电动汽车车载充电系统的设计与实现
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摘要
随着能源的日渐紧缺和大气污染的日益加剧,作为新型交通工具的电动汽车的研究越来越受到重视,镍氢蓄电池因为其无记忆效果,有很强的过充电和过放电能力,越来越受到重视。蓄电池的充放电过程影响着系统的可靠性,而高效可靠的充电系统对整个电动汽车的可靠运行也起着十分重要的作用。为了使电动汽车充电器获得良好的性能指标,必须寻找最佳的充电模式。同时,基于单片机控制的智能充电器,电路简单可靠,参数调整方便,具有充电时间短、能耗低、使用故障低等优点,这对于充电系统的设计和开发具有重要意义。
如何选择充电方法和对充电过程进行有效控制,提高充电效率,保证充电过程快速安全是本文研究的内容。本文的研究主要包括以下几个方面:
充电方法的选择对蓄电池的性能和寿命影响较大,在研究了镍氢蓄电池的工作原理及其充放电特性和目前常用的充电方法与充电结束控制方法后,确定了本充电系统采用三阶段充电法(恒流、恒压、涓流)和综合充电控制法(温度控制,定时控制,最高电压控制以及电压负增量控制)。
在充电系统研究这方面主要包括充电电路和充电控制策略的研究。因为充电器输出功率比较大,所以采用移相全桥软开关电路,选定场效应管作为开关器件,设计了开关器件的驱动电路和电路中的磁性元件。完成了谐振器件的计算和选择。实现了电路的软开关,减小了开关损耗和电路噪声。设计了基于UCC3895和单片机PIC16F877的辅助控制电路,通过对充电时电池的温度,电压和电流进行监控,来改变主充电电路的工作状况。保护电路,辅助电源电路的完成保证了整个充电电路功能的实现。
最后完成了相关系统软件的设计。达到了通过软件来优化充电控制的目的。保证了充电的安全可靠。
With the shortage of sources and more worsening air pollution, we pay more attention about the researching of EV( electric vehicle) a new means of transportation, we use more and more Nickel hydride(Ni-MH) battery in EV, because of it 's no remember effect, good performance in overcharge or discharge. The process of batteries charge and discharge Influent the reliability of the system. So design a reliably charging system is important for EV. In order to make EV charger have good performance, we must to find the best charging model. At the same time, the intelligent charger basic on MCU have the merits such as its circuit is simple、reliable, parameter adjustment is convenience, charging time is short, consumption is low, and also the fault of use it is low. All of those are great significance for charging system's design and development.
How to choose the method of charging process and how to control the charging process, improve the efficiency, and ensure the process rapidly and safety is the content of this paper. The study of this paper includes the following aspects:
The method of charging process have great impact on the performance and life for batteries , in the study of Ni-MH battery charge and discharge principle, common characteristics and the current charging methods and end-of-charge control methods, the three-stage charging method (constant current, constant voltage, the trickle current) and the integrated control method (temperature control, timing control, maximum voltage control, incremental negative voltage control) have been used in our system.
In the area of charging system research include charging circuit and charging control strategy research. Because the power of output is high, so we use full-bridge phase-shifting soft-switching circuit, and selected MOSFET as switching devices, design the drive circuit of switching devices and magnetic components. Completed calculate and select the resonant devices of the circuit. Implementation of the soft-switching circuit, to reduce the switching loss and circuit noise. Design the auxiliary control circuit based on PIC16F877MCU and UCC3895. Monitor the battery temperature, voltage and current to change the status of its work. Protection circuit, auxiliary power supply circuit guarantee the completion of the entire charging circuit functions can be achieved.
Finally, the relevant system software design was introduced. Realize the purpose of through software to improve charging control, ensure the safety of our charging circuit.
如何选择充电方法和对充电过程进行有效控制,提高充电效率,保证充电过程快速安全是本文研究的内容。本文的研究主要包括以下几个方面:
充电方法的选择对蓄电池的性能和寿命影响较大,在研究了镍氢蓄电池的工作原理及其充放电特性和目前常用的充电方法与充电结束控制方法后,确定了本充电系统采用三阶段充电法(恒流、恒压、涓流)和综合充电控制法(温度控制,定时控制,最高电压控制以及电压负增量控制)。
在充电系统研究这方面主要包括充电电路和充电控制策略的研究。因为充电器输出功率比较大,所以采用移相全桥软开关电路,选定场效应管作为开关器件,设计了开关器件的驱动电路和电路中的磁性元件。完成了谐振器件的计算和选择。实现了电路的软开关,减小了开关损耗和电路噪声。设计了基于UCC3895和单片机PIC16F877的辅助控制电路,通过对充电时电池的温度,电压和电流进行监控,来改变主充电电路的工作状况。保护电路,辅助电源电路的完成保证了整个充电电路功能的实现。
最后完成了相关系统软件的设计。达到了通过软件来优化充电控制的目的。保证了充电的安全可靠。
With the shortage of sources and more worsening air pollution, we pay more attention about the researching of EV( electric vehicle) a new means of transportation, we use more and more Nickel hydride(Ni-MH) battery in EV, because of it 's no remember effect, good performance in overcharge or discharge. The process of batteries charge and discharge Influent the reliability of the system. So design a reliably charging system is important for EV. In order to make EV charger have good performance, we must to find the best charging model. At the same time, the intelligent charger basic on MCU have the merits such as its circuit is simple、reliable, parameter adjustment is convenience, charging time is short, consumption is low, and also the fault of use it is low. All of those are great significance for charging system's design and development.
How to choose the method of charging process and how to control the charging process, improve the efficiency, and ensure the process rapidly and safety is the content of this paper. The study of this paper includes the following aspects:
The method of charging process have great impact on the performance and life for batteries , in the study of Ni-MH battery charge and discharge principle, common characteristics and the current charging methods and end-of-charge control methods, the three-stage charging method (constant current, constant voltage, the trickle current) and the integrated control method (temperature control, timing control, maximum voltage control, incremental negative voltage control) have been used in our system.
In the area of charging system research include charging circuit and charging control strategy research. Because the power of output is high, so we use full-bridge phase-shifting soft-switching circuit, and selected MOSFET as switching devices, design the drive circuit of switching devices and magnetic components. Completed calculate and select the resonant devices of the circuit. Implementation of the soft-switching circuit, to reduce the switching loss and circuit noise. Design the auxiliary control circuit based on PIC16F877MCU and UCC3895. Monitor the battery temperature, voltage and current to change the status of its work. Protection circuit, auxiliary power supply circuit guarantee the completion of the entire charging circuit functions can be achieved.
Finally, the relevant system software design was introduced. Realize the purpose of through software to improve charging control, ensure the safety of our charging circuit.
引文
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[2]陈清泉,詹宜巨.21世纪的绿色交通工具 电动车.广东:暨南大学出版社,2000.510-12
[3]胡骅,宋慧.电动汽车.北京:人民交通出版社,2003.1 3-5
[4]陈清泉,孙逢春,祝嘉光.现代电动汽车技术.北京:北京理工大学出版社,2002.19-10
[5]王启瑞.汽车电气及电子设备.安徽:安徽科学技术出版社,2000.3 10-13
[6]周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华.阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池实用技术.北京:中国电力出版社,2004.5 15-17
[7]钱立军,赵韩,高立新.电动汽车开发的关键技术及技术路线.合肥:合肥工业大学学报 2002.25(1)14-18
[8]中国标准出版社 电池标准汇编.北京:2003.5 24-27
[9]陈军,陶占良.镍氢二次电池.北京:化学工业出版社,2006年5月 31-35
[10]肖永清,肖军.汽车蓄电池的使用与维修 2005.8 40-42
[11]徐曼珍.新型蓄电池原理与应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.3 23-25
[12]王书贤.电动汽车的现状及发展趋势.中国汽车制造.2006.9 38-40
[13]徐哲.我国电动汽车发展现状与对策.汽车工业研究.2006.6 37-39
[14]陈全世.电动汽车用铅酸蓄电池放电特性的研究.汽车技术1996,(8):7-11
[15]Jin Wang,,Fang Z.Peng,Joel Anderson,Alan Joseph,and Ryan Buffenbarger,Low Cost Fuel Cell Converter System forResidential Power Generation,IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.2004.5 1315-1322
[16]Tae-Won Lee,Sung.-Ho Kim,Yong-Ho Yoon,Su-Jin Jang,Chung-Yuen Won,A 3kW fuel cell generation system using the fuel cell simulator,Industrial Electronics,2004 IEEE International Symposium,2004.3 833-837
[17]孔丽.电动汽车电气特性研究.[硕士学位论文].西安:长安大学,2004.6
[18]A.Di Napoli,F.Crescimbini,S.Rodo,L,Solero.Multiple Input DC/DC Power Converter for Fuel-Cell Powered Hybrid Vehicles.Power Electronics Specialists Conference.2002.4 1685-1690
[19]Huang Yong,Zeng Fan,Zhou Qiang.Study on the Characteristics of Boost Converter in Hybrid Fuel Cell City Bus.Industrial Technology.Professional 1999.8 453-458
[20]戚栋,王宁会.使用电源技术手册(特种电源分册).辽宁:辽宁科学技术出版社,2005.8 54-57
[21]周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华.现代开关电源控制电路的设计及应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.5 85-87
[22]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计.北京:电子工业出版社.1998.6 99-100
[23]刘胜利.现代高频开关电源实用技术.北京:电子工业出版社.2001.9 378-383
[24]徐强.ZVT boost软开关PFC变换器的仿真研究.[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学.2004.9
[25]ZHANG Cheng ming,SUN Fengchun,ZHANG Wang,Principle Modeling and Control of DC/DC Convectors for EV,Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology,2000.9(4):29-31
[26]周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华.充电器电路设计与应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.10167-170
[27]王鸿麟.智能快速充电器设计与制作.北京:科学出版社,1998.2 153-157
[28]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计.北京:电子工业出版社.1998:82-88
[29]李宇.Buck-Boost变换器的研究.[硕士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学.2006.2
[30]Haiping Xu,Li Kong,and Xuhui Wen.Fuel Cell Power System and High Power DC/DC converter.IEEE Transitions on Power Electronic.2004.(I9)9:51-53
[31]张峰,王慧贞.大功率汽车充电器的电路特点与研究重点.电源世界.2006.06 37-39
[32]高田,景占荣,王琪.蓄电池快速充电模糊控制技术的研究.计算机仿真 2006.1058-61
[33]何涛勇,谢长君,郭连波.基于MC9S12D64镍氢电池充电系统设计.电子元器件应用.2006.06 103-106
[34]徐宁,杜少武.电动车用智能型快速充电器的研制合肥土业大学学报(自然科学版).2001.24(1):119-120
[35]苏万墙.电动汽车同馈制动中蓄电池充电研究.中国科学院电土研究所.2002:29-31
[36]沙占友.单片开关电源高频变压器的设计要点.电源技术应用.2003.1168-71
[37]丁道宏.电力电子技术.北京:航空工业出版社.1995.7 103-127
[38]陈道炼.DC-AC逆变技术及其应用.北京:机械工业出版社,2003.5 350-360
[39]洪峰.数字控制移相全桥软开关变换器.[硕士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学2004.2
[40]阮新波,严仰光.移相控制全桥变换器的分析.南京航空航天大学学报,1998.6(3):353-357
[41]阮新波,严仰光.全桥变换器的控制策略.电力电子技术.1998.8(3):106-110
[42]阮新波,严仰光.零电压零电流开关PWM DC/DC全桥变换器的分析.电工技术学报2000.4(2):73-77
[43]Seong-Jeub Jeon,,Gyu-Hyeong Cho.A Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Switching Full Bridge DC-DC Converter With Transformer Isolation.IEEE Transactions On Power Electronics,2001.9 Vol.16,No.5:573-580
[44]刘福鑫.高压直流电源系统中DC/DC变换器的研究.[硕士学位论文].南京:南京航天航空大学.2004.2
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