偶氮材料光控OPS-VECSEL设计及特性分析
摘要
OPS-VECSEL的出现是半导体激光器发展历程中一个重要的里程碑，它有望弥补长期以来半导体激光器功率低的不足，实现大功率高光束质量的激光输出。本文基于偶氮材料的光致双折射特性，首次提出了偶氮材料光泵浦垂直面发射激光器的设计方案，通过理论模拟，我们证实偶氮材料作为激光器的光控层可以对激光器出射激光实现偏振控制，此外还有选频的功能。
本文分为四个部分：
第一部分首先简要介绍了光泵垂直扩展腔面发射激光器的基本概念、研究历程及应用前景；简要介绍了偶氮材料基本特性及在非线性光学领域的一些应用。
第二部分介绍了垂直扩展腔面发射激光器的基本原理及理论基础，简要介绍了偶氮材料光致双折射理论基础。
第三部分介绍了DBR不同生长顺序对其光谱特性的影响以及非对称双DBR的光谱分析，并首次系统的分析了发散角对DBR和非对称双DBR光谱的影响。
第四部分提出了偶氮材料光控OPS-VECSEL的设计方案，结合第三部分非对称双DBR光谱分析，分析了偶氮材料光控OPS-VECSEL的光谱特性，最后得出了偶氮光控层对此种激光器的出射激光有偏振控制与选频作用的结论。
The reversible isomerization of trans-cis-trans under the linear polarization light, the molecules of Azo Materials have the same tropism which is vertical to the polarization of light. This presents Azo Materials anisotropy in macro scope, which means that it has photo-induced birefringence. The value of birefringence relates to optical power and the polarization angle of the light. It means we can change the birefringence of Azo Materials through modifying the status of light. Based on the characteristic, we design a new type of OPS-VECSEL which controls the polarization and frequency of the ejection laser by using Azo Materials as the optical control layer. The structure model is DBR/ Azo Materials layer /active layer/DBR. (Fig. 1)
Design of DBR layer
Ordinary OPS-VECSEL has a structure of single DBR, which means that one end use ejection mirror with reflection ability, the other end use the DBR. We use asymmetry double DBR in our Azo OPS-VECSEL. The growing sequence is H…L…H, and central wavelength is 600nm.
Design of Optical control layer
Different needs make us select different Azo material. There is absorption between 200-520nm and strong absorption at 488nm. We just consider the strong absorption at 488nm for simplification. Therefore we use light at the wavelength of 488nm as control light. The birefringence value of optical control layer will change when changing the intensity and polarization. Design of the active layer
According to research of Wang lijun group in CIOMP, PVK: ALq: DCM1mixture as the active medium, Ar~+ laser at the wavelength of 514.5nm as the pump laser, with 45°incidence angle.
Analysis of controlling polarization and frequency of Azo Materials OPS-VECSEL
We introduce the Azo materials into the resonator of OPS-VECSEL torealize optical control function. Through the reversible isomerization of trans-cis-trans under the linear polarization light, the molecules of Azo materials have the same tropism which is vertical to the polarization of light. This presents anisotropy of Azo materials in macroscope, which means that it has photo-induced birefringence. Based on the photo-induced birefringence effect of Azo materials, we could control the polarization and frequency of the ejection laser by using Azo materials as the optical control layer.
Perfect VECSEL can be treated as isotropy medium; the fundamental mode in resonant cavity is two orthogonal modes. We call them P-polarization component and S-polarization component. The electromagnetic waves are shown like
We should consider establishing the characteristic matrix of optical control layer. Through the reversible isomerization of trans-cis-trans under the linear polarization light, the molecules of Azo materials have the same tropism which is vertical to the polarization of light. This presents Azo materials anisotropy in macroscope, which means that it has birefringence. There are an effective index n_(?) which is parallel to the polarization of pumping light andan effective index n_(?) which is vertical to the polarization of pumping light andthe vector. Under this situation, they are no longer equal. The difference between them is the birefringence value.△n = |n(?)-n(?)|, (2)
Under the linear polarization light, birefringence was produced. The isotropy medium now has two different optical axises n_(?) and n_(?). Due to theimpact of birefringence, the optical admittances of S-polarization component and P-polarization component are no longer different.
The plural indexes of S-polarization component and P-polarization component are as shown,N_p=n_p+i(-g_p/2k_0-K_p),N_s=(n_s+△n) + i(-g_s/2k_0-K_s), (5)
According to the transfer matrix method, combining (3), (4) and (5) formula, we have the transmission spectrum of OPS-VECSEL considering the impact of birefringence.
To simplify the analysis we ignore the impact of radiation angle. Then the impact of photo-induced birefringence effect of Azo materials on VECSEL with asymmetry DBR structure will be analyzed through analyzing the transmission spectrum of the resonator.Polarization Control (Radiation angle-0)
We simulate the transmission spectrum of the whole resonator,according to given parameters as shown in Fig.2.
As shown in Fig.2, the birefringence produced by Azo-materials make the degenerated P and S polarization component not longer in degeneration. Azo materials make the degenerated modes changed. The birefringence do not make the transmission spectrum of P-polarization component change, but make the transmission spectrum of S-polarization component far away from 600nm and the transmission rate bigger than the one of P-polarization component. If we just consider ejection laser at the 600nm wavelength, bigger birefringence valve (△n = 0.1 )lead to the ejection laser only has P-polarization component. If we consider the ejection laser at the 620nm wavelength, we could get single polarization ejection laser, which only has S-polarization component. So we conclude that the introduction of photo-induced birefringence effect of Azo materials helps us to control the polarization of the ejection laser. The bigger the value of birefringence is, the more obvious the effect is. Therefore we could see that the optical control layer of Azo materials could control the polarization of the OPS-VECSEL ejection laser.
Control of wavelength (Radiation angle=0)
The one central wavelength of the ejection laser changes into two central wavelengths (shown in Fig.3), when we use Azo materials as the optical control layer. As the value of birefringence is zero, only 600nm laser exist. The new wavelength's position move to long wave along with the increase of the birefringence value, which means through changing the birefringence value, we could get new laser besides 600nm laser. Therefore, the optical control layer of Azo materials acts as the selection of laser wavelength, when not considering the polarization component.
When the radiation angleθand the birefringence value△n are both considered, we analysis the impact of photo-induced birefringence effect of Azo materials on VECSEL with asymmetry DBR structure will be analyzed through analyzing the transmission spectrum of the resonator. Polarization Control (Considering the radiation angle)
The transmission rate of P-polarization component and S-polarization component light become bigger along with the increase of the value of birefringence, comparing the analysis when not considering the radiation angle. Whether the radiation angle is introduced or not, it do not influence the polarization control by the photo-induced birefringence of Azo materials. The only difference is that the S-polarization light will totally come out without any effective resonance when the birefringence value goes to△n = 0.08.Control of wavelength (considering the radiation angle)
The radiation angle (θ= 13°)did not influenced the wavelength selectiona little. The 600nm wavelength laser never changes when the value of birefringence increases,but the wavelength of the other new laser moves to long wavelength. Besides, the transmission rate becomes bigger. Whether considering the radiation angle, the optical control layer of Azo materials could control the wavelength of the ejection laser.
Theoretically when the value of birefringence of Azo material meets 0.05, this type of OPS-VECSEL could have single polarization laser. When it comes to 0.07, the tunable range reaches to 13nm.
Conclusion
The value of birefringence value changes when Azo material is illuminated under 488nm control light. We can tune the birefringence value by changing the polarization and intensity of control light. Due to the changes of birefringence value, the wavelength and polarization of the ejection laser also change. Therefore we conclude that, theoretically, OPS-VECSEL with Azo material optical control layer is a new type of polarization control and wavelength tunable laser.
本文分为四个部分：
第一部分首先简要介绍了光泵垂直扩展腔面发射激光器的基本概念、研究历程及应用前景；简要介绍了偶氮材料基本特性及在非线性光学领域的一些应用。
第二部分介绍了垂直扩展腔面发射激光器的基本原理及理论基础，简要介绍了偶氮材料光致双折射理论基础。
第三部分介绍了DBR不同生长顺序对其光谱特性的影响以及非对称双DBR的光谱分析，并首次系统的分析了发散角对DBR和非对称双DBR光谱的影响。
第四部分提出了偶氮材料光控OPS-VECSEL的设计方案，结合第三部分非对称双DBR光谱分析，分析了偶氮材料光控OPS-VECSEL的光谱特性，最后得出了偶氮光控层对此种激光器的出射激光有偏振控制与选频作用的结论。
The reversible isomerization of trans-cis-trans under the linear polarization light, the molecules of Azo Materials have the same tropism which is vertical to the polarization of light. This presents Azo Materials anisotropy in macro scope, which means that it has photo-induced birefringence. The value of birefringence relates to optical power and the polarization angle of the light. It means we can change the birefringence of Azo Materials through modifying the status of light. Based on the characteristic, we design a new type of OPS-VECSEL which controls the polarization and frequency of the ejection laser by using Azo Materials as the optical control layer. The structure model is DBR/ Azo Materials layer /active layer/DBR. (Fig. 1)
Design of DBR layer
Ordinary OPS-VECSEL has a structure of single DBR, which means that one end use ejection mirror with reflection ability, the other end use the DBR. We use asymmetry double DBR in our Azo OPS-VECSEL. The growing sequence is H…L…H, and central wavelength is 600nm.
Design of Optical control layer
Different needs make us select different Azo material. There is absorption between 200-520nm and strong absorption at 488nm. We just consider the strong absorption at 488nm for simplification. Therefore we use light at the wavelength of 488nm as control light. The birefringence value of optical control layer will change when changing the intensity and polarization. Design of the active layer
According to research of Wang lijun group in CIOMP, PVK: ALq: DCM1mixture as the active medium, Ar~+ laser at the wavelength of 514.5nm as the pump laser, with 45°incidence angle.
Analysis of controlling polarization and frequency of Azo Materials OPS-VECSEL
We introduce the Azo materials into the resonator of OPS-VECSEL torealize optical control function. Through the reversible isomerization of trans-cis-trans under the linear polarization light, the molecules of Azo materials have the same tropism which is vertical to the polarization of light. This presents anisotropy of Azo materials in macroscope, which means that it has photo-induced birefringence. Based on the photo-induced birefringence effect of Azo materials, we could control the polarization and frequency of the ejection laser by using Azo materials as the optical control layer.
Perfect VECSEL can be treated as isotropy medium; the fundamental mode in resonant cavity is two orthogonal modes. We call them P-polarization component and S-polarization component. The electromagnetic waves are shown like
We should consider establishing the characteristic matrix of optical control layer. Through the reversible isomerization of trans-cis-trans under the linear polarization light, the molecules of Azo materials have the same tropism which is vertical to the polarization of light. This presents Azo materials anisotropy in macroscope, which means that it has birefringence. There are an effective index n_(?) which is parallel to the polarization of pumping light andan effective index n_(?) which is vertical to the polarization of pumping light andthe vector. Under this situation, they are no longer equal. The difference between them is the birefringence value.△n = |n(?)-n(?)|, (2)
Under the linear polarization light, birefringence was produced. The isotropy medium now has two different optical axises n_(?) and n_(?). Due to theimpact of birefringence, the optical admittances of S-polarization component and P-polarization component are no longer different.
The plural indexes of S-polarization component and P-polarization component are as shown,N_p=n_p+i(-g_p/2k_0-K_p),N_s=(n_s+△n) + i(-g_s/2k_0-K_s), (5)
According to the transfer matrix method, combining (3), (4) and (5) formula, we have the transmission spectrum of OPS-VECSEL considering the impact of birefringence.
To simplify the analysis we ignore the impact of radiation angle. Then the impact of photo-induced birefringence effect of Azo materials on VECSEL with asymmetry DBR structure will be analyzed through analyzing the transmission spectrum of the resonator.Polarization Control (Radiation angle-0)
We simulate the transmission spectrum of the whole resonator,according to given parameters as shown in Fig.2.
As shown in Fig.2, the birefringence produced by Azo-materials make the degenerated P and S polarization component not longer in degeneration. Azo materials make the degenerated modes changed. The birefringence do not make the transmission spectrum of P-polarization component change, but make the transmission spectrum of S-polarization component far away from 600nm and the transmission rate bigger than the one of P-polarization component. If we just consider ejection laser at the 600nm wavelength, bigger birefringence valve (△n = 0.1 )lead to the ejection laser only has P-polarization component. If we consider the ejection laser at the 620nm wavelength, we could get single polarization ejection laser, which only has S-polarization component. So we conclude that the introduction of photo-induced birefringence effect of Azo materials helps us to control the polarization of the ejection laser. The bigger the value of birefringence is, the more obvious the effect is. Therefore we could see that the optical control layer of Azo materials could control the polarization of the OPS-VECSEL ejection laser.
Control of wavelength (Radiation angle=0)
The one central wavelength of the ejection laser changes into two central wavelengths (shown in Fig.3), when we use Azo materials as the optical control layer. As the value of birefringence is zero, only 600nm laser exist. The new wavelength's position move to long wave along with the increase of the birefringence value, which means through changing the birefringence value, we could get new laser besides 600nm laser. Therefore, the optical control layer of Azo materials acts as the selection of laser wavelength, when not considering the polarization component.
When the radiation angleθand the birefringence value△n are both considered, we analysis the impact of photo-induced birefringence effect of Azo materials on VECSEL with asymmetry DBR structure will be analyzed through analyzing the transmission spectrum of the resonator. Polarization Control (Considering the radiation angle)
The transmission rate of P-polarization component and S-polarization component light become bigger along with the increase of the value of birefringence, comparing the analysis when not considering the radiation angle. Whether the radiation angle is introduced or not, it do not influence the polarization control by the photo-induced birefringence of Azo materials. The only difference is that the S-polarization light will totally come out without any effective resonance when the birefringence value goes to△n = 0.08.Control of wavelength (considering the radiation angle)
The radiation angle (θ= 13°)did not influenced the wavelength selectiona little. The 600nm wavelength laser never changes when the value of birefringence increases,but the wavelength of the other new laser moves to long wavelength. Besides, the transmission rate becomes bigger. Whether considering the radiation angle, the optical control layer of Azo materials could control the wavelength of the ejection laser.
Theoretically when the value of birefringence of Azo material meets 0.05, this type of OPS-VECSEL could have single polarization laser. When it comes to 0.07, the tunable range reaches to 13nm.
Conclusion
The value of birefringence value changes when Azo material is illuminated under 488nm control light. We can tune the birefringence value by changing the polarization and intensity of control light. Due to the changes of birefringence value, the wavelength and polarization of the ejection laser also change. Therefore we conclude that, theoretically, OPS-VECSEL with Azo material optical control layer is a new type of polarization control and wavelength tunable laser.
引文
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[2] HOLM M A,BURNS D,CUSUMANO P et al.,"High-power diode-pumped AIGaAs surface-emitting laser," Appl Opt.,1999,38, 5781-5784.
[3] KUZNETSOV M, HAKIM I F, SPRAGUE R et al.,"Design and charac-teristics of high-power (>0.5WCW) diode-pumped vertical-extemal-cavity surface-emitting semiconductor lasers with circular TEM_(00) beams," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in QuantumElectronies, 1999, 5,561-573.
[4] L INDER N, KARNUTSCH C, LUFT J et al.,"High power 660nm opticallypumped semiconductor thin disk laser," IEEE/LEOS Summer Topics[C]. Ingenieria: IEEE, 2002. 5-6.
[5] PARK S H, KM J, JEON H et al.,"Room-temperature GaN vertical-cavitysurface-emitting laser operation in an extended cavity scheme," Appl.Phys. Letts., 2003, 83,2121-2123.
[6] HOPKNS J M, SM ITH S A, JEON C W et al.,"0.6W CW GalnNAs verticalexternal-cavity surface emitting laser operating at 1. 32μm,"ElectronLett., 2004, 40, 30-31.
[7] CERUTTI L, GARNACHE A, GENTY F et al.,"Low threshold roomtemperature laser diode pumped Sb-based VECSEL emitting around 2.1μm," Electron Lett., 2003, 39, 290-292.
[8] ALFORD W J, RAYMOND T D, ALLERMAN A A, "High power and goodbeam quality at 980nm from a vertical external-cavity surface-emittinglaser,"J O SA, 2002, B19, 663-666.
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