基于群落生态学的产学研合作创新研究
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摘要
产学研合作是技术创新活动的自然组织形式，是国家和区域创新体系的重要活动单元，由于产学研合作能够有效推动技术商业化，所以，产学研合作是世界各国提倡的技术创新组织形式，也是学术界研究的热点问题。
目前国内学者对产学研合作创新的研究多数还局限在组织模式、动力机制、合作机制、合作障碍等问题。在研究方法方面，主要运用了对策论和博弈论等。虽然有学者开始用知识管理理论研究产学研合作创新，但是在国内没有形成热点和共识，对知识流动和共享机理研究的不够。本文运用群落生态学的观点和方法研究产学研合作创新，其隐含的基本假设是把特定地区的产学研合作创新现象看作一个创新群落，从生态位、生态因子、种群关系等方面对产学研合作创新群落展开研究，并以演化的观点研究产学研合作创新群落的演化机制。
首先，界定了产学研合作创新的概念，分析了产学研合作创新的动因，指出产学研合作创新是国家和区域创新体系的核心。然后分析了我国产学研合作创新现状，指出我国产学研合作创新存在的主要问题，包括学研生态位错位、企业生态位错位、利益分配协调问题和创新的生态环境不佳。
其次，介绍了创新群落理论的起源和发展，构建了产学研合作创新群落的研究框架，通过与产业集群进行对比，分析它们之间的区别及联系，从而揭示产学研合作创新群落的本质特征。然后分析创新群落中企业生态位、大学和科研机构生态位、政府生态位，分析产学研合作创新群落的生态因子，如创业文化生态因子、高度市场化的创新服务生态因子、风险投资生态因子、法制环境生态因子、平等、开放的社会文化生态因子、社会资本和信任生态因子，最后分析产学研合作创新群落的种群关系，如互惠共生关系、竞合关系、寄生关系。
然后，分析了产学研合作创新群落演化的阶段：形成阶段—发展阶段—成熟阶段—衰落与更新阶段。然后，探讨了产学研合作创新群落演化的学习机制，包括对群落学习行为的解释、学习的路径依赖性特征，以及群落的“进入壁垒”——内生学习、群落内部学习方式、群落外部学习方式和群落的集体学习过程。最后，分析了产学研合作创新群落演化的知识共享机制和信任
机制。
不同的产学研合作创新群落的差异在于其系统创新能力的差异。而群落的系统创新能力主要取决于各个创新种群之间的互动和联系程度，知识交流和共享程度以及集体学习程度，正是由于这些指标的不可测性，本文并不直接对系统创新能力进行评价，而是通过评价某个产学研合作创新群落的投入产出效率来获知某个群落的系统创新能力。本文设计了群落的投入产出指标体系，然后运用DEA模型评价投入产出效率，从而比较系统创新能力的差异。
最后，提出推动产学研合作创新形成与演化的对策，如产学研回归适宜的生态位、培育适宜创业和创新的社会文化生态因子、高度市场化的创新服务生态因子、风险投资生态因子、促进产学研合作创新群落知识共享、促进群落社会资本和信任的形成。
The Industry-University-Research(IUR)cooperation is the natural form of technical innovation activities, and an important activity units of national and regional innovation system , The IUR cooperation can effectively promote the commercialization, so the IUR cooperation is technological innovation organization that the world promote, is a hot issue of the academic research.
Current domestic scholars on the Industry-University-Research cooperative innovation in the organization of the majority is limited to models, dynamic mechanism, and cooperation mechanisms, such as impediments to cooperation, the approach used in research methodology and theory, game theory research methods. Although some scholars have begun to study the IUR cooperation by knowledge management cooperation and innovation theory, in the absence of a domestic hot and consensus on the sharing of knowledge flows and the lack of research mechanisms. The thesis applies synecology to study the IUR cooperative innovation, the basic assumption is to take the IUR cooperative innovation phenomenon in some region as an innovation community. And from the perspective of econogical spaces, ecological factors and realationship of species, the IUR cooperative innovation community is studied. And the evolution mechanisms of IUR cooperative innovation community are studied-from the evolutionary view.
First, the concept of IUR cooperative innovation is defined, the dynamics of cooperative innovation is analyzed. And points out that IUR cooperative innovation is the core of the national and regional innovation system. And then analyzed the actual condition of industry-University-Research cooperative innovation, pointing out that some of the major issues, including the study of ecological spaces mismatches, enterprise Mistaken ecological spaces, the distribution of benefits coordination and innovation poor ecological environment.
Secondly, introduces the theory of the origin and development of innovative communities, and builds the research framework of IUR cooperative innovation community, and industry clusters through comparison, analyzes the distinction between them and revealed the nature of IUR cooperative innovation communities. Then analyzes innovative communities, ecological spaces of enterprises, ecological spaces of universities and research institutions, the ecological spaces, analyzes the ecological factors of IUR cooperative innovation community, such as eco-cultural factors, a highly commercialized innovative services ecological factors, VC ecological factors, and legal environment factors, equality, open society culture ecological factors, social capital and trust ecological factors, then analyzed the spicies relationship,such as mutual symbiotic relationship, although relations, parasitic relationship.
Again, the evolution stages of IUR cooperative innovation is analyzed, including shaping-development-maturity-decline and renewal phase. Then, explore communities learning mechanisms of IUR cooperative innovation, including acts of communities and the interpretation, the path dependence of learning, and communities "access barriers" ~ of the study, within learning communities, learning communities and communities outside of the collective learning process. Finally, the sharing of knowledge and trust mechanisms that promote the industry-University-Researcher cooperation innovation community evolution are analyzed.
The IUR cooperation different communities differences in their cooperation and innovation system innovation differences. And the communities of innovation system depends primarily on the interaction between various innovative stocks and the associated level of the exchange and sharing of knowledge and collective learning degrees, it is precisely because of the unpredictability of these indicators, this does not directly evaluate the system innovation, but through a path of combining evaluation of the input-output efficiency of cooperation and innovation communities to the system that a communities ability to innovate. The design of the community input-output indexes, and then evaluate the input-output model of DEA efficiency, and thus more systematic innovation differences.
Finally, promoting a the IUR cooperation innovative form of cooperation with the evolutionary approach, such as IUR cooperative innovation the appropriate ecological spaces, nurturing entrepreneurship and innovation for the social and cultural ecological factors, a highly commercialized innovative services ecological factors, risk investment ecological factors, the promotion of cooperation and innovation path of combining knowledge-sharing communities, the promotion of social capital and communities of trust forming.
目前国内学者对产学研合作创新的研究多数还局限在组织模式、动力机制、合作机制、合作障碍等问题。在研究方法方面，主要运用了对策论和博弈论等。虽然有学者开始用知识管理理论研究产学研合作创新，但是在国内没有形成热点和共识，对知识流动和共享机理研究的不够。本文运用群落生态学的观点和方法研究产学研合作创新，其隐含的基本假设是把特定地区的产学研合作创新现象看作一个创新群落，从生态位、生态因子、种群关系等方面对产学研合作创新群落展开研究，并以演化的观点研究产学研合作创新群落的演化机制。
首先，界定了产学研合作创新的概念，分析了产学研合作创新的动因，指出产学研合作创新是国家和区域创新体系的核心。然后分析了我国产学研合作创新现状，指出我国产学研合作创新存在的主要问题，包括学研生态位错位、企业生态位错位、利益分配协调问题和创新的生态环境不佳。
其次，介绍了创新群落理论的起源和发展，构建了产学研合作创新群落的研究框架，通过与产业集群进行对比，分析它们之间的区别及联系，从而揭示产学研合作创新群落的本质特征。然后分析创新群落中企业生态位、大学和科研机构生态位、政府生态位，分析产学研合作创新群落的生态因子，如创业文化生态因子、高度市场化的创新服务生态因子、风险投资生态因子、法制环境生态因子、平等、开放的社会文化生态因子、社会资本和信任生态因子，最后分析产学研合作创新群落的种群关系，如互惠共生关系、竞合关系、寄生关系。
然后，分析了产学研合作创新群落演化的阶段：形成阶段—发展阶段—成熟阶段—衰落与更新阶段。然后，探讨了产学研合作创新群落演化的学习机制，包括对群落学习行为的解释、学习的路径依赖性特征，以及群落的“进入壁垒”——内生学习、群落内部学习方式、群落外部学习方式和群落的集体学习过程。最后，分析了产学研合作创新群落演化的知识共享机制和信任
机制。
不同的产学研合作创新群落的差异在于其系统创新能力的差异。而群落的系统创新能力主要取决于各个创新种群之间的互动和联系程度，知识交流和共享程度以及集体学习程度，正是由于这些指标的不可测性，本文并不直接对系统创新能力进行评价，而是通过评价某个产学研合作创新群落的投入产出效率来获知某个群落的系统创新能力。本文设计了群落的投入产出指标体系，然后运用DEA模型评价投入产出效率，从而比较系统创新能力的差异。
最后，提出推动产学研合作创新形成与演化的对策，如产学研回归适宜的生态位、培育适宜创业和创新的社会文化生态因子、高度市场化的创新服务生态因子、风险投资生态因子、促进产学研合作创新群落知识共享、促进群落社会资本和信任的形成。
The Industry-University-Research(IUR)cooperation is the natural form of technical innovation activities, and an important activity units of national and regional innovation system , The IUR cooperation can effectively promote the commercialization, so the IUR cooperation is technological innovation organization that the world promote, is a hot issue of the academic research.
Current domestic scholars on the Industry-University-Research cooperative innovation in the organization of the majority is limited to models, dynamic mechanism, and cooperation mechanisms, such as impediments to cooperation, the approach used in research methodology and theory, game theory research methods. Although some scholars have begun to study the IUR cooperation by knowledge management cooperation and innovation theory, in the absence of a domestic hot and consensus on the sharing of knowledge flows and the lack of research mechanisms. The thesis applies synecology to study the IUR cooperative innovation, the basic assumption is to take the IUR cooperative innovation phenomenon in some region as an innovation community. And from the perspective of econogical spaces, ecological factors and realationship of species, the IUR cooperative innovation community is studied. And the evolution mechanisms of IUR cooperative innovation community are studied-from the evolutionary view.
First, the concept of IUR cooperative innovation is defined, the dynamics of cooperative innovation is analyzed. And points out that IUR cooperative innovation is the core of the national and regional innovation system. And then analyzed the actual condition of industry-University-Research cooperative innovation, pointing out that some of the major issues, including the study of ecological spaces mismatches, enterprise Mistaken ecological spaces, the distribution of benefits coordination and innovation poor ecological environment.
Secondly, introduces the theory of the origin and development of innovative communities, and builds the research framework of IUR cooperative innovation community, and industry clusters through comparison, analyzes the distinction between them and revealed the nature of IUR cooperative innovation communities. Then analyzes innovative communities, ecological spaces of enterprises, ecological spaces of universities and research institutions, the ecological spaces, analyzes the ecological factors of IUR cooperative innovation community, such as eco-cultural factors, a highly commercialized innovative services ecological factors, VC ecological factors, and legal environment factors, equality, open society culture ecological factors, social capital and trust ecological factors, then analyzed the spicies relationship,such as mutual symbiotic relationship, although relations, parasitic relationship.
Again, the evolution stages of IUR cooperative innovation is analyzed, including shaping-development-maturity-decline and renewal phase. Then, explore communities learning mechanisms of IUR cooperative innovation, including acts of communities and the interpretation, the path dependence of learning, and communities "access barriers" ~ of the study, within learning communities, learning communities and communities outside of the collective learning process. Finally, the sharing of knowledge and trust mechanisms that promote the industry-University-Researcher cooperation innovation community evolution are analyzed.
The IUR cooperation different communities differences in their cooperation and innovation system innovation differences. And the communities of innovation system depends primarily on the interaction between various innovative stocks and the associated level of the exchange and sharing of knowledge and collective learning degrees, it is precisely because of the unpredictability of these indicators, this does not directly evaluate the system innovation, but through a path of combining evaluation of the input-output efficiency of cooperation and innovation communities to the system that a communities ability to innovate. The design of the community input-output indexes, and then evaluate the input-output model of DEA efficiency, and thus more systematic innovation differences.
Finally, promoting a the IUR cooperation innovative form of cooperation with the evolutionary approach, such as IUR cooperative innovation the appropriate ecological spaces, nurturing entrepreneurship and innovation for the social and cultural ecological factors, a highly commercialized innovative services ecological factors, risk investment ecological factors, the promotion of cooperation and innovation path of combining knowledge-sharing communities, the promotion of social capital and communities of trust forming.
引文
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