光化学氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液研究
|
摘要
垃圾渗滤液是垃圾填埋过程中的产物，是一种高浓度有毒有害有机废水，其水质水量变化大、成份复杂，而且随着垃圾填埋年龄的增加，垃圾渗滤液将发生稳定化作用，使生物降解性变差，其处理问题一直是个世界性的难题。以产生强氧化性羟基自由基为主要氧化剂的光化学氧化工艺，能在非常短的时间内降解污染物，在处理有机废水中有着广泛的应用前景。
本文系统研究了光化学氧化工艺(UV／O_3、UV／H_2O_2、UV／H_2O_2／O_3)处理稳定化垃圾渗滤液的效果和相关的影响因素。垃圾渗滤液来源于西安市江村沟垃圾填埋场，主要水质指标为：pH8.2、COD2628mg／L、BOD_5430mg／L、NH_3-N3100mg／L、色度800倍、碱度(CaCO_3)13000mg／L，光化学氧化前进行了氨吹脱预处理。结果表明，[O_3]=1.4g／(L·h)，UV／O_3氧化2.5hCOD去除率为55～80％、NH_3-N去除率＞96％、色度去除率100％；[H_2O_2]=1～8g／L，UV／H_2O_2氧化3hCOD去除率为19～38％、NH_3-N去除率为18～27％、色度去除率＞50％；[O_3]=1.4g／(L·h)、[H_2O_2]／[O_3]=0.1～1.0，UV／H_2O_2／O_3氧化2.5hCOD去除率为65～86％、NH_3-N去除率＞96％、色度去除率100％。说明光化学氧化工艺对垃圾渗滤液具有良好的处理效果。
该垃圾渗滤液的BOD_5／COD值小于0.19，经UV／O_3预氧化处理后([O_3]=450mg／L)，BOD_5／COD值升高至0.4左右，生物降解性得到很大改善。应用超滤膜分离技术测定垃圾渗滤液中有机物分子量分布的结果表明，垃圾渗滤液中有机物主要为分子量大于10KD(＞83％)的大分子有机物，经过UV／O_3氧化后转化为分子量小于3KD(＞98％)的小分子有机物。同时，间歇式活性污泥筛选法试验结果证明，UV／O_3工艺的预氧化效果十分明显，能显著改善垃圾渗滤液的生物降解性，从而有利于后续生物处理。
建立了UV／O_3工艺氧化垃圾渗滤液的拟一级反应动力学模型，并证明动力学模型符合实际。
In this dissertation, laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the efficacies to treat stabilized landfill leachate, by several photochemical oxidation processes, such as UV/H2O2, UV/O3, and UV/H2O2/O3. The leachate came from a municipal sanitary landfill located in northwest China and the average values of its main parameters were: pH8.2; COD2628mgL-1; BOD5430mgL-1; NH3-N3100mgL-1. NH3-N of raw leachate was initially desorbed at pH11.0, and then the photochemical oxidation processes were applied. The results showed only 18~27%COD removal was reached by UV/H2O2 with hydrogen peroxide doses between 1 and 8gL-1, however, 55~80%COD removal was obtained by UV/O3 with an ozone dosage of 3.5gL-1, and 65~86%COD removal was achieved by UV/H2O2/O3 with an ozone dosage of 3.5gL-1 in the presence of hydrogen peroxide doses between 0.35 and 3.5 gL-1.
Biodegradability of landfill leachate, measured as BOD5/COD, increased from less than 0.19 to nearly 0.4 by UV/O3 with an ozone dosage of 450 mgL-1. UF separation showed that the predominant COD distribution before and after UV/O3 oxidation were higher than10KD(>83%) and lower than 3KD(>98%) respectively, which revealed the significant reduction of nonbiodegradable organic matters of leachate. In addition, results of Batch Activated Sludge processes treatment showed a substantial argument for the increase on biodegradability of oxidized leachate, which demonstrated that UV/O3 would be beneficial to the subsequent biological treatment processes.
A Pseudo-first-order kinetics model for COD removal by UV/O3 was proposed and proved.
本文系统研究了光化学氧化工艺(UV／O_3、UV／H_2O_2、UV／H_2O_2／O_3)处理稳定化垃圾渗滤液的效果和相关的影响因素。垃圾渗滤液来源于西安市江村沟垃圾填埋场，主要水质指标为：pH8.2、COD2628mg／L、BOD_5430mg／L、NH_3-N3100mg／L、色度800倍、碱度(CaCO_3)13000mg／L，光化学氧化前进行了氨吹脱预处理。结果表明，[O_3]=1.4g／(L·h)，UV／O_3氧化2.5hCOD去除率为55～80％、NH_3-N去除率＞96％、色度去除率100％；[H_2O_2]=1～8g／L，UV／H_2O_2氧化3hCOD去除率为19～38％、NH_3-N去除率为18～27％、色度去除率＞50％；[O_3]=1.4g／(L·h)、[H_2O_2]／[O_3]=0.1～1.0，UV／H_2O_2／O_3氧化2.5hCOD去除率为65～86％、NH_3-N去除率＞96％、色度去除率100％。说明光化学氧化工艺对垃圾渗滤液具有良好的处理效果。
该垃圾渗滤液的BOD_5／COD值小于0.19，经UV／O_3预氧化处理后([O_3]=450mg／L)，BOD_5／COD值升高至0.4左右，生物降解性得到很大改善。应用超滤膜分离技术测定垃圾渗滤液中有机物分子量分布的结果表明，垃圾渗滤液中有机物主要为分子量大于10KD(＞83％)的大分子有机物，经过UV／O_3氧化后转化为分子量小于3KD(＞98％)的小分子有机物。同时，间歇式活性污泥筛选法试验结果证明，UV／O_3工艺的预氧化效果十分明显，能显著改善垃圾渗滤液的生物降解性，从而有利于后续生物处理。
建立了UV／O_3工艺氧化垃圾渗滤液的拟一级反应动力学模型，并证明动力学模型符合实际。
In this dissertation, laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the efficacies to treat stabilized landfill leachate, by several photochemical oxidation processes, such as UV/H2O2, UV/O3, and UV/H2O2/O3. The leachate came from a municipal sanitary landfill located in northwest China and the average values of its main parameters were: pH8.2; COD2628mgL-1; BOD5430mgL-1; NH3-N3100mgL-1. NH3-N of raw leachate was initially desorbed at pH11.0, and then the photochemical oxidation processes were applied. The results showed only 18~27%COD removal was reached by UV/H2O2 with hydrogen peroxide doses between 1 and 8gL-1, however, 55~80%COD removal was obtained by UV/O3 with an ozone dosage of 3.5gL-1, and 65~86%COD removal was achieved by UV/H2O2/O3 with an ozone dosage of 3.5gL-1 in the presence of hydrogen peroxide doses between 0.35 and 3.5 gL-1.
Biodegradability of landfill leachate, measured as BOD5/COD, increased from less than 0.19 to nearly 0.4 by UV/O3 with an ozone dosage of 450 mgL-1. UF separation showed that the predominant COD distribution before and after UV/O3 oxidation were higher than10KD(>83%) and lower than 3KD(>98%) respectively, which revealed the significant reduction of nonbiodegradable organic matters of leachate. In addition, results of Batch Activated Sludge processes treatment showed a substantial argument for the increase on biodegradability of oxidized leachate, which demonstrated that UV/O3 would be beneficial to the subsequent biological treatment processes.
A Pseudo-first-order kinetics model for COD removal by UV/O3 was proposed and proved.
引文
[1] 金奇庭，张希衡，王志盈．合成有机物在厌氧生物处理中的抑制特性研究[J]．西安冶金建筑学院学报．1991，9：1-12
[2] 钱易，汤鸿霄，文湘华等．水体颗粒物和难降解有机物的特性与控制技术原理(下卷)[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2000
[3] 钟理，陈建军．高级氧化处理有机废水技术进展[J]．工业水处理，2002，22(1)：1-5
[4] Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, 4th Edition[M]. McGraw-Hill, 2002
[5] Rice, R. G. Ozone Reference Guide, Prepared for the Electric Power Research Institute, Community Environment Center, St. Louis, MO
[6] Fujishima. A, Honda. K. Photolysis-decomposition of water at the surface of an irradiated semiconductor[J]. Nature 1972, 37(238)
[7] J. Hoigné, H. Bader. Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water-Ⅰ. Non-dissociating organic compounds[J]. Wat. Res. 1983, 17: 173-183
[8] Glaze, W. H., J. -W. Kang. Chemical models of advanced oxidation processes, proceedings symposium on advanced oxidation processes[M]. Wastewater Technology Center of Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada, 1990
[9] Glaze, W. H., J. -W. Kang, D. H. Chapin. The chemistry of water treatment processes involving Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Ultraviolet Radiation[J]. Ozone Sci.Eng. 1987, 9(4): 335-342
[10] 雷乐成，汪大翠．水处理高级氧化技术[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2001
[11] Rajagopalan Venkatadri, Robert W. Peter. Ultraviolet light/Hydrogen Peroxide, Fenton reagent, and Titanium Dioxide-Assisted Photocatalysis[J]. Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1993
[12] 孙德智．环境工程中的高级氧化技术[M]．北京：化学工业出版社．2002
[13] M. Cristina Yeber, Jaime Rodríguez, Juanita Freer, et al. Advanced oxidation of a pulp mill bleaching wastewater[J]. Chemosphere. 1999, 39(10): 1679-1688
[14] A. Wenzel, A. Gahr, R. Niessner. Toe-removal and degradation of pollutants in leachate using a thin-film photoreactor [J]. Wat. Res. 1999, 33(4): 937-946
[15] 吕锡武，孔青春．紫外—微臭氧处理饮用水中有机优先污染物[J]．中国环境科学，1997，17(4)：377-380
[16] 姜安玺，徐桂琴，于尔捷．UV-O_3水深度净化技术的研究[J]．哈尔滨建筑大学学报．1999, 32(6)：
12-15
[17] Laura Sánchez, Josē Peral, Xavier Domènech. Aniline degradation by combined photocatalysis and ozonation[J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 1998, 19: 59-65
[18] Sandra Gomes de Moraes, Renato Sanches, Freire, Nelson Durán. Degradation and toxicity reduction of textile effluent by combined photocatalytic and ozonation processes[J]. Chemosphere. 2000, 40: 369-373
[19] Y. H. Chen, C. Y. Chang, S. F. Huang, et al. Decomposition of 2-naphthalenesulfonate in aqueous solution by ozonation with UV radiation[J]. Water Research 2002, 36: 4144-4154
[20] Jesus Beltran-Heredia, Joaquin Torregrosa, Joaquin R. Dominguez, et al. Comparison of the degradation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in aqueous solution by several oxidation processes[J]. Chemospere. 2001, 42: 351-359
[21] Ki-Hoon Kang, Hyun Sang Shin, Heekyung Park. Characterization of humie substances present in landfill leachates with different landfill ages and its implications[M]. Wat. Res. 2002, 36: 4023-4032
[22] Chih-Hsiang Liao, Ming-ehun Lu, Shyh-Hsiung Su. Role of cupric ions in the H_O_2/UV oxidation of humic acids[J]. Chemosphere. 2001, 44: 913-919
[23] Eva Piera, Juan C. Calpe, Enric Brillas, et al. 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation by atalyzed ozonation: TiO_2/UVA/O_3 and Fe(II)/UVA/O_3 systems [J]. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2000, 27: 169-177
[24] Idil Arslan Alaton, Isil Akmehmet Balcioglu, Detlef W. Bahnemann. Advanced oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent: comparison of O_3, H_2O_2/UV-C and TiO_2/UV-A processes[J]. Wat. Res. 2002, 36: 1143-1154
[25] R. Bauer, G. Waldner(1999) The photo-fenton reaction and the TIO_2/UV process for waste water treatment—novel developments. Catalysis today. 1999, 53: 131-144.
[26] 何杰，刘玉林．UV—H_2O_2法去除亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮的研究[J]．环境科学研究，1999，12(1)
[27] 薛向东．废水光催化处理特性及高效光催化反应器研究[D]。西安建筑科技大学博士学位论文，2002
[28] 程沧沧，肖忠海，胡德文等．UV／TiO_2-Fenton试剂系统处理制药废水的研究[J]．环境科学研究，2001，14(2)：34-36
[29] 娄性义．固体废物的处理与利用[M]. 北京：冶金工业出版社，1996，1
[30] 王华．二恶英零排放化城市生活垃圾焚烧技术[M]．北京：冶金工业出版社，2001
[31] 张夫道．城市垃圾的现状与对策分析[J]．环境科学。1988，9(1)：58-62
[32] 唐鸿寿，王如松等．城市生活垃圾处理与管理[M]．北京：气象出版社，2002，115
[33] 张瑞久．城市固体废物的收运与处理[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1988
[34] 钱学德，郭志平等．现代卫生填埋场的设计与施工[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001
[35] Wong M H, Cheung Y H, Cheung C L. Theeffects of ammonia and ethylene oxide in animal manure and sewage sludge on the seed germination and root growth of Brassica parachinensis[J]. Environ. Pollut. Ser A, 1983, 30: 109-123
[36] Wong M H, Chu L M, Chan W C. The effects of heavy metals and ammonia in sewage sludge and animal manure on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa[J]. Environ. Pollut. Ser A, 1984, 34: 55-71
[37] Wong M H, Yu C T, Leung C K. Ecological monitoring of Gin Drinkers' Bay Landfill [M]. Final Report submitted to Hong Kong Government through EBC(HK) Environmental Consultants. 1987
[38] 方满，刘东，匡毅．垃圾渗滤液对蚕豆根尖细胞微核效应的研究[J]．应用与环境生物学报．1999，5(6)：574-577
[39] 郑铣鑫．城市垃圾处理场对地下水的污染[M]．环境科学．1989，10(3)：89-92
[40] 陈志诚，王伊明．垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染负荷的估算[J]．上海环境科学．1989，8(3)：11-14
[41] R. K. Ham and J. J. Booker, Decomposition of Solid Waste in Test Lysimeters[J]. J. Envir. Engrg. 1982, 108(6): 1147-1170
[42] 郑曼英．垃圾渗滤液中有机污染物初探[J]．重庆环境科学．1996，18(4)：15-16
[43] Cecilia Oman, Per Ake Hynning. Identification of Organic Compounds in Municipal Landfill Leachate[J]. Environmental Pollution. 1993, 80: 265-271
[44] 沈耀良，张建平，王惠民．苏州七子山垃圾填埋场渗滤液水质变化及处理工艺方案研究[J]．给水排水，2000，26(5)：22-25
[45] 胡慧青，周启星．天子岭垃圾填埋场渗滤液的治理及其工艺改进[J]．污染防治技术．1998(11)：62-64
[46] 徐迪民等．低氧-好氧两段活性污泥法处理垃圾填埋场渗滤水的研究[J]．中国环境科学．1989(4)：311-315
[47] J. Dollerer, P. A. wilderer. Biological Treatment of Leachate from Hazardous Waste Landfill Using SBBR Technology[J]. Wat. Sci. Tech. 1996, 34: 437-444
[48] Peter J. Keenan, Jon Iza, Michael S. Switzenbaum. Inorganic Solids Development in a Pilotscale Anaerobic Reactor Treating Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate[J]. Water Environ. Res, 1993, 65: 181-88
[49] 王宝贞等．A(缺氧活性污泥)B／(A／O淹没式生物膜)复合系统处理垃圾填埋场渗沥液[J]．给水排水，1996(5)：15-18
[50] 黄群贤等．厌氧-好氧生物法处理垃圾场渗滤液的研究[J]．河北工业科技，1999，16(4)：1-3
[51] 申欢．城市垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液污染治理研究[M]．西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文，2002
[52] Amokrane A. et al. Landfill leachate pretreatment by coagulation-flocculation[J]. Water Res. 1997, 31(11): 2775-2782
[53] Chian E S K. et al. Sanitary landfill leachates and their treatment[J]. JEE, 1976, 102EES(2): 411-431
[54] Scott M P. Leachate treatment options [J]. Solid Waste Manage, 1981, 10(1): 13-24
[55] 沈耀良，王宝贞．垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理特性的分析[J]．江苏环境科技．1999，2：5-7
[56] 沈耀良，杨铨大，王宝贞．垃圾渗滤液的混凝一吸附预处理研究[J]．中国给水排水．1999，15(11)：10-14
[57] 赵庆良，李湘中．化学沉淀法清除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮[J]．环境科学．1999，9：91-92
[58] 王鹏等．垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的电化学氧化[J]。中国环境科学．2000，20(4)：289-291
[59] 罗建中．光催化氧化法处理垃圾填埋场渗滤液的研究[J]．环境污染与防治．2001，23(2)：63-65
[60] 张晖．填埋场渗滤液水质特征在Fenton处理过程中的变化[J]．环境科学研究．2002，15(2)：63-65
[61] Thomas A. Peters. Purification of landfill leachate with reverse osmosis and nanofiitration[J]. Desalination. 1998, 119: 289-293
[62] Angelo Chianese, Rolando Ranauro, Nicola Verdone. Treatment of landfill leachate by reverses osmosis[J]. Wat. Res. 1999, 33(3): 647-652,
[63] 卢成洪等．回灌法处理城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液[J]．上海环境科学，1997，16(1)：38-40
[64] 徐迪民．垃圾填埋场渗滤液回灌技术的研究，Ⅰ垃圾渗滤液填埋场回灌的影响因素[J]．同济大学学报．1995，23(4)：371-375
[65] 李建国．垃圾填埋场渗滤液回灌技术的研究，Ⅱ填埋场对渗滤液净化能力的研究[J]．同济大学学报．1997，25(2)：195-199
[66] M. EL—Fadel. Leachate recirculation effects on settlement and bio-degradation rates in MSW landfills[J]. Envrion. Tech. 1999, 20: 121-133
[67] 陈玉成、陈小龙、皮广洁．城市生活垃圾渗滤液土地处理的模拟研究[J]．城市环境与城市生态．2001，14(2)：19-21
[68] Craig D. Martin, Keith D. Johnson. The use of extended aeration and in-Series Surface-Flow wetlands for landfill leachate treatment[J]. Wat Sci Tech.1995, 32: 119-128
[69] Craig D. Martin, Keith D. Johnson. et al. Performance of a constructed wetland leachate treatment system at the chunchula landfill, Mobile County, Alabama[J]. Wat. Sci. Tech. 1999, 40(3): 67-74
[70] Jolanta Bohdziewicz, Michal Bodzek, Joanna Go'rska. Application of pressure-driven membrane techniques to biological treatment of landfill leachate[J]. Process Biochemistry. 2001, 36: 641-646
[71] Sheng H．LIN，Chih C．Chang．Treatment of landfill leachate by combined electro-Fenton oxidation and sequencing batch reactor method[J]．Wat．Res．2000，34(17)：4243-4249，
[72] BYUNG-UK BAE，EUI-SUK JUNG，YU-RIKIM. et al. Treatment of landfill leachate using activated sludge process and electron-beam radiation[J]．Wat．Res．1999, 33(11)：2669-2673
[73] 严煦世．水和废水技术研究[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1991
[74] 储金宇，吴春笃，陈万金等．臭氧技术及应用[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2002
[75] 陈甘棠．化学反应工程[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，1989
[76] 石枫华，马军．臭氧化和臭氧催化氧化工艺的除污性能[J]．中国给水排水．2004，20(3)：1-4
[77] Mattias A Kesson, Peter Nilsson. Seasonal changes of leachate production and quality from test-ceils[J]. J. Environ. Eng. 1997, 10: 892-900
[78] Urs Von Gunten. Ozonation of drinking water: Part Ⅰ. Oxidation kinetics and product formation[J]. Wat. Res. 37(2003): 1443-1467
[79] Nilsun H Lance. Light-Enhanced Chemical Oxidation for Tertiary Treatment Of municipal Landfill Leachate[J]. Wat. Environ. Res. 1998, 70(6): 1161-1169
[80] 国家环保局．水和废水监测分析方法第三版[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1997
[81] 谭小萍，王国生，汤克敏．光催化法深度处理垃圾渗滤液的影响因素[M]．中国给水排水．1999，15(5)：52-54
[82] J. Hoigné, H. Bader, Haag WR et al, Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water-Ⅲ. Inorganic compounds and radicals[J]. Wat. Res. 1985, 19: 993-1004
[83] G. Rice et al, Uses of ozone in drinking water treatment[J]. J. AWWA. 1981, 73(1): 44-56
[84] 徐新华，赵伟荣．水和废水的臭氧处理[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2003
[85] Masten S J, J. Hoigné. Comparison of ozone and hydroxyl radical-induced oxidation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in water [J]. Ozone Sci. Eng. 1992, 14: 197-214
[86] David W. Ferguson et al. Applying Ozone For Organics Control and Disinfection: A Utility Perspective. J. AWWA. 1995, 87(1): 64-71
[87] Jerry J. Wu, Chih-Chao Wu, Hong-Wen Ma et al. Treatment of land. ll leachate by ozone-based advanced oxidation processes[J]. chemosphere. 2004, 55: 997-1003
[88] 许保玖，龙腾锐．当代给水与废水处理原理第二版[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2001
[89] J. Hoigné, H. Bader. Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water-Ⅱ. Dissociating organic compounds[J]. Wat. Res. 1983, 17: 184-195
[90] 蒋展鹏，杨宏伟，孙立新等．有机物好氧生物降解性的综合测试评价方法[J]．环境科学．1999，11(6)：1-13
[91] 何菲，袁星，赵元慧等。有机物生物降解性QSBR／SBR方法初探[J]．环境科学进展．1999，7(6)：84-93
[92] 唐森本，王欢畅，葛碧洲等．环境有机污染化学[M]．1997
[93] 王占生，刘文君．微污染水源饮用水处理[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[94] W．W．Eckenfelder，D．L. Ford著．同济大学给水排水教研室译．水污染控制实验[M]．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1981
[95] W．W．Eckenfelder著．工业水污染控制活性污泥法[M]．
[96] 张希衡．水污染控制工程[M]。北京：冶金工业出版社，1993
[97] 王莉莉，杨孙楷。环境污染与防治．1994，16(5)：11
[98] Laura L. Templeton, C. P. Leslie Grady Jr. Effect of culture history on the determination of biodegradation kinetics by batch and fed-batch techniques [J]. J. WPCF. 1988, 60(5): 651-658
[2] 钱易，汤鸿霄，文湘华等．水体颗粒物和难降解有机物的特性与控制技术原理(下卷)[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2000
[3] 钟理，陈建军．高级氧化处理有机废水技术进展[J]．工业水处理，2002，22(1)：1-5
[4] Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, 4th Edition[M]. McGraw-Hill, 2002
[5] Rice, R. G. Ozone Reference Guide, Prepared for the Electric Power Research Institute, Community Environment Center, St. Louis, MO
[6] Fujishima. A, Honda. K. Photolysis-decomposition of water at the surface of an irradiated semiconductor[J]. Nature 1972, 37(238)
[7] J. Hoigné, H. Bader. Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water-Ⅰ. Non-dissociating organic compounds[J]. Wat. Res. 1983, 17: 173-183
[8] Glaze, W. H., J. -W. Kang. Chemical models of advanced oxidation processes, proceedings symposium on advanced oxidation processes[M]. Wastewater Technology Center of Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada, 1990
[9] Glaze, W. H., J. -W. Kang, D. H. Chapin. The chemistry of water treatment processes involving Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Ultraviolet Radiation[J]. Ozone Sci.Eng. 1987, 9(4): 335-342
[10] 雷乐成，汪大翠．水处理高级氧化技术[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2001
[11] Rajagopalan Venkatadri, Robert W. Peter. Ultraviolet light/Hydrogen Peroxide, Fenton reagent, and Titanium Dioxide-Assisted Photocatalysis[J]. Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1993
[12] 孙德智．环境工程中的高级氧化技术[M]．北京：化学工业出版社．2002
[13] M. Cristina Yeber, Jaime Rodríguez, Juanita Freer, et al. Advanced oxidation of a pulp mill bleaching wastewater[J]. Chemosphere. 1999, 39(10): 1679-1688
[14] A. Wenzel, A. Gahr, R. Niessner. Toe-removal and degradation of pollutants in leachate using a thin-film photoreactor [J]. Wat. Res. 1999, 33(4): 937-946
[15] 吕锡武，孔青春．紫外—微臭氧处理饮用水中有机优先污染物[J]．中国环境科学，1997，17(4)：377-380
[16] 姜安玺，徐桂琴，于尔捷．UV-O_3水深度净化技术的研究[J]．哈尔滨建筑大学学报．1999, 32(6)：
12-15
[17] Laura Sánchez, Josē Peral, Xavier Domènech. Aniline degradation by combined photocatalysis and ozonation[J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 1998, 19: 59-65
[18] Sandra Gomes de Moraes, Renato Sanches, Freire, Nelson Durán. Degradation and toxicity reduction of textile effluent by combined photocatalytic and ozonation processes[J]. Chemosphere. 2000, 40: 369-373
[19] Y. H. Chen, C. Y. Chang, S. F. Huang, et al. Decomposition of 2-naphthalenesulfonate in aqueous solution by ozonation with UV radiation[J]. Water Research 2002, 36: 4144-4154
[20] Jesus Beltran-Heredia, Joaquin Torregrosa, Joaquin R. Dominguez, et al. Comparison of the degradation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in aqueous solution by several oxidation processes[J]. Chemospere. 2001, 42: 351-359
[21] Ki-Hoon Kang, Hyun Sang Shin, Heekyung Park. Characterization of humie substances present in landfill leachates with different landfill ages and its implications[M]. Wat. Res. 2002, 36: 4023-4032
[22] Chih-Hsiang Liao, Ming-ehun Lu, Shyh-Hsiung Su. Role of cupric ions in the H_O_2/UV oxidation of humic acids[J]. Chemosphere. 2001, 44: 913-919
[23] Eva Piera, Juan C. Calpe, Enric Brillas, et al. 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation by atalyzed ozonation: TiO_2/UVA/O_3 and Fe(II)/UVA/O_3 systems [J]. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2000, 27: 169-177
[24] Idil Arslan Alaton, Isil Akmehmet Balcioglu, Detlef W. Bahnemann. Advanced oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent: comparison of O_3, H_2O_2/UV-C and TiO_2/UV-A processes[J]. Wat. Res. 2002, 36: 1143-1154
[25] R. Bauer, G. Waldner(1999) The photo-fenton reaction and the TIO_2/UV process for waste water treatment—novel developments. Catalysis today. 1999, 53: 131-144.
[26] 何杰，刘玉林．UV—H_2O_2法去除亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮的研究[J]．环境科学研究，1999，12(1)
[27] 薛向东．废水光催化处理特性及高效光催化反应器研究[D]。西安建筑科技大学博士学位论文，2002
[28] 程沧沧，肖忠海，胡德文等．UV／TiO_2-Fenton试剂系统处理制药废水的研究[J]．环境科学研究，2001，14(2)：34-36
[29] 娄性义．固体废物的处理与利用[M]. 北京：冶金工业出版社，1996，1
[30] 王华．二恶英零排放化城市生活垃圾焚烧技术[M]．北京：冶金工业出版社，2001
[31] 张夫道．城市垃圾的现状与对策分析[J]．环境科学。1988，9(1)：58-62
[32] 唐鸿寿，王如松等．城市生活垃圾处理与管理[M]．北京：气象出版社，2002，115
[33] 张瑞久．城市固体废物的收运与处理[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1988
[34] 钱学德，郭志平等．现代卫生填埋场的设计与施工[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001
[35] Wong M H, Cheung Y H, Cheung C L. Theeffects of ammonia and ethylene oxide in animal manure and sewage sludge on the seed germination and root growth of Brassica parachinensis[J]. Environ. Pollut. Ser A, 1983, 30: 109-123
[36] Wong M H, Chu L M, Chan W C. The effects of heavy metals and ammonia in sewage sludge and animal manure on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa[J]. Environ. Pollut. Ser A, 1984, 34: 55-71
[37] Wong M H, Yu C T, Leung C K. Ecological monitoring of Gin Drinkers' Bay Landfill [M]. Final Report submitted to Hong Kong Government through EBC(HK) Environmental Consultants. 1987
[38] 方满，刘东，匡毅．垃圾渗滤液对蚕豆根尖细胞微核效应的研究[J]．应用与环境生物学报．1999，5(6)：574-577
[39] 郑铣鑫．城市垃圾处理场对地下水的污染[M]．环境科学．1989，10(3)：89-92
[40] 陈志诚，王伊明．垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染负荷的估算[J]．上海环境科学．1989，8(3)：11-14
[41] R. K. Ham and J. J. Booker, Decomposition of Solid Waste in Test Lysimeters[J]. J. Envir. Engrg. 1982, 108(6): 1147-1170
[42] 郑曼英．垃圾渗滤液中有机污染物初探[J]．重庆环境科学．1996，18(4)：15-16
[43] Cecilia Oman, Per Ake Hynning. Identification of Organic Compounds in Municipal Landfill Leachate[J]. Environmental Pollution. 1993, 80: 265-271
[44] 沈耀良，张建平，王惠民．苏州七子山垃圾填埋场渗滤液水质变化及处理工艺方案研究[J]．给水排水，2000，26(5)：22-25
[45] 胡慧青，周启星．天子岭垃圾填埋场渗滤液的治理及其工艺改进[J]．污染防治技术．1998(11)：62-64
[46] 徐迪民等．低氧-好氧两段活性污泥法处理垃圾填埋场渗滤水的研究[J]．中国环境科学．1989(4)：311-315
[47] J. Dollerer, P. A. wilderer. Biological Treatment of Leachate from Hazardous Waste Landfill Using SBBR Technology[J]. Wat. Sci. Tech. 1996, 34: 437-444
[48] Peter J. Keenan, Jon Iza, Michael S. Switzenbaum. Inorganic Solids Development in a Pilotscale Anaerobic Reactor Treating Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate[J]. Water Environ. Res, 1993, 65: 181-88
[49] 王宝贞等．A(缺氧活性污泥)B／(A／O淹没式生物膜)复合系统处理垃圾填埋场渗沥液[J]．给水排水，1996(5)：15-18
[50] 黄群贤等．厌氧-好氧生物法处理垃圾场渗滤液的研究[J]．河北工业科技，1999，16(4)：1-3
[51] 申欢．城市垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液污染治理研究[M]．西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文，2002
[52] Amokrane A. et al. Landfill leachate pretreatment by coagulation-flocculation[J]. Water Res. 1997, 31(11): 2775-2782
[53] Chian E S K. et al. Sanitary landfill leachates and their treatment[J]. JEE, 1976, 102EES(2): 411-431
[54] Scott M P. Leachate treatment options [J]. Solid Waste Manage, 1981, 10(1): 13-24
[55] 沈耀良，王宝贞．垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理特性的分析[J]．江苏环境科技．1999，2：5-7
[56] 沈耀良，杨铨大，王宝贞．垃圾渗滤液的混凝一吸附预处理研究[J]．中国给水排水．1999，15(11)：10-14
[57] 赵庆良，李湘中．化学沉淀法清除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮[J]．环境科学．1999，9：91-92
[58] 王鹏等．垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的电化学氧化[J]。中国环境科学．2000，20(4)：289-291
[59] 罗建中．光催化氧化法处理垃圾填埋场渗滤液的研究[J]．环境污染与防治．2001，23(2)：63-65
[60] 张晖．填埋场渗滤液水质特征在Fenton处理过程中的变化[J]．环境科学研究．2002，15(2)：63-65
[61] Thomas A. Peters. Purification of landfill leachate with reverse osmosis and nanofiitration[J]. Desalination. 1998, 119: 289-293
[62] Angelo Chianese, Rolando Ranauro, Nicola Verdone. Treatment of landfill leachate by reverses osmosis[J]. Wat. Res. 1999, 33(3): 647-652,
[63] 卢成洪等．回灌法处理城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液[J]．上海环境科学，1997，16(1)：38-40
[64] 徐迪民．垃圾填埋场渗滤液回灌技术的研究，Ⅰ垃圾渗滤液填埋场回灌的影响因素[J]．同济大学学报．1995，23(4)：371-375
[65] 李建国．垃圾填埋场渗滤液回灌技术的研究，Ⅱ填埋场对渗滤液净化能力的研究[J]．同济大学学报．1997，25(2)：195-199
[66] M. EL—Fadel. Leachate recirculation effects on settlement and bio-degradation rates in MSW landfills[J]. Envrion. Tech. 1999, 20: 121-133
[67] 陈玉成、陈小龙、皮广洁．城市生活垃圾渗滤液土地处理的模拟研究[J]．城市环境与城市生态．2001，14(2)：19-21
[68] Craig D. Martin, Keith D. Johnson. The use of extended aeration and in-Series Surface-Flow wetlands for landfill leachate treatment[J]. Wat Sci Tech.1995, 32: 119-128
[69] Craig D. Martin, Keith D. Johnson. et al. Performance of a constructed wetland leachate treatment system at the chunchula landfill, Mobile County, Alabama[J]. Wat. Sci. Tech. 1999, 40(3): 67-74
[70] Jolanta Bohdziewicz, Michal Bodzek, Joanna Go'rska. Application of pressure-driven membrane techniques to biological treatment of landfill leachate[J]. Process Biochemistry. 2001, 36: 641-646
[71] Sheng H．LIN，Chih C．Chang．Treatment of landfill leachate by combined electro-Fenton oxidation and sequencing batch reactor method[J]．Wat．Res．2000，34(17)：4243-4249，
[72] BYUNG-UK BAE，EUI-SUK JUNG，YU-RIKIM. et al. Treatment of landfill leachate using activated sludge process and electron-beam radiation[J]．Wat．Res．1999, 33(11)：2669-2673
[73] 严煦世．水和废水技术研究[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1991
[74] 储金宇，吴春笃，陈万金等．臭氧技术及应用[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2002
[75] 陈甘棠．化学反应工程[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，1989
[76] 石枫华，马军．臭氧化和臭氧催化氧化工艺的除污性能[J]．中国给水排水．2004，20(3)：1-4
[77] Mattias A Kesson, Peter Nilsson. Seasonal changes of leachate production and quality from test-ceils[J]. J. Environ. Eng. 1997, 10: 892-900
[78] Urs Von Gunten. Ozonation of drinking water: Part Ⅰ. Oxidation kinetics and product formation[J]. Wat. Res. 37(2003): 1443-1467
[79] Nilsun H Lance. Light-Enhanced Chemical Oxidation for Tertiary Treatment Of municipal Landfill Leachate[J]. Wat. Environ. Res. 1998, 70(6): 1161-1169
[80] 国家环保局．水和废水监测分析方法第三版[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1997
[81] 谭小萍，王国生，汤克敏．光催化法深度处理垃圾渗滤液的影响因素[M]．中国给水排水．1999，15(5)：52-54
[82] J. Hoigné, H. Bader, Haag WR et al, Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water-Ⅲ. Inorganic compounds and radicals[J]. Wat. Res. 1985, 19: 993-1004
[83] G. Rice et al, Uses of ozone in drinking water treatment[J]. J. AWWA. 1981, 73(1): 44-56
[84] 徐新华，赵伟荣．水和废水的臭氧处理[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2003
[85] Masten S J, J. Hoigné. Comparison of ozone and hydroxyl radical-induced oxidation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in water [J]. Ozone Sci. Eng. 1992, 14: 197-214
[86] David W. Ferguson et al. Applying Ozone For Organics Control and Disinfection: A Utility Perspective. J. AWWA. 1995, 87(1): 64-71
[87] Jerry J. Wu, Chih-Chao Wu, Hong-Wen Ma et al. Treatment of land. ll leachate by ozone-based advanced oxidation processes[J]. chemosphere. 2004, 55: 997-1003
[88] 许保玖，龙腾锐．当代给水与废水处理原理第二版[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2001
[89] J. Hoigné, H. Bader. Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water-Ⅱ. Dissociating organic compounds[J]. Wat. Res. 1983, 17: 184-195
[90] 蒋展鹏，杨宏伟，孙立新等．有机物好氧生物降解性的综合测试评价方法[J]．环境科学．1999，11(6)：1-13
[91] 何菲，袁星，赵元慧等。有机物生物降解性QSBR／SBR方法初探[J]．环境科学进展．1999，7(6)：84-93
[92] 唐森本，王欢畅，葛碧洲等．环境有机污染化学[M]．1997
[93] 王占生，刘文君．微污染水源饮用水处理[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[94] W．W．Eckenfelder，D．L. Ford著．同济大学给水排水教研室译．水污染控制实验[M]．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1981
[95] W．W．Eckenfelder著．工业水污染控制活性污泥法[M]．
[96] 张希衡．水污染控制工程[M]。北京：冶金工业出版社，1993
[97] 王莉莉，杨孙楷。环境污染与防治．1994，16(5)：11
[98] Laura L. Templeton, C. P. Leslie Grady Jr. Effect of culture history on the determination of biodegradation kinetics by batch and fed-batch techniques [J]. J. WPCF. 1988, 60(5): 651-658