绿化对夏季室外热环境影响的实验研究
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摘要
城市绿化是城市建设的一个重要组成部分。作为改善城市热环境最经济、最有效的手段之一,绿化对室外热环境的作用,表现在改善区域微气候、缓解城市热岛效应、平衡城市生态系统和提高城市居民生活环境质量等多个方面。本文分析了绿化对室外热环境影响研究领域的现状,总结了目前在研究方法及应用领域存在的不足,并针对这些问题,以夏季西安地区常见城市绿化乔木为例,开展了以下研究：
第一,分析了绿化影响热环境的作用机理和作用方式,从热环境作用的角度对植株进行了分类,特别分析了计算机模拟无法显示的不同植株生物物性因素在不同气候条件下对城市热环境的影响方式,将目前城市常用绿化树种的不同物性组合分成五种典型形态,为绿化设计植株的选择提供了依据。
第二,以西安市为例,优选了不同形态的代表树种,并对所选研究对象进行各项物理特性参数的实际测量,得到了不同乔木的热环境指标数据和变化规律曲线图,分析了不同物理特性的乔木对室外热环境的影响程度。并选择湿黑球温度WBGT作为评价室外热环境舒适度指标,对不同乔木进行热舒适评价。实验表明乔木对改善微气候的作用优于草坪,其中得到高杆乔木周围风速大于低杆乔木,LAI值大的乔木对温度影响程度大于LAI值小的乔木,倒圆锥形树冠对热环境改良的影响面积较其他冠形略大的结论。
第三,分析了计算机模拟同实验研究之间的相关性,通过实验验证了计算机模拟的理论趋势,分析了计算机模拟的缺陷所在,从目前实测结果和模拟结果的对比分析来看,从宏观角度,比如绿化形式的比较、绿量的比较等方面,两者的研究结论基本上是一致的；但从生物性方面,比如城市绿化树形的比较、树冠的比较等方面,模拟研究还无法深入,仍应以实测研究的结论作为参考依据。
本论文利用实测的方法研究了城市绿化对城市热环境的影响方式和影响程度,从数据出发归纳出植被对环境的作用规律,为科学合理地优化城市绿化设计改善户外环境提供了理论基础。
Urban greening is an important part of urban construction. Greening, as one of the most economical and effective means to improve urban thermal environment, can take effect on urban thermal environment in improving regional micro-climate, easing the urban heat island effect, balancing urban ecosystem and improving the urban living environment and so on. This article analyzed the status of the impact of greening on outdoor thermal environment and summarized the disadvantages of the research methods and applications, To solve these problems, the report, taking the Xi'an city green tree in summer as an example, studied and carried out:
Firstly, the paper analyzed the theory and mode about the influences of the green on thermal environment, classified the plants from the perspective of the thermal environment, and especially analyzed of effects on the urban thermal environment on different plant biological factors in the different climatic conditions which the computer simulation can't display. In this research, the common city trees could be divided into five typical patterns, which may provide the basis of options for the green design.
Secondly, taking Xi'an City as a case, the study selected optimized representative species in different forms, measured physical parameters of selected subjects in practice, and obtained thermal environmental indicators data and change curve of different trees, analyzed the influence of outdoor thermal environment by the different physical characteristics of trees. The study selected the wet globe temperature WBGT as the evaluation index of outdoor thermal comfort and evaluated thermal comfort of different trees. The experiments showed that the trees improve micro-climate better than the grasses; the wind speed around the tall trees is higher than it with the low trees; the trees of large LAI affect the temperature greater than the trees with small LAI, reversed pyramid-type crown improves more areas for thermal environment than other bigger crowns.
Thirdly, the study analyzed the correlation between computer simulation and experimental research. Experimental results showed the theoretical trends in the computer simulation and shortcomings of computer simulation. Compared with experimental and simulation results, both got a basically same conclusion, from a macro point of view, such as comparison of greening forms, green biomass and so on; The simulation can't study in-depth, from the biological viewpoint, such as comparison of urban green trees and crown, so it should take experimental results of the study as a reference.
This thesis studied the forms and extent of effects on urban thermal environment by the urban greening by measurement, summarized the pattern of the trees impacting on thermal environment from the data, and provided a theoretical basis for improving urban green design and outdoor environment scientifically and rationally.
第一,分析了绿化影响热环境的作用机理和作用方式,从热环境作用的角度对植株进行了分类,特别分析了计算机模拟无法显示的不同植株生物物性因素在不同气候条件下对城市热环境的影响方式,将目前城市常用绿化树种的不同物性组合分成五种典型形态,为绿化设计植株的选择提供了依据。
第二,以西安市为例,优选了不同形态的代表树种,并对所选研究对象进行各项物理特性参数的实际测量,得到了不同乔木的热环境指标数据和变化规律曲线图,分析了不同物理特性的乔木对室外热环境的影响程度。并选择湿黑球温度WBGT作为评价室外热环境舒适度指标,对不同乔木进行热舒适评价。实验表明乔木对改善微气候的作用优于草坪,其中得到高杆乔木周围风速大于低杆乔木,LAI值大的乔木对温度影响程度大于LAI值小的乔木,倒圆锥形树冠对热环境改良的影响面积较其他冠形略大的结论。
第三,分析了计算机模拟同实验研究之间的相关性,通过实验验证了计算机模拟的理论趋势,分析了计算机模拟的缺陷所在,从目前实测结果和模拟结果的对比分析来看,从宏观角度,比如绿化形式的比较、绿量的比较等方面,两者的研究结论基本上是一致的；但从生物性方面,比如城市绿化树形的比较、树冠的比较等方面,模拟研究还无法深入,仍应以实测研究的结论作为参考依据。
本论文利用实测的方法研究了城市绿化对城市热环境的影响方式和影响程度,从数据出发归纳出植被对环境的作用规律,为科学合理地优化城市绿化设计改善户外环境提供了理论基础。
Urban greening is an important part of urban construction. Greening, as one of the most economical and effective means to improve urban thermal environment, can take effect on urban thermal environment in improving regional micro-climate, easing the urban heat island effect, balancing urban ecosystem and improving the urban living environment and so on. This article analyzed the status of the impact of greening on outdoor thermal environment and summarized the disadvantages of the research methods and applications, To solve these problems, the report, taking the Xi'an city green tree in summer as an example, studied and carried out:
Firstly, the paper analyzed the theory and mode about the influences of the green on thermal environment, classified the plants from the perspective of the thermal environment, and especially analyzed of effects on the urban thermal environment on different plant biological factors in the different climatic conditions which the computer simulation can't display. In this research, the common city trees could be divided into five typical patterns, which may provide the basis of options for the green design.
Secondly, taking Xi'an City as a case, the study selected optimized representative species in different forms, measured physical parameters of selected subjects in practice, and obtained thermal environmental indicators data and change curve of different trees, analyzed the influence of outdoor thermal environment by the different physical characteristics of trees. The study selected the wet globe temperature WBGT as the evaluation index of outdoor thermal comfort and evaluated thermal comfort of different trees. The experiments showed that the trees improve micro-climate better than the grasses; the wind speed around the tall trees is higher than it with the low trees; the trees of large LAI affect the temperature greater than the trees with small LAI, reversed pyramid-type crown improves more areas for thermal environment than other bigger crowns.
Thirdly, the study analyzed the correlation between computer simulation and experimental research. Experimental results showed the theoretical trends in the computer simulation and shortcomings of computer simulation. Compared with experimental and simulation results, both got a basically same conclusion, from a macro point of view, such as comparison of greening forms, green biomass and so on; The simulation can't study in-depth, from the biological viewpoint, such as comparison of urban green trees and crown, so it should take experimental results of the study as a reference.
This thesis studied the forms and extent of effects on urban thermal environment by the urban greening by measurement, summarized the pattern of the trees impacting on thermal environment from the data, and provided a theoretical basis for improving urban green design and outdoor environment scientifically and rationally.
引文
[1]刘念雄,秦佑国.《建筑热环境》[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005.8
[2]高伟俊.Thermal Effects of Open Space with a Green Area on UrbanEnvironment, Part1: a Theoretical Analysis and its Application,1993
[3]周坚华,孙天纵.三维绿色生物量的遥感模式研究与绿化环境效益估算,1995
[4]陈自新,苏雪痕,刘少宗,古润泽.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究,1998
[5]林波荣.绿化对室外热环境影响的模拟研究[D].北京：清华大学,2004
[6]王丹妮.绿色植物对建筑热环境影响的实验研究[D].北京：清华大学,1999
[7]T.Takakura, S.Kitade, E.Goto. Cooling effect of greenery cover over a building, Energy and Buildings,2000
[8]Haider Taha. Urban Climates and heat Islands:Albedo, Evapotranspiration, and Anthropogenic Heat, Energy and Buildings,1997
[9]Michael Bruse, Heribert Fleer. Simulating surface-plant-air interactions inside urbanenvironments with a three dimensional numerical model. Environmental Modelling&Software,1998
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[11]蒋美珍.园林绿化改善小气候的功能.北京：中国环境科学出版社,1992
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[16]Horiguchi Takeshi. A New System for Roof-top Planting and its Thermal Characteristics.东京：日本建筑学会,1993
[17]Mikoda Kenji. Experimental Study on Effect of a Turf Roof, Part 1 An Examination on Thermal Characteristics and Method of Turf Test-Model.东京:日本建筑学会,1993
[18]Onmura Sadayuki. A Study on Evaporative Cooling Effect by roof Lawn Garden, Part 2 Wind Tunnel Test and Analysis.东京:日本建筑学会,1993
[19]Akira Hoyano, Jiang He, Takeshi Horiguchi and Ger Wang. Experimental Study of Heat Budget for Foliage layer of Lawn-Planting, Effect of Rooftop Lawn-Planting on Thermal Environment Part Ⅰ. Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering, AIJ, No.462,31-39, Aug,1994
[20]Tadahisa Katayama, Akio Morikawa, Shoichi Masuda. Investigation on the Formation of Thermal Environment in an Urban Canyon, Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering, No.372, February,1987
[21]#12
[22]河田佑二,吉田伸治,大岡壟三.樹冠の光学的深さ、葉面積密度の简易法の提案.日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集(北陸),2002
[23]#12
[24]Bonan. Gordon B.Microclimates of a suburban Colorado (USA) landscape and implications for planning and design. Landscape and Urban Planning (Amsterdam),2000
[25]M.A.Canton, J.L.Cortegoso and C.De Rosa. Solar Permeability of Urban TrCities of Western Argentina. Energy and Buildings,1994
[26]E.Gregory Mcpherson, Lee p.Herrington, Gordon M.Heisler. Impacts of Vegetation on Residential Heating and Cooling. Energy and Buildings,1988
[27]Hashem Akbari, Dan M.Kurn, Sarah E.Bertz, James W.Hanford. Peak Power and Cooling Engergy Savings of Shade Trees. Energy and Buildings,1997
[28]王祥荣.生态与环境—城市可持续发展与生态环境调控新论[M].南京：东南大学出版社,2004
[29]朱颖心.建筑环境学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006
[30]柳孝图.建筑物理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004
[31]段传极.建筑热环境[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2001
[32]戴熠,金为民.我国现行城市绿地分类标准解析[J].上海交通大学学报,2007
[33]张莉.园林树木对调节局部小气候和改善空气质量的作用[N].2008
[34]薛杰(法),罗福午译.可持续发展设计指南—高环境质量的建筑[N].北京：清华大学出版社,2006
[35]WengQH. Managing the adverse thermal effeet sofurband evelopment inadensely populated Chinese city[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2004
[36]刘加平,林宪德.西安冬季城市热岛调查研究[J].太阳能学报,2007
[37]叶萌萌.园林绿化的作用[J].《住宅景观》,2004
[38]陈启高.建筑热物理基础.西安：西安交通大学出版社,1991
[39]李娟.建筑物绿化隔热与节能[J].重庆：重庆大学出版社,2002
[40]文远高,连之伟.居住区绿化的降温效应与建筑节能[J].2003
[41]刘光立.垂直绿化及其生态效益研究[D].四川：四川农业大学,2002
[42]段舜山,彭少麟,张社尧.绿地植物的环境功能与作用[J].1999
[43]高金晖.北京市主要植物种滞尘影响机制及其效果研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2007
[44]黄慧娟.保定常见绿化植物滞尘效应及尘污染对其光和特性影响的研究[D].河北农业大学,2008
[45]吴硕贤.建筑声学设计原理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004
[46]曲仲湘.《植物生态学》.高等教育出版社,1989
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[49]文远高.居住区绿化的降温效应与建筑节能[J].《住宅科技》,2003
[50]徐微.西安城市森林建设刍议[D].陕西：西北农林科技大学,2006
[51]罗庆.基于图像分析的城市建筑群室外热环境研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2006
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[2]高伟俊.Thermal Effects of Open Space with a Green Area on UrbanEnvironment, Part1: a Theoretical Analysis and its Application,1993
[3]周坚华,孙天纵.三维绿色生物量的遥感模式研究与绿化环境效益估算,1995
[4]陈自新,苏雪痕,刘少宗,古润泽.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究,1998
[5]林波荣.绿化对室外热环境影响的模拟研究[D].北京：清华大学,2004
[6]王丹妮.绿色植物对建筑热环境影响的实验研究[D].北京：清华大学,1999
[7]T.Takakura, S.Kitade, E.Goto. Cooling effect of greenery cover over a building, Energy and Buildings,2000
[8]Haider Taha. Urban Climates and heat Islands:Albedo, Evapotranspiration, and Anthropogenic Heat, Energy and Buildings,1997
[9]Michael Bruse, Heribert Fleer. Simulating surface-plant-air interactions inside urbanenvironments with a three dimensional numerical model. Environmental Modelling&Software,1998
[10]冯采芹.绿化环境效应研究.北京：中国环境科学出版社,1992
[11]蒋美珍.园林绿化改善小气候的功能.北京：中国环境科学出版社,1992
[12]吴钦传.南京城市绿化树木改善小气候的效应.北京：中国环境科学出版社,1992
[13]韩焕金.城市绿化树种生态功能研究[D].哈尔滨：东北林业大学,2002
[14]黄海.城市绿地小气候环境效应和绿化策略研究[D].陕西：西北农林科技大学,2008
[15]陆鼎煌.北京市区绿化与居民夏季舒适度,绿化环境效应研究.北京：中国环境科学出版社,1992
[16]Horiguchi Takeshi. A New System for Roof-top Planting and its Thermal Characteristics.东京：日本建筑学会,1993
[17]Mikoda Kenji. Experimental Study on Effect of a Turf Roof, Part 1 An Examination on Thermal Characteristics and Method of Turf Test-Model.东京:日本建筑学会,1993
[18]Onmura Sadayuki. A Study on Evaporative Cooling Effect by roof Lawn Garden, Part 2 Wind Tunnel Test and Analysis.东京:日本建筑学会,1993
[19]Akira Hoyano, Jiang He, Takeshi Horiguchi and Ger Wang. Experimental Study of Heat Budget for Foliage layer of Lawn-Planting, Effect of Rooftop Lawn-Planting on Thermal Environment Part Ⅰ. Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering, AIJ, No.462,31-39, Aug,1994
[20]Tadahisa Katayama, Akio Morikawa, Shoichi Masuda. Investigation on the Formation of Thermal Environment in an Urban Canyon, Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering, No.372, February,1987
[21]#12
[22]河田佑二,吉田伸治,大岡壟三.樹冠の光学的深さ、葉面積密度の简易法の提案.日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集(北陸),2002
[23]#12
[24]Bonan. Gordon B.Microclimates of a suburban Colorado (USA) landscape and implications for planning and design. Landscape and Urban Planning (Amsterdam),2000
[25]M.A.Canton, J.L.Cortegoso and C.De Rosa. Solar Permeability of Urban TrCities of Western Argentina. Energy and Buildings,1994
[26]E.Gregory Mcpherson, Lee p.Herrington, Gordon M.Heisler. Impacts of Vegetation on Residential Heating and Cooling. Energy and Buildings,1988
[27]Hashem Akbari, Dan M.Kurn, Sarah E.Bertz, James W.Hanford. Peak Power and Cooling Engergy Savings of Shade Trees. Energy and Buildings,1997
[28]王祥荣.生态与环境—城市可持续发展与生态环境调控新论[M].南京：东南大学出版社,2004
[29]朱颖心.建筑环境学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006
[30]柳孝图.建筑物理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004
[31]段传极.建筑热环境[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2001
[32]戴熠,金为民.我国现行城市绿地分类标准解析[J].上海交通大学学报,2007
[33]张莉.园林树木对调节局部小气候和改善空气质量的作用[N].2008
[34]薛杰(法),罗福午译.可持续发展设计指南—高环境质量的建筑[N].北京：清华大学出版社,2006
[35]WengQH. Managing the adverse thermal effeet sofurband evelopment inadensely populated Chinese city[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2004
[36]刘加平,林宪德.西安冬季城市热岛调查研究[J].太阳能学报,2007
[37]叶萌萌.园林绿化的作用[J].《住宅景观》,2004
[38]陈启高.建筑热物理基础.西安：西安交通大学出版社,1991
[39]李娟.建筑物绿化隔热与节能[J].重庆：重庆大学出版社,2002
[40]文远高,连之伟.居住区绿化的降温效应与建筑节能[J].2003
[41]刘光立.垂直绿化及其生态效益研究[D].四川：四川农业大学,2002
[42]段舜山,彭少麟,张社尧.绿地植物的环境功能与作用[J].1999
[43]高金晖.北京市主要植物种滞尘影响机制及其效果研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2007
[44]黄慧娟.保定常见绿化植物滞尘效应及尘污染对其光和特性影响的研究[D].河北农业大学,2008
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