杨树人工林土壤微生物量氮、磷和酶活性研究
摘要
为了探讨杨树人工林生长和连栽过程中地力衰退的机理,本文在江苏省宿迁市泗洪县陈圩林场根据该林场的实际栽培情况选择五个相邻的杨树人工林样地(黏土1代6年生、黏土1代10年生、黏土2代5年生、黏土2代8年生、砂土1代4年生)和农田无林地构成不同林龄和不同连栽代次以及土壤质地不同的实验林比较系列,研究林地土壤微生物量氮(Microbial biomass Nitrogen,简称MB-N)、微生物量磷(Microbial biomass Phosphorus,简称MB-P)和土壤酶活性及其年动态规律,结合土壤MB-N、MB-P和土壤酶活性与土壤重要理化性质相关关系的分析,以期揭示杨树人工林生长和连栽地力下降的原因,为当地的杨树栽培管理和杨树产业的长期健康发展提供一些基础数据。研究结果表明:
1.不同林龄和连栽代次杨树人工林土壤MB-N含量范围为17.40 mg/kg～41.68 mg/kg,平均约为29.92 mg/kg;MB-P含量范围为9.98 mg/kg～18.80 mg/kg,平均约为14.74 mg/kg;脲酶的活性范围为59.78 ug/g～156.17 ug/g,平均约为82.48 ug/g;蛋白酶的活性范围为2.97～4.99 ug/g,平均约为4.00 ug/g。
2.研究表明,不同林龄土壤MB-N、MB-P的含量、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性均随着栽培年龄的增加而减少的趋势。
3.研究表明,不同栽培土壤MB-N、MB-P的含量、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性均随着栽培代次的增加而减少的趋势。
4不同栽培土壤MB-N、MB-P的含量、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性均随着土层增加而减少。即出现表层土(0～10 cm)>亚表层土(10～20 cm)>深层土(20～40 cm).
5 MB-N含量、MB-P含量和酶活性季节性变化明显,土壤MB-N含量和MB-含量P从2月至12月的变化趋势均表现出先减少后增加的变化趋势,最低值出现在8月份和10月份。酶活性从2月到12月呈现“高-低-高-低-高”的变化趋势,最低值出现在8月份和10月份。
6.土壤质地不同土壤MB-N和MB-P变化差异明显,土壤酶活性的变化也存在较大差异。
7土壤MB-N含量、MB-P含量和酶活性与土壤的理化性质存在着一定的相关关系。
8不同林地土壤中MB-N、MB-P均表现极显著正相关关系,MB-N和脲酶均表现正相关关系,MB-P与脲酶表现极显著正相关关系;MB-P与蛋白酶表现正相关关系,脲酶和蛋白酶之间表现极显著相关。
In order to explore the mechanism of soil fertility degradation in the different successive rotations of poplar plantations, the poplar plantations with the different ages and different rotations (Farmland, the first rotation of six-year-old, the first rotation of ten-year-old, the second rotation of five-year-old and the second of eight-year-old) and the different soil texture were selected to study their soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MB-N), microbial biomass phosphorus (MB-P) and soil enzymes activities as well as their annual dynamics in Sihong County, Suqian City, Jiangsu province in this paper. To explore the reason of soil fertility degradation in different successive rotations of poplar plantatons ,the poplar plantation with the different ages,to provide some basic data for the poplar management and poplar industry.The main results were showed as follow:
1. The content of soil MB-N in poplar plantations was between 17.40 mg/kg～41.68 mg/kg,average is 29.92 mg/kg,MB-P in poplar plantations was between 9.98 mg/kg～18.80 mg/kg,average is14.74 mg/kg,urease activities in poplar plantations was between59.78 ug/g～156.17 ug/g,average is 82.48 ug/g and protein activities in poplar plantations was between 2.97 ug/g,～4.99 ug/g,average is 4.00 ug/g.
2. The content of soil MB-N, MB-P and enzymes activities in poplar plantations were obviously decreased with the increase of poplar plantation ages.
3. Studies show that the MB-N,MB-P of different ages and different passages showd a decreacing trend with the increasing generations.
4. Studies show that the MB-N,MB-P of different ages and different passages showd a decreacing trend with the increasing soil depth,as top soil>subsurface soil>deep soil.
5.The seasonal changes of MB-N ,MB-P and enzyme activity were obvious,MB-N and MB-P showed a trend of ruducing to increasing from February to December,the minmum value were in August and October; enzyme activity showed a trend of‘high- low-high-low-high’, the minmum value were in August and October.
6.MB-N and MB-P in different ages and passages has significant changes,The changes of soil enzyme activities were quite too.
7. MB-N ,MB-P and enzyme activity showed positive correlation with the soil physical and chemical properties.
8.In different plantation soil,MB-N,MB-P all showed highly significant positive correlation;MB-N and urease all showed a positive correlation;MB-P and urease all showed highly significant positive correlation;MB-P and protein showed positive correlation;urease and protein showed highly significant positive correlation.
1.不同林龄和连栽代次杨树人工林土壤MB-N含量范围为17.40 mg/kg～41.68 mg/kg,平均约为29.92 mg/kg;MB-P含量范围为9.98 mg/kg～18.80 mg/kg,平均约为14.74 mg/kg;脲酶的活性范围为59.78 ug/g～156.17 ug/g,平均约为82.48 ug/g;蛋白酶的活性范围为2.97～4.99 ug/g,平均约为4.00 ug/g。
2.研究表明,不同林龄土壤MB-N、MB-P的含量、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性均随着栽培年龄的增加而减少的趋势。
3.研究表明,不同栽培土壤MB-N、MB-P的含量、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性均随着栽培代次的增加而减少的趋势。
4不同栽培土壤MB-N、MB-P的含量、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性均随着土层增加而减少。即出现表层土(0～10 cm)>亚表层土(10～20 cm)>深层土(20～40 cm).
5 MB-N含量、MB-P含量和酶活性季节性变化明显,土壤MB-N含量和MB-含量P从2月至12月的变化趋势均表现出先减少后增加的变化趋势,最低值出现在8月份和10月份。酶活性从2月到12月呈现“高-低-高-低-高”的变化趋势,最低值出现在8月份和10月份。
6.土壤质地不同土壤MB-N和MB-P变化差异明显,土壤酶活性的变化也存在较大差异。
7土壤MB-N含量、MB-P含量和酶活性与土壤的理化性质存在着一定的相关关系。
8不同林地土壤中MB-N、MB-P均表现极显著正相关关系,MB-N和脲酶均表现正相关关系,MB-P与脲酶表现极显著正相关关系;MB-P与蛋白酶表现正相关关系,脲酶和蛋白酶之间表现极显著相关。
In order to explore the mechanism of soil fertility degradation in the different successive rotations of poplar plantations, the poplar plantations with the different ages and different rotations (Farmland, the first rotation of six-year-old, the first rotation of ten-year-old, the second rotation of five-year-old and the second of eight-year-old) and the different soil texture were selected to study their soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MB-N), microbial biomass phosphorus (MB-P) and soil enzymes activities as well as their annual dynamics in Sihong County, Suqian City, Jiangsu province in this paper. To explore the reason of soil fertility degradation in different successive rotations of poplar plantatons ,the poplar plantation with the different ages,to provide some basic data for the poplar management and poplar industry.The main results were showed as follow:
1. The content of soil MB-N in poplar plantations was between 17.40 mg/kg～41.68 mg/kg,average is 29.92 mg/kg,MB-P in poplar plantations was between 9.98 mg/kg～18.80 mg/kg,average is14.74 mg/kg,urease activities in poplar plantations was between59.78 ug/g～156.17 ug/g,average is 82.48 ug/g and protein activities in poplar plantations was between 2.97 ug/g,～4.99 ug/g,average is 4.00 ug/g.
2. The content of soil MB-N, MB-P and enzymes activities in poplar plantations were obviously decreased with the increase of poplar plantation ages.
3. Studies show that the MB-N,MB-P of different ages and different passages showd a decreacing trend with the increasing generations.
4. Studies show that the MB-N,MB-P of different ages and different passages showd a decreacing trend with the increasing soil depth,as top soil>subsurface soil>deep soil.
5.The seasonal changes of MB-N ,MB-P and enzyme activity were obvious,MB-N and MB-P showed a trend of ruducing to increasing from February to December,the minmum value were in August and October; enzyme activity showed a trend of‘high- low-high-low-high’, the minmum value were in August and October.
6.MB-N and MB-P in different ages and passages has significant changes,The changes of soil enzyme activities were quite too.
7. MB-N ,MB-P and enzyme activity showed positive correlation with the soil physical and chemical properties.
8.In different plantation soil,MB-N,MB-P all showed highly significant positive correlation;MB-N and urease all showed a positive correlation;MB-P and urease all showed highly significant positive correlation;MB-P and protein showed positive correlation;urease and protein showed highly significant positive correlation.
引文
[1]Alef K,Kleiner D. Arginine ammonification,a simple method to estimate microbial activity potential in soil[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry,1986.18,23～235.
[2]Alexander M.Soil Microbiology.Beijing:Science Press,1983:22～31.
[3]Anderson J P E,Domsch K H. A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of mierobial biomass in soil[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry,1978,10,215～221.
[4]Bardgett R D ,Shine A. Linkages between plant litter diversiy ,soil microbial biomass and ecosystem function in temperate grasslands[J].Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry ,1999, 31:317～321.
[5]Bauhus,Barthel R.Mechanisms for carbon and nutrient release and retention in beech forest gaps:The role of soil microbial biomass[J].Plant and Soil, 1995,169:585～592.
[6]Brookes P C.Landman A,et al.Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen:a rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1985,17:837～842.
[7] Brooks P C,Powlson D S. Measurement of microbial biomass phosphorus in soil [J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry,1982,14:319～329.
[8]Burns R G. Soil Enzymes Academic Press[M].New York, 1978.
[9]Charter M ,Mattingly G.et al. Changes in organic phosphorus contents in soils from long continued experiments at Rothamsted and saxmundham[J] .Rothamsted and saxmundham Station, 1980,41～61.
[10]Chen W X. Soil Microbiology.inSoil and Enviroment.Beijing:Beijing Agriculture University Press,1990:18～21(inChinese).
[11]Clark F E,Pawl E A. The microflora of grassland[J].Adv. Agron.,1970(22): 375～435.
[12]Cole L C. Protect the friendly microbes[J].Fragile breath of life.1966,46～47.
[13]Diaz-Ravina M.Seasonal changes in microbial biomass and nutrient flush in forest soils[J]. Biology Fertility of Soils,1995,19:220～226.
[14]Dick R P, Breakwill D,et al. Soil enzyme activities and biodiversity measurements as integrating biological indicators[J]. In Doran etal. Handbook of Methods for Assessment of Soil Quality. SSSA Special Pub 49 soil SciSoc Am Spec Publ, MadisonWI,1996, 242～272.
[15]Franzluebbers A J,Hons F M,et al.Soil organic carbon microbial biomass,and mineralizble carbon and nitrogen in sorghum[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1995,59:460～466.
[16]Franzluebbers A J,Hons F M,et al. Seasonal changes in soil microbialbiomass and minerblize and in wheat management systems[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry. 1994,26:1469～1475.
[17]Garcia F O,Rice C W.Microbial biomass dynamics in tall grass prairie[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58:816～823.
[18]Garland J L, Mills A L. Classification and characterization of heterotrophic microbial communities of on the basis of pattens of community-level sole-carbon-source utilization[J]. Appli Environ Microbiol, 1991,57: 2351～2359.
[19]Hattensclmviler S, Tiunov A V ,et al. Biodiversiy and litter decomposition interrestrial ecosystems [J].Annu .Rev.Ecol.Evol.Svst,2005,36:191～218.
[20]Hendrieks C W , Pascoe N,Soil mierobial biomass estimates using 2450 MHz microwave irradiation[J].Plant soil,1988,110:39～47.
[21]Hoffmann E. Photometrische Methode zur Bestimmung der Phosphatase-Aktivitat in Boden[J]. ZP flanzenernaehr Boednkd,1967,118: 193～198.
[22]Holmes W E,Zak D R.Soil microbial biomass dynamics and nitrogen mineralization in Northern Hardwood ecosystems[J].Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal,1994,58:238～243.
[23]Jenkinson D S,Brookes P C,et al.Measuring soil microbial biomass[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:5～7.
[24]Jonasson S,Michelsen A,et al. ResPonses in soil microbes and Plants tochanged temperature,nutrient and light regimes in the Arctic[J].Ecology,1999,80,1828～1843.
[25]Jenkinson D S, Ladd J N. Microbial biomass in soil:Measurement and turnover in Soil Biochem[M]. NewYork,1981,5,pp.415～471.
[26]Jenkinson D S, Powlson D S. The effects of bioeidal treatments on metal bolism in soil-V.A method for measuring soil biomass[J].Soil Biol.& Bioehem.l976,8:189～202.
[27]Kaiser K A,Martens R ,et al.Temporal changes in soil microbial biomass carbon in an arable soil .Consequence for soilsampling [J].Plant and Soil,1995,170:287～295.
[28]Klemedtsson L, Berg P , et al. Microbial nitrogen transformation in the root environment of barley[J] . Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry , 1987,19:551～558.
[29]Ladd J N,Amato M. RelationshiP between microbial biomass Carbon insoil sand absorbance (260nm)of extracts of fumigated soils[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry,1989.21:457～459.
[30]Ladd J N.Amato M ,et al. Differential effect of rotation ,plant residues and nitrogen fertilizer on microbial biomass and organic in Australian Alfisol[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry, 1994, 26:821～822.
[31]Landgraf D,Klose S.Mobile and readily available C and N fraetions and their relationship to mierobia biomass and selected enzyme activities in a sandy soil under different management system[J].Soil Seience,2002,165:9～16.
[32]Marinucci A C , Hobbie J E,et al. Effect of litter nitrogen on decomposition and microbial biomass in Spartina altemiflora[J].Microb Eco,1983,l9:27～40.
[33]Monz C A , Reuss D E,et al.Soil mierobial biomass carbon and nitrogen estimates using 2450 MHz microwave irradiation or chloroform fumigation followed by direet extraction Agrie[J]. Ecosys. Environ,1991,34:55～63.
[34]Paul E A,Juma N G. Mineralization and mobilization of soil nitrogen by microbial biomass[J].Ecology Bulletin, 1981,179～204.
[35]Powlson D S,Jenkinson D S.Acomparison of the organicmatte,biomass,adnosione triphosphate and mineralizeable nitrogen contents of ploughed and direct-drilled soils[J] . Agricultural Science, 1981,97:713～721.
[36]Puri G , and Barraclough D. Comparison of 2450 MHz microwave radiation and chloroformfumigation-extraction to estimate soil microbial biomass nitrogen using 15N-Labelling[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry,1993,25:521～522.
[37]Ragbubansbi A S. Dynamainics of soil biomass C,N and P in a dry tropical forest in India[J]. Biology and Fertiliy of Soil,1991,12:55～59.
[38]Reek T. Mikrobilogische and biochemische Charakterisierung landwirschaftlich genutzter Boden: I. Mit. Die Ermittlung der Bobenmikrobiologischen Kennzahl[J]. Z Pflanzenernachr Bordenkd,1984,147:456～66.
[39]Rogers B F,Tate R L. Temporal analysis of the soil microbial community along a top sequence in pineland soil[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry, 2002,33:1389～1401.
[40]Saratbcbandra S U , Perrott K W,et al. Soil microbial biomass: influence of simulated temperature changes on size,activiy and nutrient content[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry , 1989,21:987～993.
[41]Singh J S,et al. Microbial biomass acts as a source of plant nutrients in dry tropical forest and savanna[J].Nature,1989,338:449～500.
[42]Smith J L.Cycling of nitrogen through microbial activity.In:Hatfield J L,Stewart B A(eds.),soil biology effect on soil quality[M],CRC Press,Inc.,USA,1994,911～920.
[43]Smolander A ,Kurka A,et al 1994,Microbial biomass C and N ,and respiratory activity in soil of repeatedly limed and N-and-P-fertilized Norway Spruce stands[J].S Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry, 26:957～962.
[44]Speir T W,etal.Spatial variation of biochemical properties in a uniform soil under grassland pasture[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry, 1984,16(2):153～160.
[45]Speir T W, Cowling J C ,et al.Effeets of mierowave radiation on the mierobial biomass,phosphatase activity and levels of extraetable N and P in a low fertility soil under Pasture[J]. Soil Bioehem ,1986,18:377～382.
[46]Stevenson F J.Cyclesofsoil:carbon,nitrogen,phoshorus,sulfur,micronutrients,John Wiley &Sons[M].New york,1989.
[47]Tabstabai M A, Bremner J M. Assay of urease activity in soil[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry, 1972, 4: 479～487.
[48]Traute H A, Domsch K H. Application of eco-physiological quotients (qCO2 and qD) on microbial biomasss from soils of different cropping histories [J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry,1990, 22(2): 251～255.
[49]Vance E D , et al.Microbial biomass measurements in forest soil:the use of the chloroform fumigation-incubation method in strongly acid soils [J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry, 1987,22:697～702.
[50]Vanee E D,et al.An extraction method for measuring soil mierobial biomass C[J].Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry,1987,19:703～707.
[51]Vance E D,Brookes P C.Jenkinson D S.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19:703～707.
[52]Van G M,Lad J N,et al. Microbial biomassres Ponses to seasonal change and in Posod drying regimes at inereasing depths of undisturbed top soil Profiles[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry, 1992,24,103～111.
[53]Visser S, Parkinjson D. Soil biological criteria as indicators of soil quality: soil microorganisms[J]. Am J Altern Agric,1992,7:33～37.
[54]Wardle D A. A comparative assessment of factors which influence microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen levels in soil[J].Biological Reviews.1992,67,321～358.
[55]Wardle D A,D parkinson. Interactions between microclimatic variables and the soil microbial biomass[J].Biology and Fertiliy of soils ,1990,9:273～280
[56]Witter E,Martnsson A M,et al. Size of soil microbial biomass in a long term experiments affected by different N-fertilizers and organic manures[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry , 1993, 25:659～669.
[57]Zagal E.Effeets of microwave radiation on earbon and nitrogen mineralization in soil[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry,1989,21:603～605.
[58]Zhang C B,Jin Z X,et al. Microflora and microbial quotient values of soils in different forest types on TianTai mountain in ZheJiang[J].Ecol, 2003,22(2):28～31.
[59]A.D.麦克拉伦,G.H.彼得森等,关松荫,王维敏译.土壤生物化学[M].北京:农业出版社,1984, 206～222.
[60]陈华癸编著.土壤微生物学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1979,311～314.
[61]陈国潮,何振立.红壤不同利用方式下的微生物量研究[J].土壤通报,1998,29(6):276～278.
[62]陈国潮,何振立,等.菜茶果园红壤MB-P与土壤磷以及磷植物有效性之间的关系研究[J].土壤学报,2001,38(1):75～80.
[63]程东升.森林微生物生态学[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1993.1～329.
[64]傅懋毅,方敏瑜.竹林养分循环-毛竹纯林的叶凋落物及其分解[J].林业科学研究,1989, 2(3):207～213.
[65]高云超,朱文珊.秸秆覆盖免耕土壤微生物生物量与养分转化的研究[J].中国农业科学,1994, 27(6):41～49.
[66]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[67]郭继勋.羊草草原土壤微生物的数量和生物量[J].生态学报,1997,17(1):79～82.
[68]何振立.土壤微生物量及其在养分循环和环境质量评价中的意义[J].土壤,1997,(2):61～69.
[69]洪坚平,谢英荷.不同施肥条件土壤微生物量的研究[J].山西农业大学学报,1996,16(1):19～21.
[70]侯光炯.农业土壤学[M],成都:四川科技出版社,2000:143～210.
[71]胡荣桂.农药污染与土壤微生物[J].环境污染与防治,1993,15(3):24～27.
[72]焦如珍,杨承栋,等.衫木人工林不同发育阶段林下植被、土壤微生物、酶活性及养分的变化[J].林业科学研究,1997,10(4):373～-379.
[73]李阜棣.当代土壤微生物学的活跃研究领域[J].土壤学报,1993,30(3):229～236.
[74]李阜棣,喻子牛,等.农业徽生物学实验技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996,305～306.
[75]李世清,李生秀.土壤微生物体氮测定方法的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(1):75～83.
[76]李世清,李生秀,2001,有机物肥料在维持土壤微生物体氮库中的作用.生态学报,21(1):136～142.
[77]李勇.试论土壤酶活性与土壤肥力[J].土壤通报,1989,20(4):190～193.
[78]李世清,任书杰,等.土壤微生物体氮的季节性变化及其与土壤水分和温度的关系[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(1):18～23.
[79]李志辉,李跃林,等.桉树林地土壤酶分布特点及其活性变化研究[J].中南林学院学报,2000, 20(3):29～33.
[80]廖晓勇,张杨珠.农田生态系统中土壤氮素行为的研究现状与展望.西南农业学报,2001,14(3):94～98.
[81]廖仰南.草原生态系统的土墩微生物生态[J].中国草地,1999,3:21～29.
[82]林先贵.土壤微生物的研究进展和发展方向[J].土壤,1991,23(4):210～213.
[83]林启美.土壤微生物生物量测定的简单方法-精氨酸氨化分析[J].生态学报,1999,l9(l):45～50.
[84]林启美.精氨酸氨化法干扰因素分析[J].生态学杂志,1998,17(2):68～70.
[85]刘满强,胡锋,等.退化红壤不同植被恢复下土壤微生物量季节动态及其指示意义[J].土壤学报, 2003,40(6):937～943.
[86]刘建军,余仲东,等.油松与锐齿栋林土壤微生物生物里初步研究[J].陕西林业科技,2001,(2):7～10.
[87]朴河春,等.贵州山区土壤中微生物生物量是能源物质碳流动的源与汇[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(1):33～37.
[88]沈宏,曹志洪,等.施肥对不同农田土壤微生物活性的影响[J].农村生态环境,1997,13(4):29～35.
[89]沈其荣,王岩,等.土壤微生物量和土壤固定态铵的变化及水稻对残留N的利用[J].土壤学报,2000,37(3):330～338.
[90]沈其荣,王岩,等.土壤微生物量及其生态效应[J].南京农业大学学报,1996,19(4),45～51.
[91]谭周进,汤海涛,等.秸秆还田栽培晚稻土壤微生物动态研究[J].湖南农业科技,2001,4:30～33.
[92]田育军,林杉,2000,长期不同施肥土壤微生物态氮作为土壤供氮指标的研究.甘肃农业大学学报,35(1):24～28.
[93]陶水龙,林启美,等.土壤微生物量研究方法进展[J].土壤肥料,1998(5).
[94]王红,周大迈.土壤肥力分级的酶活性指标研究进展[J].河北农业大学学报,2002,25:60～62.
[95]魏鸿刚,李元广.一种快速的活菌计数新方法研究[J].微生物学通报,2002,29(2):89～93.
[96]吴金水.微生物生物量在土壤-植物生态系统养分循环中的作用[A].第二届微量元素与食物链学术讨论会论文集[C].北京:中国农业出版社,1999,61～66.
[97]王敬国,植物营养的土壤化学[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1995:92～106.
[98]夏北成.植被对土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(3):296～300.
[99]肖慈英,阮宏华,等.宁镇山区不同森林土壤生物学特性的研究[J].应用生态学报,2002, 13(9): 1077～1081.
[100]肖剑英,张磊.长期免耕稻田的土壤微生物与肥力关系的研究[J].河南农业大学学报,24(1):2002,82～85.
[101]谢龙莲,陈秋波,等.环境变化对土壤微生物的影响[J].热带农业科学,2004,24(3):39～45.
[102]许景伟,王卫东,等.不同类型黑松混交林土壤微生物、酶及其与土壤养分关系的研究[J].北京林业大学学报, 2000, 22(1):51～55.
[103]许光辉.土壤徽生物分析方法手册[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[104]许光辉,郑洪元.土壤微生物分析手册[M].北京:农业出版社,1986:91～109.
[105]薛立,陈红跃,等.马占相思纯林及袖木纯林土壤养分、微生物和酶活性的研究[J].华南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,23(2):12.
[106]薛立,邝立刚,等.不同林分土壤养分、微生物与酶活性的研究[J].土壤学报,2003 , 40 ( 2 ): 280～285.
[107]闫德仁,刘永军.落叶松人工林土壤肥力与微生物含量的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,1996,24(3):46～50.
[108]杨万勤,王开运.森林土壤酶研究进展[J].林业科学,2004,40(2):152～160.
[109]杨涛,徐慧,等.樟子松林下土壤养分、微生物及酶活性的研究[J].土壤通报, 2006,(02):253～257.
[110]张成娥,陈小莉,等.子午岭林区不同环境土壤微生物生物量与肥力关系研究[J].生态学报,1998, 18(2):218～222.
[111]张鼎华,陈由强.森林土壤酶与土壤肥力[J].林业科技通讯,1987,1(4):1～3.
[112]张海燕,张旭东,等.土壤微生物测定方法概述[J].微生物学杂志, 2005,25(4):95～99.
[113]张猛,张键.林地土壤微生物、酶活性的研究进展[J].四川农业大学学报,2003,21(4):347～351.
[114]张萍.西双版纳次生林土壤微生物生态分布及其生化特性的研究[J].生态学杂志,1995,14(1):21～26.
[115]张其水,俞新妥.杉木连栽林地营造混交林后土壤微生物的季节性动态研究[J].生态学报,1990, 10(2):121～125.
[116]张其水,俞新妥.杉木连栽地土壤微生物的季节动态研究[J].生态学报,1990,10(2):121～125.
[117]周建斌,陈竹君,等.土壤MB-N含量、矿化特性及供氮作用[J].生态学报,2001,21(10):1718～1725.
[118]周礼恺.土壤酶学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[2]Alexander M.Soil Microbiology.Beijing:Science Press,1983:22～31.
[3]Anderson J P E,Domsch K H. A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of mierobial biomass in soil[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry,1978,10,215～221.
[4]Bardgett R D ,Shine A. Linkages between plant litter diversiy ,soil microbial biomass and ecosystem function in temperate grasslands[J].Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry ,1999, 31:317～321.
[5]Bauhus,Barthel R.Mechanisms for carbon and nutrient release and retention in beech forest gaps:The role of soil microbial biomass[J].Plant and Soil, 1995,169:585～592.
[6]Brookes P C.Landman A,et al.Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen:a rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1985,17:837～842.
[7] Brooks P C,Powlson D S. Measurement of microbial biomass phosphorus in soil [J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry,1982,14:319～329.
[8]Burns R G. Soil Enzymes Academic Press[M].New York, 1978.
[9]Charter M ,Mattingly G.et al. Changes in organic phosphorus contents in soils from long continued experiments at Rothamsted and saxmundham[J] .Rothamsted and saxmundham Station, 1980,41～61.
[10]Chen W X. Soil Microbiology.inSoil and Enviroment.Beijing:Beijing Agriculture University Press,1990:18～21(inChinese).
[11]Clark F E,Pawl E A. The microflora of grassland[J].Adv. Agron.,1970(22): 375～435.
[12]Cole L C. Protect the friendly microbes[J].Fragile breath of life.1966,46～47.
[13]Diaz-Ravina M.Seasonal changes in microbial biomass and nutrient flush in forest soils[J]. Biology Fertility of Soils,1995,19:220～226.
[14]Dick R P, Breakwill D,et al. Soil enzyme activities and biodiversity measurements as integrating biological indicators[J]. In Doran etal. Handbook of Methods for Assessment of Soil Quality. SSSA Special Pub 49 soil SciSoc Am Spec Publ, MadisonWI,1996, 242～272.
[15]Franzluebbers A J,Hons F M,et al.Soil organic carbon microbial biomass,and mineralizble carbon and nitrogen in sorghum[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1995,59:460～466.
[16]Franzluebbers A J,Hons F M,et al. Seasonal changes in soil microbialbiomass and minerblize and in wheat management systems[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry. 1994,26:1469～1475.
[17]Garcia F O,Rice C W.Microbial biomass dynamics in tall grass prairie[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58:816～823.
[18]Garland J L, Mills A L. Classification and characterization of heterotrophic microbial communities of on the basis of pattens of community-level sole-carbon-source utilization[J]. Appli Environ Microbiol, 1991,57: 2351～2359.
[19]Hattensclmviler S, Tiunov A V ,et al. Biodiversiy and litter decomposition interrestrial ecosystems [J].Annu .Rev.Ecol.Evol.Svst,2005,36:191～218.
[20]Hendrieks C W , Pascoe N,Soil mierobial biomass estimates using 2450 MHz microwave irradiation[J].Plant soil,1988,110:39～47.
[21]Hoffmann E. Photometrische Methode zur Bestimmung der Phosphatase-Aktivitat in Boden[J]. ZP flanzenernaehr Boednkd,1967,118: 193～198.
[22]Holmes W E,Zak D R.Soil microbial biomass dynamics and nitrogen mineralization in Northern Hardwood ecosystems[J].Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal,1994,58:238～243.
[23]Jenkinson D S,Brookes P C,et al.Measuring soil microbial biomass[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:5～7.
[24]Jonasson S,Michelsen A,et al. ResPonses in soil microbes and Plants tochanged temperature,nutrient and light regimes in the Arctic[J].Ecology,1999,80,1828～1843.
[25]Jenkinson D S, Ladd J N. Microbial biomass in soil:Measurement and turnover in Soil Biochem[M]. NewYork,1981,5,pp.415～471.
[26]Jenkinson D S, Powlson D S. The effects of bioeidal treatments on metal bolism in soil-V.A method for measuring soil biomass[J].Soil Biol.& Bioehem.l976,8:189～202.
[27]Kaiser K A,Martens R ,et al.Temporal changes in soil microbial biomass carbon in an arable soil .Consequence for soilsampling [J].Plant and Soil,1995,170:287～295.
[28]Klemedtsson L, Berg P , et al. Microbial nitrogen transformation in the root environment of barley[J] . Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry , 1987,19:551～558.
[29]Ladd J N,Amato M. RelationshiP between microbial biomass Carbon insoil sand absorbance (260nm)of extracts of fumigated soils[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry,1989.21:457～459.
[30]Ladd J N.Amato M ,et al. Differential effect of rotation ,plant residues and nitrogen fertilizer on microbial biomass and organic in Australian Alfisol[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry, 1994, 26:821～822.
[31]Landgraf D,Klose S.Mobile and readily available C and N fraetions and their relationship to mierobia biomass and selected enzyme activities in a sandy soil under different management system[J].Soil Seience,2002,165:9～16.
[32]Marinucci A C , Hobbie J E,et al. Effect of litter nitrogen on decomposition and microbial biomass in Spartina altemiflora[J].Microb Eco,1983,l9:27～40.
[33]Monz C A , Reuss D E,et al.Soil mierobial biomass carbon and nitrogen estimates using 2450 MHz microwave irradiation or chloroform fumigation followed by direet extraction Agrie[J]. Ecosys. Environ,1991,34:55～63.
[34]Paul E A,Juma N G. Mineralization and mobilization of soil nitrogen by microbial biomass[J].Ecology Bulletin, 1981,179～204.
[35]Powlson D S,Jenkinson D S.Acomparison of the organicmatte,biomass,adnosione triphosphate and mineralizeable nitrogen contents of ploughed and direct-drilled soils[J] . Agricultural Science, 1981,97:713～721.
[36]Puri G , and Barraclough D. Comparison of 2450 MHz microwave radiation and chloroformfumigation-extraction to estimate soil microbial biomass nitrogen using 15N-Labelling[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry,1993,25:521～522.
[37]Ragbubansbi A S. Dynamainics of soil biomass C,N and P in a dry tropical forest in India[J]. Biology and Fertiliy of Soil,1991,12:55～59.
[38]Reek T. Mikrobilogische and biochemische Charakterisierung landwirschaftlich genutzter Boden: I. Mit. Die Ermittlung der Bobenmikrobiologischen Kennzahl[J]. Z Pflanzenernachr Bordenkd,1984,147:456～66.
[39]Rogers B F,Tate R L. Temporal analysis of the soil microbial community along a top sequence in pineland soil[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry, 2002,33:1389～1401.
[40]Saratbcbandra S U , Perrott K W,et al. Soil microbial biomass: influence of simulated temperature changes on size,activiy and nutrient content[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry , 1989,21:987～993.
[41]Singh J S,et al. Microbial biomass acts as a source of plant nutrients in dry tropical forest and savanna[J].Nature,1989,338:449～500.
[42]Smith J L.Cycling of nitrogen through microbial activity.In:Hatfield J L,Stewart B A(eds.),soil biology effect on soil quality[M],CRC Press,Inc.,USA,1994,911～920.
[43]Smolander A ,Kurka A,et al 1994,Microbial biomass C and N ,and respiratory activity in soil of repeatedly limed and N-and-P-fertilized Norway Spruce stands[J].S Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry, 26:957～962.
[44]Speir T W,etal.Spatial variation of biochemical properties in a uniform soil under grassland pasture[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry, 1984,16(2):153～160.
[45]Speir T W, Cowling J C ,et al.Effeets of mierowave radiation on the mierobial biomass,phosphatase activity and levels of extraetable N and P in a low fertility soil under Pasture[J]. Soil Bioehem ,1986,18:377～382.
[46]Stevenson F J.Cyclesofsoil:carbon,nitrogen,phoshorus,sulfur,micronutrients,John Wiley &Sons[M].New york,1989.
[47]Tabstabai M A, Bremner J M. Assay of urease activity in soil[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry, 1972, 4: 479～487.
[48]Traute H A, Domsch K H. Application of eco-physiological quotients (qCO2 and qD) on microbial biomasss from soils of different cropping histories [J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry,1990, 22(2): 251～255.
[49]Vance E D , et al.Microbial biomass measurements in forest soil:the use of the chloroform fumigation-incubation method in strongly acid soils [J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry, 1987,22:697～702.
[50]Vanee E D,et al.An extraction method for measuring soil mierobial biomass C[J].Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry,1987,19:703～707.
[51]Vance E D,Brookes P C.Jenkinson D S.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19:703～707.
[52]Van G M,Lad J N,et al. Microbial biomassres Ponses to seasonal change and in Posod drying regimes at inereasing depths of undisturbed top soil Profiles[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry, 1992,24,103～111.
[53]Visser S, Parkinjson D. Soil biological criteria as indicators of soil quality: soil microorganisms[J]. Am J Altern Agric,1992,7:33～37.
[54]Wardle D A. A comparative assessment of factors which influence microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen levels in soil[J].Biological Reviews.1992,67,321～358.
[55]Wardle D A,D parkinson. Interactions between microclimatic variables and the soil microbial biomass[J].Biology and Fertiliy of soils ,1990,9:273～280
[56]Witter E,Martnsson A M,et al. Size of soil microbial biomass in a long term experiments affected by different N-fertilizers and organic manures[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry , 1993, 25:659～669.
[57]Zagal E.Effeets of microwave radiation on earbon and nitrogen mineralization in soil[J]. Soil Bioligy and Biochemistry,1989,21:603～605.
[58]Zhang C B,Jin Z X,et al. Microflora and microbial quotient values of soils in different forest types on TianTai mountain in ZheJiang[J].Ecol, 2003,22(2):28～31.
[59]A.D.麦克拉伦,G.H.彼得森等,关松荫,王维敏译.土壤生物化学[M].北京:农业出版社,1984, 206～222.
[60]陈华癸编著.土壤微生物学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1979,311～314.
[61]陈国潮,何振立.红壤不同利用方式下的微生物量研究[J].土壤通报,1998,29(6):276～278.
[62]陈国潮,何振立,等.菜茶果园红壤MB-P与土壤磷以及磷植物有效性之间的关系研究[J].土壤学报,2001,38(1):75～80.
[63]程东升.森林微生物生态学[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1993.1～329.
[64]傅懋毅,方敏瑜.竹林养分循环-毛竹纯林的叶凋落物及其分解[J].林业科学研究,1989, 2(3):207～213.
[65]高云超,朱文珊.秸秆覆盖免耕土壤微生物生物量与养分转化的研究[J].中国农业科学,1994, 27(6):41～49.
[66]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[67]郭继勋.羊草草原土壤微生物的数量和生物量[J].生态学报,1997,17(1):79～82.
[68]何振立.土壤微生物量及其在养分循环和环境质量评价中的意义[J].土壤,1997,(2):61～69.
[69]洪坚平,谢英荷.不同施肥条件土壤微生物量的研究[J].山西农业大学学报,1996,16(1):19～21.
[70]侯光炯.农业土壤学[M],成都:四川科技出版社,2000:143～210.
[71]胡荣桂.农药污染与土壤微生物[J].环境污染与防治,1993,15(3):24～27.
[72]焦如珍,杨承栋,等.衫木人工林不同发育阶段林下植被、土壤微生物、酶活性及养分的变化[J].林业科学研究,1997,10(4):373～-379.
[73]李阜棣.当代土壤微生物学的活跃研究领域[J].土壤学报,1993,30(3):229～236.
[74]李阜棣,喻子牛,等.农业徽生物学实验技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996,305～306.
[75]李世清,李生秀.土壤微生物体氮测定方法的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(1):75～83.
[76]李世清,李生秀,2001,有机物肥料在维持土壤微生物体氮库中的作用.生态学报,21(1):136～142.
[77]李勇.试论土壤酶活性与土壤肥力[J].土壤通报,1989,20(4):190～193.
[78]李世清,任书杰,等.土壤微生物体氮的季节性变化及其与土壤水分和温度的关系[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(1):18～23.
[79]李志辉,李跃林,等.桉树林地土壤酶分布特点及其活性变化研究[J].中南林学院学报,2000, 20(3):29～33.
[80]廖晓勇,张杨珠.农田生态系统中土壤氮素行为的研究现状与展望.西南农业学报,2001,14(3):94～98.
[81]廖仰南.草原生态系统的土墩微生物生态[J].中国草地,1999,3:21～29.
[82]林先贵.土壤微生物的研究进展和发展方向[J].土壤,1991,23(4):210～213.
[83]林启美.土壤微生物生物量测定的简单方法-精氨酸氨化分析[J].生态学报,1999,l9(l):45～50.
[84]林启美.精氨酸氨化法干扰因素分析[J].生态学杂志,1998,17(2):68～70.
[85]刘满强,胡锋,等.退化红壤不同植被恢复下土壤微生物量季节动态及其指示意义[J].土壤学报, 2003,40(6):937～943.
[86]刘建军,余仲东,等.油松与锐齿栋林土壤微生物生物里初步研究[J].陕西林业科技,2001,(2):7～10.
[87]朴河春,等.贵州山区土壤中微生物生物量是能源物质碳流动的源与汇[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(1):33～37.
[88]沈宏,曹志洪,等.施肥对不同农田土壤微生物活性的影响[J].农村生态环境,1997,13(4):29～35.
[89]沈其荣,王岩,等.土壤微生物量和土壤固定态铵的变化及水稻对残留N的利用[J].土壤学报,2000,37(3):330～338.
[90]沈其荣,王岩,等.土壤微生物量及其生态效应[J].南京农业大学学报,1996,19(4),45～51.
[91]谭周进,汤海涛,等.秸秆还田栽培晚稻土壤微生物动态研究[J].湖南农业科技,2001,4:30～33.
[92]田育军,林杉,2000,长期不同施肥土壤微生物态氮作为土壤供氮指标的研究.甘肃农业大学学报,35(1):24～28.
[93]陶水龙,林启美,等.土壤微生物量研究方法进展[J].土壤肥料,1998(5).
[94]王红,周大迈.土壤肥力分级的酶活性指标研究进展[J].河北农业大学学报,2002,25:60～62.
[95]魏鸿刚,李元广.一种快速的活菌计数新方法研究[J].微生物学通报,2002,29(2):89～93.
[96]吴金水.微生物生物量在土壤-植物生态系统养分循环中的作用[A].第二届微量元素与食物链学术讨论会论文集[C].北京:中国农业出版社,1999,61～66.
[97]王敬国,植物营养的土壤化学[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1995:92～106.
[98]夏北成.植被对土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(3):296～300.
[99]肖慈英,阮宏华,等.宁镇山区不同森林土壤生物学特性的研究[J].应用生态学报,2002, 13(9): 1077～1081.
[100]肖剑英,张磊.长期免耕稻田的土壤微生物与肥力关系的研究[J].河南农业大学学报,24(1):2002,82～85.
[101]谢龙莲,陈秋波,等.环境变化对土壤微生物的影响[J].热带农业科学,2004,24(3):39～45.
[102]许景伟,王卫东,等.不同类型黑松混交林土壤微生物、酶及其与土壤养分关系的研究[J].北京林业大学学报, 2000, 22(1):51～55.
[103]许光辉.土壤徽生物分析方法手册[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[104]许光辉,郑洪元.土壤微生物分析手册[M].北京:农业出版社,1986:91～109.
[105]薛立,陈红跃,等.马占相思纯林及袖木纯林土壤养分、微生物和酶活性的研究[J].华南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,23(2):12.
[106]薛立,邝立刚,等.不同林分土壤养分、微生物与酶活性的研究[J].土壤学报,2003 , 40 ( 2 ): 280～285.
[107]闫德仁,刘永军.落叶松人工林土壤肥力与微生物含量的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,1996,24(3):46～50.
[108]杨万勤,王开运.森林土壤酶研究进展[J].林业科学,2004,40(2):152～160.
[109]杨涛,徐慧,等.樟子松林下土壤养分、微生物及酶活性的研究[J].土壤通报, 2006,(02):253～257.
[110]张成娥,陈小莉,等.子午岭林区不同环境土壤微生物生物量与肥力关系研究[J].生态学报,1998, 18(2):218～222.
[111]张鼎华,陈由强.森林土壤酶与土壤肥力[J].林业科技通讯,1987,1(4):1～3.
[112]张海燕,张旭东,等.土壤微生物测定方法概述[J].微生物学杂志, 2005,25(4):95～99.
[113]张猛,张键.林地土壤微生物、酶活性的研究进展[J].四川农业大学学报,2003,21(4):347～351.
[114]张萍.西双版纳次生林土壤微生物生态分布及其生化特性的研究[J].生态学杂志,1995,14(1):21～26.
[115]张其水,俞新妥.杉木连栽林地营造混交林后土壤微生物的季节性动态研究[J].生态学报,1990, 10(2):121～125.
[116]张其水,俞新妥.杉木连栽地土壤微生物的季节动态研究[J].生态学报,1990,10(2):121～125.
[117]周建斌,陈竹君,等.土壤MB-N含量、矿化特性及供氮作用[J].生态学报,2001,21(10):1718～1725.
[118]周礼恺.土壤酶学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.