基于北斗/GPS双模授时的电力系统时间同步技术研究
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摘要
现代电力系统覆盖范围广，各种系统和自动化装置如调度自动化系统、微机继电保护装置、事件顺序记录装置、远动装置、计算机数据交换网等都要求严格的时间同步。目前应用于我国电网中的时间同步技术主要是基于美国全球定位系统(GPS)的卫星授时，对于电力系统这样关系到国计民生的分布式网络采用GPS作为授时基准是存在安全隐患的。从电网的安全性、稳定性出发，本文根据电力系统时间同步技术规范，对基于北斗/GPS双模授时的电力系统时间同步技术进行了研究。
本文首先阐述了卫星双模授时技术的原理，并对北斗和GPS系统的授时精度进行了测试。通过分析测试数据，验证了北斗和GPS系统的时钟用作电力系统和自动化装置时间同步源的可行性。接着，本文利用北斗接收机、GPS接收机和外部IRIG-B码作为系统的外同步信号，互为热备用。采用多同步源自适应同步技术，保证了北斗/GPS双模同步系统的可靠性和稳定性。然后，本文采用了基于数字移相技术的时间间隔测量方法和PI控制算法，完成了本地晶振的频率校准。通过对IRIG-B码编码方式的研究，完成了IRIG-B码的解码与编码。采用模块化设计，实现了可满足IEEE STD 1344-1995标准的IRIG-B (DC)码、时间报文(RS-232)、SNTP网络授时、光纤和告警等多种信息的输出接口。
研制的北斗/GPS双模同步系统已经通过“国家电网公司自动化设备电磁兼容实验室”和“电力工业电力系统自动化设备质量检验测试中心”的检验，表明系统的时间同步精度优于±0.1μs，守时精度优于1μs/min,符合电网时间同步系统技术要求，具有一定的实用价值和推广应用价值。
With comprehensive application of modern electrical power system, a strict clock synchronization is required various systems and automation devices, such as dispatching automation systems, microcomputer relay protection devices, sequence of events recording devices, remote devices, computer data exchanging network. Currently, the time synchronization technology used in electrical power system of China is mainly based on the satellite timing of the American Global Positioning System (GPS). The electrical power system using GPS timing reference, which a distributed network relates to people's livelihood, is a potential safety hazard. Considering the security and stability of the electrical power system, we studies the electrical power system clock synchronization technology which is based on the Bei-dou and GPS dual-mode timing, accord with the electrical Power systems time synchronization of the technical specification in the paper.
At first, the principle of the satellite dual-mode timing service technology is explained, and the precision of time service of Bei-dou and GPS system has been tested. By analyzing the test data, we verify the feasibility that the clock of GPS and Bei-dou system is used as time synchronization source of the electrical power system and automation devices. Then, Bei-dou receiver, GPS receiver and external IRIG-B code use as the external sync signal, hot spare of each other. The adaptation technologies of Multi-Sync Source is adopt the system, to ensure the reliability and stability of Bei-dou and GPS dual-mode synchronous system. The system adopts a measurement method of the time interval based on digital phase-shifting technique and PI control algorithm for adjustment, completing the frequency calibration of local oscillator. By a study of the IRIG-B code encoding, the system implements the IRIG-B code decoding and encoding. With the modular design, it realizes the IRIG-B (DC) Code, the time packet information (RS-232), SNTP network time service, fiber and alarm information and other output interfaces, to satisfy the IEEE STD 1344-1995 standard.
Bei-dou and GPS dual-mode synchronization system has been tested by the "Automation Equipment EMC Lab. of State Grid Co." and "The Quality Inspection & Test Center of Power Industry for Automation Equipment". The time synchronization accuracy of the system is improved up to±0.1μs and punctual accuracy is better than 1μs/min. The device satisfies the technical requirements for electrical power system time synchronization, which has practical application value.
本文首先阐述了卫星双模授时技术的原理，并对北斗和GPS系统的授时精度进行了测试。通过分析测试数据，验证了北斗和GPS系统的时钟用作电力系统和自动化装置时间同步源的可行性。接着，本文利用北斗接收机、GPS接收机和外部IRIG-B码作为系统的外同步信号，互为热备用。采用多同步源自适应同步技术，保证了北斗/GPS双模同步系统的可靠性和稳定性。然后，本文采用了基于数字移相技术的时间间隔测量方法和PI控制算法，完成了本地晶振的频率校准。通过对IRIG-B码编码方式的研究，完成了IRIG-B码的解码与编码。采用模块化设计，实现了可满足IEEE STD 1344-1995标准的IRIG-B (DC)码、时间报文(RS-232)、SNTP网络授时、光纤和告警等多种信息的输出接口。
研制的北斗/GPS双模同步系统已经通过“国家电网公司自动化设备电磁兼容实验室”和“电力工业电力系统自动化设备质量检验测试中心”的检验，表明系统的时间同步精度优于±0.1μs，守时精度优于1μs/min,符合电网时间同步系统技术要求，具有一定的实用价值和推广应用价值。
With comprehensive application of modern electrical power system, a strict clock synchronization is required various systems and automation devices, such as dispatching automation systems, microcomputer relay protection devices, sequence of events recording devices, remote devices, computer data exchanging network. Currently, the time synchronization technology used in electrical power system of China is mainly based on the satellite timing of the American Global Positioning System (GPS). The electrical power system using GPS timing reference, which a distributed network relates to people's livelihood, is a potential safety hazard. Considering the security and stability of the electrical power system, we studies the electrical power system clock synchronization technology which is based on the Bei-dou and GPS dual-mode timing, accord with the electrical Power systems time synchronization of the technical specification in the paper.
At first, the principle of the satellite dual-mode timing service technology is explained, and the precision of time service of Bei-dou and GPS system has been tested. By analyzing the test data, we verify the feasibility that the clock of GPS and Bei-dou system is used as time synchronization source of the electrical power system and automation devices. Then, Bei-dou receiver, GPS receiver and external IRIG-B code use as the external sync signal, hot spare of each other. The adaptation technologies of Multi-Sync Source is adopt the system, to ensure the reliability and stability of Bei-dou and GPS dual-mode synchronous system. The system adopts a measurement method of the time interval based on digital phase-shifting technique and PI control algorithm for adjustment, completing the frequency calibration of local oscillator. By a study of the IRIG-B code encoding, the system implements the IRIG-B code decoding and encoding. With the modular design, it realizes the IRIG-B (DC) Code, the time packet information (RS-232), SNTP network time service, fiber and alarm information and other output interfaces, to satisfy the IEEE STD 1344-1995 standard.
Bei-dou and GPS dual-mode synchronization system has been tested by the "Automation Equipment EMC Lab. of State Grid Co." and "The Quality Inspection & Test Center of Power Industry for Automation Equipment". The time synchronization accuracy of the system is improved up to±0.1μs and punctual accuracy is better than 1μs/min. The device satisfies the technical requirements for electrical power system time synchronization, which has practical application value.
引文
[1]许其凤．GPS卫星导航与精密定位．第1版．北京：解放军出版社，1989，1-2
[2]周忠谟，易杰军，周琪．GPS卫星测量原理与应用．第1版．北京：测绘出版社，1992,5-10
[3]张守信．GPS卫星测量定位理论与应用．长沙：国防科技大学出版社，1996
[4]Moore P, Crossley P. GPS applications in power systems:Ⅰ. Introduction to GPS.Power Engineering Journal,1999,13(1):33-39
[5]郭际明．GPS与GLONASS最新发展．测绘信息与工程，2002，27(2)：28-30
[6]Daly P. Navstar GPS and GLONASS:global satellite navigation systems. Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal,1993,5(6):349-357
[7]Daly P. Time transfer using GPS/GLONASS code phase. Precise Time and Frequency-the Beat of a Single Drum, IEE Colloquium. London.1992. UK: Leeds University,1992.1-4
[8]童宝润．时间统一技术．第1版．北京：国防工业出版社,2004，1-5
[9]于跃海，张道农，胡永辉．等．电力系统时间同步方案．电力系统自动化，2008，32(7)：82-86
[10]Phadke A G. Synchronized phasor measurements in power system. IEEE Computer Application in Power,1993,4:10-15
[11]Cease T W, Feldhaus B. Real-time monitoring of the TVA power system. IEEE Computer Application in Power,1994,7(3):47-51
[12]徐丙垠，李桂义，李京等．接收GPS卫星信号的电力系统同步时钟．电力系统自动化，1995，19(3)：44-47
[13]Jodice J A. End-to-End transient simulation for protection system performance testing. International Conference on Electrical Power System Protection and Local Control, Beijing.1994. CHINA:1994.359-362
[14]于跃海．张道农．胡永辉等．电力系统时间同步方案[J]．电力系统自动化．2008．32(7)： 82-86
[15]王燕山，李运华，刘恩朋等．以太网时间同步技术的研究进展及其应用．测控技术，2007，26(4)：4-6
[16]MILLS D L. Network time protocol(Version 3)specification, implementation and analysis. RFC 1305,1992
[17]MILLS D L. Simple network time protocol(SNTP). RFC 1769,1995
[18]IEEE Std 1588-2000 IEEE standard for a precision clock synchronization protocol for networked measurement and control systems.2000
[19]刘基余．GPS卫星导航定位原理与方法．第1版．北京．科学出版社，2003，77-82
[20]潘颖欣．GPS定位导航和授时产品的开发：[南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文]．南京：南京航空航天大学，2002，17-19
[21]隋艺．北斗卫星和伪卫星组合定位系统研究：[西北工业大学硕士学位论文]．西安：西北工业大学，2004，5-11
[22]杜雪涛，李楠，刘杰．北斗与GPS双授时在TD-SCDMA中的应用．电信工程技术与标准化，2007，(7)：5-7
[23]马煦，瞿稳科，韩玉宏等．卫星导航系统授时精度分析与评估．电讯技术，2007,47(2)：112-115
[24]刘利．相对论时间比对理论与高精度时间同步技术：[解放军信息工程大学博士学位论文]．郑州：解放军信息工程大学，2004，80-106
[25]徐欣，于红旗，易凡等．基于FPGA的嵌入式系统设计．第1版．北京：机械工业出版社，2004，44-50
[26]徐志军，徐光辉．CPLD/FPGA的开发与应用．第1版．北京：电子工业出版社，2002，38-60
[27]孟宪元，钱伟庚等．FPGA嵌入式系统设计．第1版．北京：电子工业出版社，2007，37-40
[28]谢登科，徐端颐，齐国生等．基于数字移相的高精度脉宽测量系统及其FPGA实现．电子技术应用，2005，(6)：6-8
[29]孙杰，潘继飞．高精度时间间隔测量方法综述．计算机测量与控制，2007，15(2)：145-148
[30]刘莉，李署坚，邵定蓉．一种基于FPGA用游标法实现的时间间隔测定器．遥测遥控，2005，(5)：19-20
[31]PSomnath Paul. Low-overhead design technique for calibration of maximum frequency at multiple operating points. In:Proc of IEEE International Conference on Computer-aided design. San Jose,2007,401-404
[32]杨旭海，翟惠生，胡永辉等．基于新校频算法的可驯铷钟系统研究．仪器仪表学报，2005，1(26)：41-44
[33]侯同强，刘峰，沈达正．采用GPS对铷原子频标进行校频．飞行器测控学报，2007，4(26)：85-89
[34]赵军祥，李建辉，常青等．GPS授时校频方法研究与试验结果．北京航空航天大学学报，2004，8(30)：762-766
[35]李俊强，和军平，孔祥兵．GPS校频系统的优化带宽设计．电子测量与仪器学报，2009，1(23)：32-36
[36]陈仕进．时间同步方法研究．测控技术，2005，(4)：51-53
[37]Vyacheslav I V, lllya E K, Irina P C. Accurate Time Synchronization for Digital Communication Network. Microwave & Telecommunication Technology,2007: 259-260
[38]Itagaki D, Ohashi K, Saga M, et al. Development of high resolution and high reliability time synchronizing signal distribution technique for substation systems. Developments in Power System Protection,2004,2(2):714-717
[39]曾亮，孟庆杰，徐伟．利用GPS驯服校频技术提高晶振性能．计量技术，2008，(5)：6-8
[40]燕斌，赵飞．基于GPS授时的异地同步数据采集系统．电子技术，2008，21(12)：46-49
[41]李展，张莹，周渭．基于单片机和GPS信号的校频系统．时间频率学报，2005，1(28)：68-75
[42]张华桦．基于FPGA的直接数字频率合成技术设计与实现．国外电子元器件，2003，(12)：30-35
[43]张莹，周渭，梁志荣．基于GPS锁定高稳晶体振荡器技术的研究．宇航计测技术．2005．25(1)：54-58．
[44]谢仁祥．IRIG-B码解码及网络校时的实现：[四川大学硕士学位论文]．成都：四川大学，2006，50-55
[45]彭楚武．微机原理与接口技术．第1版．长沙：湖南大学出版社,2005，212-217
[2]周忠谟，易杰军，周琪．GPS卫星测量原理与应用．第1版．北京：测绘出版社，1992,5-10
[3]张守信．GPS卫星测量定位理论与应用．长沙：国防科技大学出版社，1996
[4]Moore P, Crossley P. GPS applications in power systems:Ⅰ. Introduction to GPS.Power Engineering Journal,1999,13(1):33-39
[5]郭际明．GPS与GLONASS最新发展．测绘信息与工程，2002，27(2)：28-30
[6]Daly P. Navstar GPS and GLONASS:global satellite navigation systems. Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal,1993,5(6):349-357
[7]Daly P. Time transfer using GPS/GLONASS code phase. Precise Time and Frequency-the Beat of a Single Drum, IEE Colloquium. London.1992. UK: Leeds University,1992.1-4
[8]童宝润．时间统一技术．第1版．北京：国防工业出版社,2004，1-5
[9]于跃海，张道农，胡永辉．等．电力系统时间同步方案．电力系统自动化，2008，32(7)：82-86
[10]Phadke A G. Synchronized phasor measurements in power system. IEEE Computer Application in Power,1993,4:10-15
[11]Cease T W, Feldhaus B. Real-time monitoring of the TVA power system. IEEE Computer Application in Power,1994,7(3):47-51
[12]徐丙垠，李桂义，李京等．接收GPS卫星信号的电力系统同步时钟．电力系统自动化，1995，19(3)：44-47
[13]Jodice J A. End-to-End transient simulation for protection system performance testing. International Conference on Electrical Power System Protection and Local Control, Beijing.1994. CHINA:1994.359-362
[14]于跃海．张道农．胡永辉等．电力系统时间同步方案[J]．电力系统自动化．2008．32(7)： 82-86
[15]王燕山，李运华，刘恩朋等．以太网时间同步技术的研究进展及其应用．测控技术，2007，26(4)：4-6
[16]MILLS D L. Network time protocol(Version 3)specification, implementation and analysis. RFC 1305,1992
[17]MILLS D L. Simple network time protocol(SNTP). RFC 1769,1995
[18]IEEE Std 1588-2000 IEEE standard for a precision clock synchronization protocol for networked measurement and control systems.2000
[19]刘基余．GPS卫星导航定位原理与方法．第1版．北京．科学出版社，2003，77-82
[20]潘颖欣．GPS定位导航和授时产品的开发：[南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文]．南京：南京航空航天大学，2002，17-19
[21]隋艺．北斗卫星和伪卫星组合定位系统研究：[西北工业大学硕士学位论文]．西安：西北工业大学，2004，5-11
[22]杜雪涛，李楠，刘杰．北斗与GPS双授时在TD-SCDMA中的应用．电信工程技术与标准化，2007，(7)：5-7
[23]马煦，瞿稳科，韩玉宏等．卫星导航系统授时精度分析与评估．电讯技术，2007,47(2)：112-115
[24]刘利．相对论时间比对理论与高精度时间同步技术：[解放军信息工程大学博士学位论文]．郑州：解放军信息工程大学，2004，80-106
[25]徐欣，于红旗，易凡等．基于FPGA的嵌入式系统设计．第1版．北京：机械工业出版社，2004，44-50
[26]徐志军，徐光辉．CPLD/FPGA的开发与应用．第1版．北京：电子工业出版社，2002，38-60
[27]孟宪元，钱伟庚等．FPGA嵌入式系统设计．第1版．北京：电子工业出版社，2007，37-40
[28]谢登科，徐端颐，齐国生等．基于数字移相的高精度脉宽测量系统及其FPGA实现．电子技术应用，2005，(6)：6-8
[29]孙杰，潘继飞．高精度时间间隔测量方法综述．计算机测量与控制，2007，15(2)：145-148
[30]刘莉，李署坚，邵定蓉．一种基于FPGA用游标法实现的时间间隔测定器．遥测遥控，2005，(5)：19-20
[31]PSomnath Paul. Low-overhead design technique for calibration of maximum frequency at multiple operating points. In:Proc of IEEE International Conference on Computer-aided design. San Jose,2007,401-404
[32]杨旭海，翟惠生，胡永辉等．基于新校频算法的可驯铷钟系统研究．仪器仪表学报，2005，1(26)：41-44
[33]侯同强，刘峰，沈达正．采用GPS对铷原子频标进行校频．飞行器测控学报，2007，4(26)：85-89
[34]赵军祥，李建辉，常青等．GPS授时校频方法研究与试验结果．北京航空航天大学学报，2004，8(30)：762-766
[35]李俊强，和军平，孔祥兵．GPS校频系统的优化带宽设计．电子测量与仪器学报，2009，1(23)：32-36
[36]陈仕进．时间同步方法研究．测控技术，2005，(4)：51-53
[37]Vyacheslav I V, lllya E K, Irina P C. Accurate Time Synchronization for Digital Communication Network. Microwave & Telecommunication Technology,2007: 259-260
[38]Itagaki D, Ohashi K, Saga M, et al. Development of high resolution and high reliability time synchronizing signal distribution technique for substation systems. Developments in Power System Protection,2004,2(2):714-717
[39]曾亮，孟庆杰，徐伟．利用GPS驯服校频技术提高晶振性能．计量技术，2008，(5)：6-8
[40]燕斌，赵飞．基于GPS授时的异地同步数据采集系统．电子技术，2008，21(12)：46-49
[41]李展，张莹，周渭．基于单片机和GPS信号的校频系统．时间频率学报，2005，1(28)：68-75
[42]张华桦．基于FPGA的直接数字频率合成技术设计与实现．国外电子元器件，2003，(12)：30-35
[43]张莹，周渭，梁志荣．基于GPS锁定高稳晶体振荡器技术的研究．宇航计测技术．2005．25(1)：54-58．
[44]谢仁祥．IRIG-B码解码及网络校时的实现：[四川大学硕士学位论文]．成都：四川大学，2006，50-55
[45]彭楚武．微机原理与接口技术．第1版．长沙：湖南大学出版社,2005，212-217