基于热电制冷技术的热响应测试系统研制
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摘要
地源热泵技术是一种利用浅层地热资源的绿色清洁能源技术，在欧美等西方发达国家应用较为广泛。近些年来在国内，地源热泵系统也开始得到了广泛的关注。地源热泵系统的核心技术在于热交换孔与埋管换热器的设计，因此与之密切相关的岩土体热物性参数的确定就显得尤为重要。
在地源热泵系统发展的初期阶段，通常采用经验数据或采取土样进行室内试验的方法确定热物性参数。随着对地源热泵传热模型研究的深入，目前广泛使用的确定岩土体热物性参数的方法是热响应测试法。
早期的热响应测试设备主要采用电加热器作为热源，可以完成夏季制冷工况（向地下输送热量）测试，而冬季供暖工况下相关参数只能通过软件模拟推算得出。随后也出现了采用热泵作为冷热源的测试设备，可以进行夏季制冷和冬季供暖两个工况的测试，但是在进行冬季供暖工况的测试时，必须采用热泵作为冷源。由于热泵的运行机理限制，热泵从循环水中提取到的热量需要通过冷凝管和风机排放到环境空气中，因此循环水温度就不可避免的会受到环境温度的影响。同时热泵的制冷效率也会随环境温度产生变化，在不采用辅助热源控制温差的情况下，测试设备的输出功率及循环水温度均会随环境气温变化而呈现出较大的起伏。
热电制冷是一种利用帕尔帖效应开发出的人工制冷新技术。热电制冷装置具有体积小、无噪音、降温极快及可实现对温度的精确控制等优点，但由于成本及转换效率等问题一直未能普及使用，仅应用于化工、电子技术、生物技术、医疗、军工等特殊领域。
针对目前热响应测试设备存在的问题，本文将热电制冷技术与热响应测试结合起来，研制了一种新型的热响应测试设备。该设备采用热电制冷装置作为冷热源，配备两套循环管路分别连接热电制冷装置的冷热两侧，实际工作时可选择任何一套循环管路进行热响应测试，或者连接两套管路同时进行两种不同工况的热响应测试。
热响应测试中，通常夏季制冷工况下循环水平均温度在20～30℃之间，冬季供暖工况下循环水平均温度在3～8℃之间，因此当热电制冷装置的冷端和热端的平均温度按20℃（293K）考虑时，由于目前常见热电制冷元件的热电优值Z一般为（2～3）×10~(-3)K~(-1)，ΔTmax可达60～80℃，热响应测试时冷热端的实际温差距离0.5ΔTmax的最优值较为接近。因此选择最佳制冷效率作为测试设备中热电制冷装置的设计工况。
根据实测数据，研制的热电制冷装置冷端输出功率为-1802～-1744W，平均输出功率-1778W，功率波动范围仅为3.28%；热端输出功率8235～8528W，平均输出功率8387W，功率波动范围仅为3.49%。稳定的输出功率可以减少热响应测试数据在数据处理时的误差，确保了测试结果的准确性。另外由于热电制冷装置不需与外界环境进行热量交换，即可输出稳定的热量和冷量，避免了环境气温变化对循环水温度的影响。
在改进测试系统硬件的同时，为进一步减少电压波动、环境温度变化等不利因素对测试结果的影响，在现有常热流线热源模型及圆柱热源模型的基础上，进行变热流传热模型的研究，并编写相应数据处理程序，提高计算结果的准确性。
The technology of Ground source heat pump (GSHP) is a green and clean energytechnology for shallow geothermal resources, and has been applied more widely inEurope and the United States and other Western developed countries. In recent yearsin China ground source heat pump system has also get widespread attention. Thecore technology of ground source heat pump system is the design of heat exchangersin the hole, so thermal parameters of rock and soil is very important. In the earlystages of development of ground source heat pump system, commonly usedempirical data or make laboratory test to determine the thermal parameters. With thedeepening study on heat transfer model of ground source heat pump system, thermalresponse test has been used widely to determine rock and soil thermal parameters.The early thermal response test equipment usually use electric heater as the heatsource, and it can only test in refrigeration condition and calculate thermo physicalproperties in heating condition through software simulation. Subsequently, sometest equipment which used heap pump as the heat source and can test in refrigerationand heating condition were developed. But during the testing of the heatingconditions, heat pump was used as cold source. For the operation mechanism of heatpump, heat pump had to extract heat from the circulating water through thecondenser and fan discharge to the ambient air, the temperature of circulating waterwill inevitably be subject to the influence of environmental temperature. Change ofthe ambient temperature could influence of the cooling efficiency of the heat pumpwill not control the temperature by auxiliary heat source, the output power of testequipment and circulating water temperature will be fluctuated by environmentaltemperature.
Thermoelectric refrigeration is a new artificial refrigeration technology based onPeltier effect. Thermoelectric refrigeration unit has the advantages of small size, no noise, high cooling rate and easy to control. However, because of the high cost andlow conversion efficiency, thermoelectric refrigeration unit has not been acceptwidely, and only used in chemical industry, electronics, biotechnology, medical,military, and other special areas.
Aiming at the problem of current thermal response test equipment, thermoelectricrefrigeration unit and thermal response test were combined to develop a new kind oftest equipment. It use thermoelectric refrigeration unit as refrigeration/heating source,has two circulation loops which connect to two side of thermoelectric refrigerationunit. So it can output heat and refrigeration at the same time, and can do thermalresponse test in two conditions.
In thermal response test, the average temperature of circulating water usually biswithin 20 ~ 30°C in cooling condition, and 3 ~ 8°C in heating condition, so whenthe average temperature of cold side and heat side of thermoelectric coolingequipment is considered at 20°C (at 293 K), the figure of merit Z of commonthermoelectric cooling element in general ( 2 ~ 3 )×10~(-3)K~(-1),ΔTmax up to 60 ~ 80°C. The actual temperature difference between hot and cold side is nearly to0.5ΔTmax. Therefore, choose the best cooling efficiency thermoelectric coolingdevice as test equipment design conditions.
According to the measured data, the cold output power of developed thermoelectriccooling device is within -1802 ~ -1744 W, average output power is -1778 W, powerfluctuation range is only 3.28%; the heat output power of developed thermoelectriccooling device is within 8235 ~ 8528 W, average output power is 8387 W, powerfluctuation range is only 3.49%. Stable output can reduce the error of data processingin thermal response testing, guarantee the accuracy of test results. In addition thethermoelectric cooling device can output stable cold and heat without external heatexchange with environment, to avoid environmental impact of temperature on thetemperature of circulating water.
In order to reduce the harmful effect such as voltage fluctuations, change of environment temperature and so on, some research on variable heat flux model werestudied on the base of constant heat flux line source model and constant heat fluxcolumn source model. The corresponding data processing program were developedto improve the accuracy of the calculation results.
在地源热泵系统发展的初期阶段，通常采用经验数据或采取土样进行室内试验的方法确定热物性参数。随着对地源热泵传热模型研究的深入，目前广泛使用的确定岩土体热物性参数的方法是热响应测试法。
早期的热响应测试设备主要采用电加热器作为热源，可以完成夏季制冷工况（向地下输送热量）测试，而冬季供暖工况下相关参数只能通过软件模拟推算得出。随后也出现了采用热泵作为冷热源的测试设备，可以进行夏季制冷和冬季供暖两个工况的测试，但是在进行冬季供暖工况的测试时，必须采用热泵作为冷源。由于热泵的运行机理限制，热泵从循环水中提取到的热量需要通过冷凝管和风机排放到环境空气中，因此循环水温度就不可避免的会受到环境温度的影响。同时热泵的制冷效率也会随环境温度产生变化，在不采用辅助热源控制温差的情况下，测试设备的输出功率及循环水温度均会随环境气温变化而呈现出较大的起伏。
热电制冷是一种利用帕尔帖效应开发出的人工制冷新技术。热电制冷装置具有体积小、无噪音、降温极快及可实现对温度的精确控制等优点，但由于成本及转换效率等问题一直未能普及使用，仅应用于化工、电子技术、生物技术、医疗、军工等特殊领域。
针对目前热响应测试设备存在的问题，本文将热电制冷技术与热响应测试结合起来，研制了一种新型的热响应测试设备。该设备采用热电制冷装置作为冷热源，配备两套循环管路分别连接热电制冷装置的冷热两侧，实际工作时可选择任何一套循环管路进行热响应测试，或者连接两套管路同时进行两种不同工况的热响应测试。
热响应测试中，通常夏季制冷工况下循环水平均温度在20～30℃之间，冬季供暖工况下循环水平均温度在3～8℃之间，因此当热电制冷装置的冷端和热端的平均温度按20℃（293K）考虑时，由于目前常见热电制冷元件的热电优值Z一般为（2～3）×10~(-3)K~(-1)，ΔTmax可达60～80℃，热响应测试时冷热端的实际温差距离0.5ΔTmax的最优值较为接近。因此选择最佳制冷效率作为测试设备中热电制冷装置的设计工况。
根据实测数据，研制的热电制冷装置冷端输出功率为-1802～-1744W，平均输出功率-1778W，功率波动范围仅为3.28%；热端输出功率8235～8528W，平均输出功率8387W，功率波动范围仅为3.49%。稳定的输出功率可以减少热响应测试数据在数据处理时的误差，确保了测试结果的准确性。另外由于热电制冷装置不需与外界环境进行热量交换，即可输出稳定的热量和冷量，避免了环境气温变化对循环水温度的影响。
在改进测试系统硬件的同时，为进一步减少电压波动、环境温度变化等不利因素对测试结果的影响，在现有常热流线热源模型及圆柱热源模型的基础上，进行变热流传热模型的研究，并编写相应数据处理程序，提高计算结果的准确性。
The technology of Ground source heat pump (GSHP) is a green and clean energytechnology for shallow geothermal resources, and has been applied more widely inEurope and the United States and other Western developed countries. In recent yearsin China ground source heat pump system has also get widespread attention. Thecore technology of ground source heat pump system is the design of heat exchangersin the hole, so thermal parameters of rock and soil is very important. In the earlystages of development of ground source heat pump system, commonly usedempirical data or make laboratory test to determine the thermal parameters. With thedeepening study on heat transfer model of ground source heat pump system, thermalresponse test has been used widely to determine rock and soil thermal parameters.The early thermal response test equipment usually use electric heater as the heatsource, and it can only test in refrigeration condition and calculate thermo physicalproperties in heating condition through software simulation. Subsequently, sometest equipment which used heap pump as the heat source and can test in refrigerationand heating condition were developed. But during the testing of the heatingconditions, heat pump was used as cold source. For the operation mechanism of heatpump, heat pump had to extract heat from the circulating water through thecondenser and fan discharge to the ambient air, the temperature of circulating waterwill inevitably be subject to the influence of environmental temperature. Change ofthe ambient temperature could influence of the cooling efficiency of the heat pumpwill not control the temperature by auxiliary heat source, the output power of testequipment and circulating water temperature will be fluctuated by environmentaltemperature.
Thermoelectric refrigeration is a new artificial refrigeration technology based onPeltier effect. Thermoelectric refrigeration unit has the advantages of small size, no noise, high cooling rate and easy to control. However, because of the high cost andlow conversion efficiency, thermoelectric refrigeration unit has not been acceptwidely, and only used in chemical industry, electronics, biotechnology, medical,military, and other special areas.
Aiming at the problem of current thermal response test equipment, thermoelectricrefrigeration unit and thermal response test were combined to develop a new kind oftest equipment. It use thermoelectric refrigeration unit as refrigeration/heating source,has two circulation loops which connect to two side of thermoelectric refrigerationunit. So it can output heat and refrigeration at the same time, and can do thermalresponse test in two conditions.
In thermal response test, the average temperature of circulating water usually biswithin 20 ~ 30°C in cooling condition, and 3 ~ 8°C in heating condition, so whenthe average temperature of cold side and heat side of thermoelectric coolingequipment is considered at 20°C (at 293 K), the figure of merit Z of commonthermoelectric cooling element in general ( 2 ~ 3 )×10~(-3)K~(-1),ΔTmax up to 60 ~ 80°C. The actual temperature difference between hot and cold side is nearly to0.5ΔTmax. Therefore, choose the best cooling efficiency thermoelectric coolingdevice as test equipment design conditions.
According to the measured data, the cold output power of developed thermoelectriccooling device is within -1802 ~ -1744 W, average output power is -1778 W, powerfluctuation range is only 3.28%; the heat output power of developed thermoelectriccooling device is within 8235 ~ 8528 W, average output power is 8387 W, powerfluctuation range is only 3.49%. Stable output can reduce the error of data processingin thermal response testing, guarantee the accuracy of test results. In addition thethermoelectric cooling device can output stable cold and heat without external heatexchange with environment, to avoid environmental impact of temperature on thetemperature of circulating water.
In order to reduce the harmful effect such as voltage fluctuations, change of environment temperature and so on, some research on variable heat flux model werestudied on the base of constant heat flux line source model and constant heat fluxcolumn source model. The corresponding data processing program were developedto improve the accuracy of the calculation results.
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