矿山废弃地立地条件类型划分与评价
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摘要
矿山废弃地因开采造成水土流失,生态系统退化,影响周边居民的生产生活和区域经济的可持续发展。划分矿山废弃地立地类型是矿区植被恢复建设的基础工作,是保证植被成活率和提高绿化生产水平的重要举措。首云铁矿是北京市范围内建设规模最大,最具代表性的铁矿厂,选择其作为立地划分的研究对象具有典型意义。
通过资料搜集及实地样地调查,对矿区气候、海拔、地形、地貌、土质、植被恢复情况等方面进行了较为详细的调查研究,将矿山废弃地按人工干扰后植被是否已恢复分为两大类：干扰后裸露坡面和植被已恢复坡面。按地表物质组成的不同,将这两大类又分为岩质坡面、土石混合坡面、尾矿砂坡面三种情况。对其分别确定影响植被恢复的立地因子,进行样方调查。数据采用主成分分析、回归分析的方法,结合实地情况的判断,找出每种类型组中对立地有决定性影响的主导因子,再用因子分级组合法或聚类的方法得出立地类型,并以主导因子对每种立地类型命名。
最终以坡度、坡向、风化程度、土层厚度、恢复方式等主导因子把首云铁矿废弃地划分为6个类型组25个立地类型。针对各裸地立地类型,因地制宜,按照近自然的原则进行综合规划,提出合理的生态治理和植被恢复措施的建议,以营造人居和谐的社会环境。
The wastelands formed by iron ore mining have caused serious soil erosion and ecosystem degradation in Beijing, which directly impact the production and living conditions of residents around mining areas as well as regional economic sustainable development. So classifying and estimating for site type of mines wastelands is of great significant foundation for the ecological environment requirements of the belt named ecological conservation and development of capital..Shouyun Co.Ltd is the largest and most representative of iron ore plant in Beijing, and it is typital meaning to choose it for site classifying on study.
Through data collection and field survey plots, mining area is more detailedly investigated and researched based on climate, altitude, topography, soil and vegetation recovery, and it is restored into two categories by weather artificial disturbance of vegetation or not:disturbance bare slope and vegetation has been restored slope. Because of different types of surface meterial composition, they are sorted three situations:rock slope, mixed earth and rock slope, slope of three tailings site type groups. Determined their impact factors of sites and samples were surveyed. Using principal component analysis, regression analysis combined with field-judgment determined for each type of group to have a decisive effect against the leading factor, then factor rating method or combination of clustering method to determine the site type, and to name the dominant factors.
Finally, based on site factors such as slope grade, aspect, rock weathering degree, soil thickness, revevetation methords, the abandoned iron ore divided into six types of group and 25 site type slope. According to the bare divided into various site types, local conditions, in accordance with the principles of recent natural integrated planning, ecosystem management and a reasonable revegetation measures proposed to create a harmonious social environment for human settlements.
通过资料搜集及实地样地调查,对矿区气候、海拔、地形、地貌、土质、植被恢复情况等方面进行了较为详细的调查研究,将矿山废弃地按人工干扰后植被是否已恢复分为两大类：干扰后裸露坡面和植被已恢复坡面。按地表物质组成的不同,将这两大类又分为岩质坡面、土石混合坡面、尾矿砂坡面三种情况。对其分别确定影响植被恢复的立地因子,进行样方调查。数据采用主成分分析、回归分析的方法,结合实地情况的判断,找出每种类型组中对立地有决定性影响的主导因子,再用因子分级组合法或聚类的方法得出立地类型,并以主导因子对每种立地类型命名。
最终以坡度、坡向、风化程度、土层厚度、恢复方式等主导因子把首云铁矿废弃地划分为6个类型组25个立地类型。针对各裸地立地类型,因地制宜,按照近自然的原则进行综合规划,提出合理的生态治理和植被恢复措施的建议,以营造人居和谐的社会环境。
The wastelands formed by iron ore mining have caused serious soil erosion and ecosystem degradation in Beijing, which directly impact the production and living conditions of residents around mining areas as well as regional economic sustainable development. So classifying and estimating for site type of mines wastelands is of great significant foundation for the ecological environment requirements of the belt named ecological conservation and development of capital..Shouyun Co.Ltd is the largest and most representative of iron ore plant in Beijing, and it is typital meaning to choose it for site classifying on study.
Through data collection and field survey plots, mining area is more detailedly investigated and researched based on climate, altitude, topography, soil and vegetation recovery, and it is restored into two categories by weather artificial disturbance of vegetation or not:disturbance bare slope and vegetation has been restored slope. Because of different types of surface meterial composition, they are sorted three situations:rock slope, mixed earth and rock slope, slope of three tailings site type groups. Determined their impact factors of sites and samples were surveyed. Using principal component analysis, regression analysis combined with field-judgment determined for each type of group to have a decisive effect against the leading factor, then factor rating method or combination of clustering method to determine the site type, and to name the dominant factors.
Finally, based on site factors such as slope grade, aspect, rock weathering degree, soil thickness, revevetation methords, the abandoned iron ore divided into six types of group and 25 site type slope. According to the bare divided into various site types, local conditions, in accordance with the principles of recent natural integrated planning, ecosystem management and a reasonable revegetation measures proposed to create a harmonious social environment for human settlements.
引文
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2. 阿荣.吉兰泰地区立地条件类型划分[J].内蒙古林业调查设计,1997(4)：151-153.
3. 白慧强.主成分分析在SPSS中的应用-以文峪河河岸带林下草本群落为例[J].科技情报开发与经济,2009,19(9)：173-176.
4. 陈莎莎.试论矿区的植被恢复与水土保持[J].福建水土保持.2001,13(4),27-29.
5. 陈祥志,胡凌志.北京首云铁矿露天采场生态植被恢复技术的应用[J].技术应用,2007,2(1)：46-48.
6. 董云,柴贺军.土石混合料的工程综合分类法研究[J].岩土力学,2007,28,(1)：179-184.
7. 樊华,赵芳莹,孙保平,丛志军.北京市门头沟区植被恢复立地类型划分[J].中国水土保持,2007,(8)：29-31.
8. 樊振辉,庞少静.施伦矿山环评中的生态恢复评价问题[J].城市环境与城市生态2000,13(3)14-16.
9. 费晓霞.扎文其汉无林地立地类型划分及评价[J].内蒙古林业调查设计,1998,增刊,57-59.
10.郭庆国.粗粒土的工程特性及应用[M].郑州：黄河出版社,1999.
11.郭显光.如何用SPSS软件进行主成分分析[J].统计与信息论坛.1998(2).
12.过仕民,李冬.尾矿库无土植被护坡工程技术研究[J].矿业快报,2005.10.
13.韩胜娟SPSS聚类分析中数据无量纲化方法比较[J].科技广场,2008,(3)：229-231.
14.何亮.主成分分析在SPSS中的应用[J].山西农业大学学报,2007,6(5)：20-22.
15.胡德才.房县退耕还林造林设计立地类型划分研究[J].湖北林业科技,2003,2(5)：7-10.
16.胡振琪,赵艳玲,毕银丽.美国矿区土地复垦[J].域外土地,2001.6.
17.黄敬军.废弃采石场岩质边坡绿化技术及废弃地开发利用探讨[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2006,17(3)：69-72.
18.黄学平,矿业废弃地复垦与生态重建研究[J],江西化工,2005.4.
19.姜德义,王国栋.高速公路工程边坡的工程地质分类[J].重庆大学学报,2003,26(11)：113-116.
20.李朝峰,杨中宝SPSS主成分分析中的特征向量计算问题[J],统计教育,2007(3)：10-11.
21.李世东,沈国舫,翟明普,李俊清.退耕还林重点工程县立地分类定量化研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2005,27(6)：9-13.
22.李世东,翟洪波.中国退耕还林综合区划研究[J].山地学报,2004,22(5)：513-520.
23.李酉开.土壤农业化学常规分析方法[M].北京：科学出版社,1983：15-60.
24.梁守伦,郭翠萍,张炜.晋西黄土丘陵区立地类型划分的研究(Ⅱ)立地类型划分的研究[J].山西林业科技,2004(1)：6-10.
25.刘创民,罗菊春,梁海英.漠河林区兴安落叶松林数值分类和排序的研究[J].河北林学院学报,1993,8(4)：283-291.
26.刘国华,舒洪岚,张金池等.南京幕府山矿山废弃地恢复模式研究[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(1)：141-144.
27.刘国华,舒洪岚.矿山废弃地生态恢复研究进展[J].江西林业科技,2003,13(3)：20-25.
28.刘仁芙.我国土地复垦形势与政策建议[J].中国土地,2002,(3)：31-34.
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