地震作用下岩体地下洞室响应及安全评价方法研究
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摘要
在我国西部大开发战略的实施过程中,一大批规模庞大的水电站工程即将在我国西部区域地震活动频繁、地震烈度高的地区营建。由于受当地地形条件限制,水电站的引水发电建物多布置于江河两岸的山体中,从而形成了超大型地下洞室群。因此如何确保地震作用下赋存于岩体中地下洞室的地震安全性是工程中必须解决的关键问题。在此工程背景下,本文结合国家自然科学基金重点项目——地震作用下岩体的力学响应及工程安全,依托溪洛渡水电站工程项目,开展了地震作用下岩体地下洞室响应及安全评价方法的研究工作。
首先,以无限线弹性介质中圆孔对P波的衍射问题为突破口,通过求解圆孔孔周动应力集中因子这一途径,证明了显式有限差分法分析固体介质中波的衍射问题的可行性,为应用显式有限差分法开展岩体地下洞室的地震反应分析及安全评价方法的研究提供了理论依据。
其次,建立了溪洛渡地下洞室群的二维和三维数值模型,应用显式有限差分法分析了唐山余震天津医院地震波作用下地下洞室群的地震反应。研究结果表明:可以近似采用二维模型代替三维模型来预测地下洞室洞身部分围岩的力学响应;洞端部分则必须通过建立三维模型来进行分析。由于二维计算模型建模、求解以及数据处理效率远远高于三维模型,而且存储容量也远远小于三维模型,因此,在开展类似溪洛渡水电站这种超大型地下厂房的地震反应分析时,可以首先采用二维模型(而非一开始就建立复杂的三维模型)对洞室洞身部分断面力学响应作出快速的初步估计,了解围岩力学响应特点,然后再开展更具针对性的三维模型的分析与研究。
随后,考虑到超大型地下厂房轴线长度尺寸较大、地震荷载的空间非一致特征明显的特征,讨论了空间非一致地震动输入对溪洛渡水电站超大型地下洞室群地震响应特征的影响。分析表明:空间非一致地震动输入使得溪洛渡地下洞室围岩地震响应沿轴线长度方向产生相位差,但是对于溪洛渡地下厂房这种轴向长度水平(轴向尺度在300~400m左右)的洞室围岩地震响应幅值影响不大。因此,在进行类似岩体地下洞室的地震安全评价时可以不考虑地震动空间非一致性的影响。这也为Dowding、Rozen与Sharma、Judd仅将PGA作为评价指标提供了合理解释。
通过分析总结岩体地下洞室地震响应特征,提出了可以合理反映地震荷载作用对于岩体地下洞室围岩所引发的附加动力效应的动应力集中因子代表值的概念,并将动应力集中因子代表值作为描述岩体地下洞室地震响应的关键特征,开展了动应力集中因子代表值影响因素的参数分析。参数分析表明:动应力集中因子代表值与影响岩体地下洞室地震反应的五个关键因素——地震动加速度幅值、洞室埋深、围岩岩体级别、衬砌混凝土厚度、衬砌混凝土标号均近似呈线性关系。同时,在此基础上,给出了有(无)衬砌支护结构两种情况的地震安全评价公式。
最后,基于地震安全评价公式提出了一种应用简单、工程普适性较强的适用于岩体地下洞室的地震安全评价方法。应用该评价方法对唐山余震天津医院地震作用下溪洛渡水电站超大型地下洞室群的地震安全性进行了评价,所得结果与采用Dowding和Rozen、Sharma和Judd的评价方法结果一致。由此说明了本文提出的地震安全评价方法的合理性。同时,研究还表明:本文提出的地震安全评价方法可以给出偏于安全的地震安全评价结果。
In the strategy of Development of Western Areas in China, a lot of large scale hydraulic power plants will be consctructed in western areas which are seismically active zones with high earthquake intensity. The diversion structures are mainly constructed in the mountains beside the rivers. Therefore, how to evaluate the safety of the underground cavern groups when they are subjected to the earthquake is confronted with the engineerers and should have to be solved properly. Facing these problems, the author combines the key project sponsored by the National Science and Natural Funding, Dynamic response of the rock mass and the safety of the rock engineering under seismic loading, and relies on the the construction project of Xi Luo Du hydraulic power plant to study the seismic response of the underground openings in rock and the safety assessment method subjected to the earthquake.
First of all, the diffraction of P wave by the circular hole in the infinite elastic medium is stuied. Both analytical and numerical solutions of the dynamic stress concentration fator done by explicit finite difference method are solved. Comparison of two solutions proves the feasibility of the explicit finite difference method to analyze the diffraction of solid waves and accordingly this justifies the application of the explicit finite difference method to study the seismic response of the underground openings in rock and the safety assessment method under seismic loading.
Secondly, numerical models both in two and three dimensions of Xi Luo Du underground cavern groups are generated and the seismic response of the underground openings under Tianjin hospital seismic wave arising from Tangshan aftershock is analyzed by explicit finite difference method. It is shown that 2D model can be used to approximately predict the mechanical response of sections in the middle of caverns and 3D model has to be used to analyze the response of the sections near cavern portals. 2D model is much more efficient than 3D model in the generation of the numerical models, computation speed and the data processing, and the memory capacity for 2D model is much less than 3D model. Therefore, when the engineers analyze the seismic response of Xi Luo Du-like large scale underground openings, it will be better to generate 2D model instead of complicated 3D model at the very beginning to make rapid approximate prediction of for the sections in the middle of caverns to understand more about the dynamic response of the surrounding rock mass of the underground openings before 3D model is generated to predict more precise mechanical behavior of the underground caverns.
Subsequently, considering the long length of Xi Luo Du underground openings which might indicate that the spatially non-unform seimic ground motion input should be taken into consideration, the influence of the spatial coherence of the seismic loading on the seismic response of Xi Luo Du underground openings has bee investigated. Research shows that spatially non-uniform sesmic laoding results in the phase difference of seismic response along the axial length of the underground openings and has litte imact on the amplitude of the seismic response of Xi Luo Du-like underground openings whose axial length is at the range of 300m~400m. Thereby, when the seismic response of the similar underground openings is analyzed, the spatial coherence of the seismic loading can be reasonably neglected. This conclusion explains why Dowding, Rozen and Sharma, Judd applied PGA as the only indicator to assess the safety of the underground openings subjected to the earthquake.
Based on the characteristic of the seismic response of the underground openings in rock, the concept of the representative value of the dynamic stress concentration is proposed which could rationaly reflect the additional dynamic effect on the surrronding rock mass of the underground openings resulting from seismic loading. The representative value is thereby applied as the primary characteristic parameter and the parameter study of the influencing factors on the representative value is carried out. Parameter study shows that representative value appears approximate linear relationship to the accelearton amplitude of the seismic wave, the overburden depth of the underground opeing, rock rate, liner thickness and concrete grade. Based on this understanding, formulas of seismic safety assessment have been developed for both lined and unlined underground openings.
Finally, according to the seismic safety assessment formulas, a simple seismic safety assessment method with good universality is developed. The proposed assessment method is therewith applied to evaluate the safety of Xi Luo Du underground cavern groups subjected to Tianjin hospital seismic wave arising from Tangshan aftershock. It is demonstrated that the proposed method draws similar conclusions to Dowding-Rozen and Sharma-Judd’s methods. It also reveals that this method gives a relatively conservative assessment results.
首先,以无限线弹性介质中圆孔对P波的衍射问题为突破口,通过求解圆孔孔周动应力集中因子这一途径,证明了显式有限差分法分析固体介质中波的衍射问题的可行性,为应用显式有限差分法开展岩体地下洞室的地震反应分析及安全评价方法的研究提供了理论依据。
其次,建立了溪洛渡地下洞室群的二维和三维数值模型,应用显式有限差分法分析了唐山余震天津医院地震波作用下地下洞室群的地震反应。研究结果表明:可以近似采用二维模型代替三维模型来预测地下洞室洞身部分围岩的力学响应;洞端部分则必须通过建立三维模型来进行分析。由于二维计算模型建模、求解以及数据处理效率远远高于三维模型,而且存储容量也远远小于三维模型,因此,在开展类似溪洛渡水电站这种超大型地下厂房的地震反应分析时,可以首先采用二维模型(而非一开始就建立复杂的三维模型)对洞室洞身部分断面力学响应作出快速的初步估计,了解围岩力学响应特点,然后再开展更具针对性的三维模型的分析与研究。
随后,考虑到超大型地下厂房轴线长度尺寸较大、地震荷载的空间非一致特征明显的特征,讨论了空间非一致地震动输入对溪洛渡水电站超大型地下洞室群地震响应特征的影响。分析表明:空间非一致地震动输入使得溪洛渡地下洞室围岩地震响应沿轴线长度方向产生相位差,但是对于溪洛渡地下厂房这种轴向长度水平(轴向尺度在300~400m左右)的洞室围岩地震响应幅值影响不大。因此,在进行类似岩体地下洞室的地震安全评价时可以不考虑地震动空间非一致性的影响。这也为Dowding、Rozen与Sharma、Judd仅将PGA作为评价指标提供了合理解释。
通过分析总结岩体地下洞室地震响应特征,提出了可以合理反映地震荷载作用对于岩体地下洞室围岩所引发的附加动力效应的动应力集中因子代表值的概念,并将动应力集中因子代表值作为描述岩体地下洞室地震响应的关键特征,开展了动应力集中因子代表值影响因素的参数分析。参数分析表明:动应力集中因子代表值与影响岩体地下洞室地震反应的五个关键因素——地震动加速度幅值、洞室埋深、围岩岩体级别、衬砌混凝土厚度、衬砌混凝土标号均近似呈线性关系。同时,在此基础上,给出了有(无)衬砌支护结构两种情况的地震安全评价公式。
最后,基于地震安全评价公式提出了一种应用简单、工程普适性较强的适用于岩体地下洞室的地震安全评价方法。应用该评价方法对唐山余震天津医院地震作用下溪洛渡水电站超大型地下洞室群的地震安全性进行了评价,所得结果与采用Dowding和Rozen、Sharma和Judd的评价方法结果一致。由此说明了本文提出的地震安全评价方法的合理性。同时,研究还表明:本文提出的地震安全评价方法可以给出偏于安全的地震安全评价结果。
In the strategy of Development of Western Areas in China, a lot of large scale hydraulic power plants will be consctructed in western areas which are seismically active zones with high earthquake intensity. The diversion structures are mainly constructed in the mountains beside the rivers. Therefore, how to evaluate the safety of the underground cavern groups when they are subjected to the earthquake is confronted with the engineerers and should have to be solved properly. Facing these problems, the author combines the key project sponsored by the National Science and Natural Funding, Dynamic response of the rock mass and the safety of the rock engineering under seismic loading, and relies on the the construction project of Xi Luo Du hydraulic power plant to study the seismic response of the underground openings in rock and the safety assessment method subjected to the earthquake.
First of all, the diffraction of P wave by the circular hole in the infinite elastic medium is stuied. Both analytical and numerical solutions of the dynamic stress concentration fator done by explicit finite difference method are solved. Comparison of two solutions proves the feasibility of the explicit finite difference method to analyze the diffraction of solid waves and accordingly this justifies the application of the explicit finite difference method to study the seismic response of the underground openings in rock and the safety assessment method under seismic loading.
Secondly, numerical models both in two and three dimensions of Xi Luo Du underground cavern groups are generated and the seismic response of the underground openings under Tianjin hospital seismic wave arising from Tangshan aftershock is analyzed by explicit finite difference method. It is shown that 2D model can be used to approximately predict the mechanical response of sections in the middle of caverns and 3D model has to be used to analyze the response of the sections near cavern portals. 2D model is much more efficient than 3D model in the generation of the numerical models, computation speed and the data processing, and the memory capacity for 2D model is much less than 3D model. Therefore, when the engineers analyze the seismic response of Xi Luo Du-like large scale underground openings, it will be better to generate 2D model instead of complicated 3D model at the very beginning to make rapid approximate prediction of for the sections in the middle of caverns to understand more about the dynamic response of the surrounding rock mass of the underground openings before 3D model is generated to predict more precise mechanical behavior of the underground caverns.
Subsequently, considering the long length of Xi Luo Du underground openings which might indicate that the spatially non-unform seimic ground motion input should be taken into consideration, the influence of the spatial coherence of the seismic loading on the seismic response of Xi Luo Du underground openings has bee investigated. Research shows that spatially non-uniform sesmic laoding results in the phase difference of seismic response along the axial length of the underground openings and has litte imact on the amplitude of the seismic response of Xi Luo Du-like underground openings whose axial length is at the range of 300m~400m. Thereby, when the seismic response of the similar underground openings is analyzed, the spatial coherence of the seismic loading can be reasonably neglected. This conclusion explains why Dowding, Rozen and Sharma, Judd applied PGA as the only indicator to assess the safety of the underground openings subjected to the earthquake.
Based on the characteristic of the seismic response of the underground openings in rock, the concept of the representative value of the dynamic stress concentration is proposed which could rationaly reflect the additional dynamic effect on the surrronding rock mass of the underground openings resulting from seismic loading. The representative value is thereby applied as the primary characteristic parameter and the parameter study of the influencing factors on the representative value is carried out. Parameter study shows that representative value appears approximate linear relationship to the accelearton amplitude of the seismic wave, the overburden depth of the underground opeing, rock rate, liner thickness and concrete grade. Based on this understanding, formulas of seismic safety assessment have been developed for both lined and unlined underground openings.
Finally, according to the seismic safety assessment formulas, a simple seismic safety assessment method with good universality is developed. The proposed assessment method is therewith applied to evaluate the safety of Xi Luo Du underground cavern groups subjected to Tianjin hospital seismic wave arising from Tangshan aftershock. It is demonstrated that the proposed method draws similar conclusions to Dowding-Rozen and Sharma-Judd’s methods. It also reveals that this method gives a relatively conservative assessment results.
引文
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