验研究综述，现代空调，2001(3)：11-32
[30] 王勇、付祥钊，地源热泵的套管式地下换热器研究，重庆大学建筑学报，1997(5)：13-17
[31] 刘宪英，胡鸣明，地源热泵地下垂直埋管换热器传热模型的综述，重庆建筑大学学报，1999(5)：85-92
[32] 刘宪英，丁勇，胡鸣明，浅埋竖管换热器地源热泵夏季供冷试验研究，暖通空调，2000(4)：1-4
[33] 王勇，付祥钊，地源热泵的套管式地下换热器研究，重庆建筑大学学报，1997(5)：13-17
[34] 李芃、仇中柱、于立强，垂直埋管式土壤源热泵埋管周围土壤温度场的数值模拟，建筑热能通风空调，2000(4)：1-4
[35] 刘宪英等，地源热泵地下垂直埋管换热器的试验研究，重庆建筑大学学报，1999(5)：21-26
[36] 刘宪英，地源热泵冬夏冷暖联供试验，制冷与空调，2000(2)，P20-25
[37] 李元旦，魏先勋，水平埋地管换热器夏季瞬态工况的实验与数值模拟，湖南大学学报，1999(2)．
[38] 魏唐棣等，地源热泵冬季供暖测试及传热模型，暖通空调，2000(1)：12-14
[39] 郑祖义，热泵空调系统的设计创新，华中理工大学出版社，1994
[40] 柳晓雷，王德林，方肇洪，竖直埋管地热换热器的传热模型与计算，建筑热能通风空调，2001(2)：1-3
[41] 方肇洪等，竖直U型埋管地源热泵空调系统的设计与安装，现代空调，2001(3)：
101-105
[42] 崔萍，地热换热器间歇运行工况分析，山东建筑工程学院学报，2001(1)：52-57
[43] 李元旦等，土壤源热泵冬季工况启动特性的实验研究，暖通空调，2001(1)：17-20
[44] 冯健美等，土壤源热泵的技术经济性能分析，流体机械，2001(11)：48-51
[45] 王勇，地源热泵的技术经济性分析，建筑热能通风空调，2001(5)：12-13
[46] Cane,R.L.D., Forgas,D.A., Modeling of Ground Source Heat Pump Performance, ASHRAE Transactions,1991
[47] Yavuzturk, C.,J.D. Splitler, A short time step response factor model for vertical ground heat exchangers, ASHRAE Transaction, 1999, 105(2):475-485
[48] Eskilson, P., Thermal Analysis of Heat Extraction Boreholes, Doctoral Thesis, University of Lund, Department of Mathematical Physics, Lund, Sweden, 1987
[49] M.A. Bernier, Ground-coupled heat pump system simulation. ASHRAE Transactions, 2001,107(1):605-616
[50] Paul, N.N., The Effect of Grout Thermal Conductivity on Vertical Geothermal Heat Exchanger Design and Performance, Master of Sicence Thesis, South Dakota State University, 1996
[51] 徐伟 等译，地源热泵工程技术指南，中国建筑工业出版社，2001，223pp
[52] Rafferly, K., A Capital Cost Comparison of Commercial Ground-Source Heat Pumps Systems, Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin, 1995,16(2):7-10
[53] Bjarne W. Olesen, Radiant Floor Heating in Theory and Practice, ASHRAE Journal, July 2002,19-22
[54] 黄奕法，辐射地板供冷／供暖系统特性研究，浙江大学硕士学位论文，2002
[55] 陆耀庆，供暖通风设计手册，中国建筑工业出版社，1987．12：263pp
[56] Svec O J. Potential of ground-coupled heat source systems [J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 1987(4): 571-581
[57] C.A. De Swardt, J.P. Meyer, A performance comparison between an air-source and a ground-source reversible heat pump, Int. J. Energy Res. 2001,25:899-910
[58] Li Yangchun, Chen Guangming, et al., Techno-economic Analysis on Ground-Source and Air-Source Heat Pump Systems, Proceedings of the ICCR' 2003.
[2] IGSHPA. Design and Installations Standards. Stillwater, Oklahoma: International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. 1991
[3] Heap, R.D. Heat Pumps, London E&F. N. Spon Ltd. 1979
[4] David R. Dinse, Geothermal System for School, ASHRAE Journal 5, 1998
[5] American Society of Heating Refrigeration an Air-Conditioning Engineers, Commercial/Institutional Ground-Source Heat Pump Engineering Manual, 1995
[6] 殷平，地源热泵在中国，现代空调，2001(3)：P1-10
[7] 寿青云，陈汝东，高效节能的空调—地源热泵，节能，2001(1)：41-43
[8] 魏先勋，李元旦，土壤源热泵的研究，湖南大学学报，2000(2)：62-65
[9] 周亚素，张旭，土壤源热泵系统的研究现状与发展前景，1999(12)：37-42
[10] 高祖锟，用于供暖的土壤-水热泵系统，暖通空调，1995(4)：9-12
[11] Yavuzturk, C. Modeling of Vertical Ground Loop Heat Exchangers for Ground Source Heat pump Systems,, Ph.D. dissertation, Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University 1999,231pp
[12] Gep. Geothermal Energy Program. Geothermal heat pumps: geothermal heat pump overview (http://www.eren.doe.gov/geotherm. al/heatpumpsover.html)
[13] Bose J E, and Parker J D. Ground-coupled heat pump Research. ASHRAE Trans, 1983(2): 75-390
[14] Mei, V.C. and C.J Emerson, New Approach for Analysis of Ground-Coil Design for Applied Heat Pump Systems. ASHRAE Transactions, 1991(2): 1216-1224
[15] Kavanaugh, S.P. Design method for hybrid ground-source heat pumps. ASHRAE Trans 1998(2)
[16] 胡鸣明，刘宪英，魏唐隶，地热源热泵地下埋管换热器传热模型的综述，重庆建筑大学学报，1999(8)：106-111
[17] 刘宪英等，地源热泵冬季供暖测试及传热模型，暖通空调，2000(4)：11-14
[18] 李元旦，张旭，土壤源热泵的国内外研究和应用现状及展望，制冷空调与电力机械，2002(1)：4-7
[19] 张旭，土壤源热泵的实验及相关基础理论研究，现代空调，2001(3)：75-87
[20] 胡鸣明等，国外地源热泵发展历史与设计方法，四川制冷，1999(2)：20-23
[21] 张旭，太阳能—土壤源热泵及其相关基础理论，同济大学博士后研究报告，1999
[22] 柳晓雷，王德林，方肇洪，垂直埋管地源热泵的圆柱面传热模型及简化计算，
山东建筑工程学院学报，2001(1)：47-51
[23] 张昆峰等，土壤热源与热泵联结运行冬季工况的实验研究，华中理工大学学报，1996(1)：23-26
[24] Yavuzturk, C., J.D.Spilter, etc., A Transient two-dimensional Finite Volume Model for the Simulation of Vertical U-Tube Ground Heat Exchangers, ASHRAE Transactions, 1999,105(2):465-474
[25] V. C. Mei et al, Vertical Concentric Tube Ground Coil Design for Applied Heat pump Systems, ASHRAE Transactions, 1983, Part 2B
[26] V. C. Mei, Theoretical heat pump ground coil analysis with Variable ground far-field boundary conditions. AICHE Journal, 1986, Vol. 32(7): 1211-1215
[27] Ingersoll, L.R. and H.J. Plass, Theory of the Ground Pipe Heat Source for the Heat Pump. Heating, Piping & Air Conditioning, 1948:119-122
[28] D.A. Ball, Design Methods for Ground-Source Heat Pumps, ASHRAE Trans,DC-83-08
[29] 丁勇等，地热源热泵系统试验研究综述，现代空调，2001(3)：11-32
[30] 王勇、付祥钊，地源热泵的套管式地下换热器研究，重庆大学建筑学报，1997(5)：13-17
[31] 刘宪英，胡鸣明，地源热泵地下垂直埋管换热器传热模型的综述，重庆建筑大学学报，1999(5)：85-92
[32] 刘宪英，丁勇，胡鸣明，浅埋竖管换热器地源热泵夏季供冷试验研究，暖通空调，2000(4)：1-4
[33] 王勇，付祥钊，地源热泵的套管式地下换热器研究，重庆建筑大学学报，1997(5)：13-17
[34] 李芃、仇中柱、于立强，垂直埋管式土壤源热泵埋管周围土壤温度场的数值模拟，建筑热能通风空调，2000(4)：1-4
[35] 刘宪英等，地源热泵地下垂直埋管换热器的试验研究，重庆建筑大学学报，1999(5)：21-26
[36] 刘宪英，地源热泵冬夏冷暖联供试验，制冷与空调，2000(2)，P20-25
[37] 李元旦，魏先勋，水平埋地管换热器夏季瞬态工况的实验与数值模拟，湖南大学学报，1999(2)．
[38] 魏唐棣等，地源热泵冬季供暖测试及传热模型，暖通空调，2000(1)：12-14
[39] 郑祖义，热泵空调系统的设计创新，华中理工大学出版社，1994
[40] 柳晓雷，王德林，方肇洪，竖直埋管地热换热器的传热模型与计算，建筑热能通风空调，2001(2)：1-3
[41] 方肇洪等，竖直U型埋管地源热泵空调系统的设计与安装，现代空调，2001(3)：
101-105
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