风化型土质金矿尾矿植被恢复研究
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摘要
人类在发展进步的同时,对矿产资源进行了大规模的开发。金矿资源的开采对矿区生态环境和尾矿土壤性质造成严重的影响,制约了矿区社会经济的可持续发展。本文应用生态恢复与重建的相关理论,通过野外调查与理化分析,研究金矿开采对矿区的环境生态损害；通过植被调查、物种生物生态学特性和环境修复能力分析,选定了恢复树种与配置模式,建立了研究区植被恢复模式与环境生态损害防治体系；基于对重金属富集的盆栽试验,进行了尾矿农业再利用的土壤适农性分析。尾矿植被恢复研究对于今后更好的利用尾矿土地资源、维护和改善矿区生态环境具有重要的理论和现实意义。研究得出如下主要结论。
(1)金矿开采对水土资源的损害方面：采矿占用了大量土地资源,因扰动地表,改变地形,破坏了原地表景观,加剧了矿区水土流失。调查监测结果表明,金矿开采共破坏和占用土地面积113.65hm2,2009年加剧水土流失5903.8t。对矿区土壤性质的影响主要表现为：导致土壤结构不良,粉粒含量减少,砂粒含量增加,尾矿土壤基质过于坚硬,容重增至1.61～1.74 g/cm3,土壤持水、保水、透水能力发生变化；pH增至8.18以上,土壤强碱化,养分流失,土壤极度贫瘠；尾矿土壤重金属含量增加,在所测的物种重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn)中,Cd、Ni两种重金属超过了国家标准,有毒物质氰化物残留。
(2)金矿开采对植被损害的研究结果表明,尾矿区共24种植物,隶属于14科23属,比未开挖扰动自然植被区减少11科20属22种。除5种人工种植物种,自然生长植被以禾本科、菊科为主,占总数的41.6%。金矿开采对植被的损害是毁灭性的,造成了矿区植被的严重退化,生物多样性减少、丧失,群落结构简单化。
(3)研究了植被恢复对基质土壤理化性质的改良作用,并讨论了现有植被恢复中存在的问题。基于矿区植被调查和物种生物生态学特性与环境修复能力分析的基础上,确定刺槐、紫穗槐、加杨、侧柏、构树、臭椿、木槿、海桐、苎麻、香根草、蜈蚣草、黑麦草、类芦用于尾矿的植被恢复物种和“乔灌草搭配、灌草先行”的配置模式。讨论建立了“人工修复”与“自然演替”相结合的尾矿植被恢复模式和“工程措施、植物措施和临时措施相结合”的矿区生态环境损害防治体系。
(4)对尾矿土壤进行了基于Cd富集的盆栽试验研究,结果表明,在设施条件下,小白菜能在尾矿土壤上成活,发芽率在33.3～66.7%之间。发芽率和生物产量随尾矿年限增加,T09产量仅为CK的28.7%,且植株矮小,枯黄,出现病变。小白菜对Cd的吸收富集作用显著,T09尾矿小白菜叶片中Cd的含量和积累量最高,达1.65mg/kg,超过国家食品卫生标准临界值4.12倍。分析得出,尾矿土壤不宜或短期不宜作为农业用地进行农业复垦。
We have exploited the mineral resources on a large scale as we make progresses. The exploitation of gold resources have serious effects on the eco-environment of the mining area and soil of tailings. As a result, the social and economic sustainable development of mining area is greatly constrained. The thesis applies the theories on the recovery and reconstruction of ecology and studies the damages by mining gold resources on the eco-environment of the mining area through wild investigation and physical and chemical analysis; the thesis chooses the model of restoring tree species and allocation through vegetation research and analysis of biocenology and the self-restoring ability of environment; the thesis analyses the agricultural qualification of soil of tailings based on the pot experiment of heavy metals concentration; the thesis finally establishes vegetation self-restoring model and the eco-environment prevention and treatment systems. The studies of tailings vegetation have significant theoretical and realistic meaning for the better exploitation of tailings land resources and the maintenance and improvement of mining eco-environment. The conclusions are drawn as follows:
(1)On the Water and soil resources damage of gold recourses exploitation. The exploiting projects occupies large quantities of land resources, deforms terrain, damages landscape, leads to the change of hydrology conditions and loss of biodiversity, aggravates water loss and soil erosion of the mining. The total area by destruction and occupation of gold mining area is 113.65hm2, it aggravated water and soil erosion 5903.8t in 2009.The influences on the soil of mining area are as follows:bad soil structure, reduction of silts contained, increase of sand particles, excessive solidity of tailings soil with density growing to 1.61-1.74 g/cm3,the change of the water-holding, water-retaining and water-tight capacity, pH increasing to over 8.18,soil alkalization, the loss of nutrition, the extreme leanness of soil, the growth of heavy metals in tailings soil with Cd、Ni exceeding national standard and the remaining toxic substance cyanide in the determination of five kinds(Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn).
(2) Study on the vegetation damage of gold mining results show that the tailing areas have 24 species of plant, they belonged 14 families and 23 genera, contrasting with the natural vegetation areas without excavating, decreased of 11 families,20 genera and 22 species.In addition to five kinds of cultivated species, the main natural growth of vegetation is grasses, especially Asteraceae and Gramineae as the most important, accounting for 41.6%.Gold mining on vegetation damage is devastating, causing severe degradation of vegetation, loss of biodiversity, loss of community structure simplified.
(3)Study of vegetation restoration on soil physical and chemical properties of modified matrix effect, and discussed the existing problems in restoration. On the basis of investigating vegetation of the mining, area and analyzing biocenology traits and environment self-restoring capacity, the thesis identifies Rabbinic pseudoacacia, Amorpha fruticosa, populous X Canadensis, Broussonetia kazinoki, Ailanthus altissima, Hibiscus, Pittosporum pentandrum, Boehmeria nivea, Vetiveria zizanioides, Ciliate desert-grass, and Neyraudia reynaudiana are used as vegetation restoration species and the allocation model of "mixing arbor, shrub and grass together but shrub and grass going ahead". The thesis discusses the establishment of vegetation restoration model combining "artificial restoration" and "natural evolution" and the eco-environment prevention and treatment systems "combining engineering measures, plant measures and temporary measures".
(4) The pot experiment study of tailings soil based on Cd concentration shows that pak-choi can survive in tailings soil with seed germination rate between 33.3% and 66.7%.The seed germination rate increases with the life length of tailings soil.The output of T09 is only 28.7% of CK. The plant is short and yellow with diseases. The concentration effect of pakchoi absorbing Cd is so significant that pakchoi T09 contains the highest level of Cd reaching 1.65mg/kg 4.12 times more than national food hygienic standard critical point. The analysis shows that tailings soil is not proper, if in short time, for cultivating as agricultural land.
(1)金矿开采对水土资源的损害方面：采矿占用了大量土地资源,因扰动地表,改变地形,破坏了原地表景观,加剧了矿区水土流失。调查监测结果表明,金矿开采共破坏和占用土地面积113.65hm2,2009年加剧水土流失5903.8t。对矿区土壤性质的影响主要表现为：导致土壤结构不良,粉粒含量减少,砂粒含量增加,尾矿土壤基质过于坚硬,容重增至1.61～1.74 g/cm3,土壤持水、保水、透水能力发生变化；pH增至8.18以上,土壤强碱化,养分流失,土壤极度贫瘠；尾矿土壤重金属含量增加,在所测的物种重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn)中,Cd、Ni两种重金属超过了国家标准,有毒物质氰化物残留。
(2)金矿开采对植被损害的研究结果表明,尾矿区共24种植物,隶属于14科23属,比未开挖扰动自然植被区减少11科20属22种。除5种人工种植物种,自然生长植被以禾本科、菊科为主,占总数的41.6%。金矿开采对植被的损害是毁灭性的,造成了矿区植被的严重退化,生物多样性减少、丧失,群落结构简单化。
(3)研究了植被恢复对基质土壤理化性质的改良作用,并讨论了现有植被恢复中存在的问题。基于矿区植被调查和物种生物生态学特性与环境修复能力分析的基础上,确定刺槐、紫穗槐、加杨、侧柏、构树、臭椿、木槿、海桐、苎麻、香根草、蜈蚣草、黑麦草、类芦用于尾矿的植被恢复物种和“乔灌草搭配、灌草先行”的配置模式。讨论建立了“人工修复”与“自然演替”相结合的尾矿植被恢复模式和“工程措施、植物措施和临时措施相结合”的矿区生态环境损害防治体系。
(4)对尾矿土壤进行了基于Cd富集的盆栽试验研究,结果表明,在设施条件下,小白菜能在尾矿土壤上成活,发芽率在33.3～66.7%之间。发芽率和生物产量随尾矿年限增加,T09产量仅为CK的28.7%,且植株矮小,枯黄,出现病变。小白菜对Cd的吸收富集作用显著,T09尾矿小白菜叶片中Cd的含量和积累量最高,达1.65mg/kg,超过国家食品卫生标准临界值4.12倍。分析得出,尾矿土壤不宜或短期不宜作为农业用地进行农业复垦。
We have exploited the mineral resources on a large scale as we make progresses. The exploitation of gold resources have serious effects on the eco-environment of the mining area and soil of tailings. As a result, the social and economic sustainable development of mining area is greatly constrained. The thesis applies the theories on the recovery and reconstruction of ecology and studies the damages by mining gold resources on the eco-environment of the mining area through wild investigation and physical and chemical analysis; the thesis chooses the model of restoring tree species and allocation through vegetation research and analysis of biocenology and the self-restoring ability of environment; the thesis analyses the agricultural qualification of soil of tailings based on the pot experiment of heavy metals concentration; the thesis finally establishes vegetation self-restoring model and the eco-environment prevention and treatment systems. The studies of tailings vegetation have significant theoretical and realistic meaning for the better exploitation of tailings land resources and the maintenance and improvement of mining eco-environment. The conclusions are drawn as follows:
(1)On the Water and soil resources damage of gold recourses exploitation. The exploiting projects occupies large quantities of land resources, deforms terrain, damages landscape, leads to the change of hydrology conditions and loss of biodiversity, aggravates water loss and soil erosion of the mining. The total area by destruction and occupation of gold mining area is 113.65hm2, it aggravated water and soil erosion 5903.8t in 2009.The influences on the soil of mining area are as follows:bad soil structure, reduction of silts contained, increase of sand particles, excessive solidity of tailings soil with density growing to 1.61-1.74 g/cm3,the change of the water-holding, water-retaining and water-tight capacity, pH increasing to over 8.18,soil alkalization, the loss of nutrition, the extreme leanness of soil, the growth of heavy metals in tailings soil with Cd、Ni exceeding national standard and the remaining toxic substance cyanide in the determination of five kinds(Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn).
(2) Study on the vegetation damage of gold mining results show that the tailing areas have 24 species of plant, they belonged 14 families and 23 genera, contrasting with the natural vegetation areas without excavating, decreased of 11 families,20 genera and 22 species.In addition to five kinds of cultivated species, the main natural growth of vegetation is grasses, especially Asteraceae and Gramineae as the most important, accounting for 41.6%.Gold mining on vegetation damage is devastating, causing severe degradation of vegetation, loss of biodiversity, loss of community structure simplified.
(3)Study of vegetation restoration on soil physical and chemical properties of modified matrix effect, and discussed the existing problems in restoration. On the basis of investigating vegetation of the mining, area and analyzing biocenology traits and environment self-restoring capacity, the thesis identifies Rabbinic pseudoacacia, Amorpha fruticosa, populous X Canadensis, Broussonetia kazinoki, Ailanthus altissima, Hibiscus, Pittosporum pentandrum, Boehmeria nivea, Vetiveria zizanioides, Ciliate desert-grass, and Neyraudia reynaudiana are used as vegetation restoration species and the allocation model of "mixing arbor, shrub and grass together but shrub and grass going ahead". The thesis discusses the establishment of vegetation restoration model combining "artificial restoration" and "natural evolution" and the eco-environment prevention and treatment systems "combining engineering measures, plant measures and temporary measures".
(4) The pot experiment study of tailings soil based on Cd concentration shows that pak-choi can survive in tailings soil with seed germination rate between 33.3% and 66.7%.The seed germination rate increases with the life length of tailings soil.The output of T09 is only 28.7% of CK. The plant is short and yellow with diseases. The concentration effect of pakchoi absorbing Cd is so significant that pakchoi T09 contains the highest level of Cd reaching 1.65mg/kg 4.12 times more than national food hygienic standard critical point. The analysis shows that tailings soil is not proper, if in short time, for cultivating as agricultural land.
引文
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56.竺效.论我国“生态损害”的立法定义模式.浙江学刊,2007(3)：166-171
57.Bagdanariciene Z etc. Problems of utilization of urban sewage sludge. Ecology, 1990(4):101-109
58. Blaga G.20 years of experiments on the reclamation by surface mining in Transylvania. Buletinul university destiinte cluj Napoca sreia Agriculture Si Horticulture.1994,48(1):107-114
59. Bradshaw A D, Chadwick M J. The Restoration of Land, Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publication,1980,15-57
60.Bradshaw A D.Restoration of mined lands:using natural Processes. Ecological Engineering,1997, (8):255-269
61. Brian JW, Catherine P. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning:importance of species evenness in an old field. Ecology,2000,81 (4):887-892
62.Burton CM etc. Determining the optimal sowing density for a mixture of native plants used to revegetate degraded ecosystems. Restoration Ecology,2006, 14(3):379-390
63.Cairns Jr J. Restoration ecology. Encyclopedia of Environmental Biology,1995(3): 223-235
64.Dadhwal KS.Studies on placing and mixing of a normal soil in limestone mine spoil on the performance of two tree spices. Indian-Forester,1993(12):1011-1019
65.Darina Hodacova, Karel Prach. Spoil Heaps from Brown Coal Minings:Technical Re-clamationVersus Spontaneous Revegetation. Restoration Ecology,2003,8(2): 103-111
66.Diamond J.Reflections on goals and on the relationship between theory and practice. In:W R Jordan Ⅲ, M E Gilpin, J D Aber. Restoration Ecology:a Synthetic Approach to Ecological Research. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1987, 329-336
67.Gemmell R P. Conlonisation of Industrial Wasteland. London:Arnold,1977,21-47
68.Gentcheva-kostadinova S etc. Reclamation of coal mining lands:UK and Bulgaria. Industry and Environment,1993,16(3):36
69.Hobbs R J, Norton D A. Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology,.1996,4(2):93-110
70.Jackson L, Lopoukhine N, Hillyard D. Ecological restoration:a definition and comments. Restoration Ecology,1995,3(2):71-75
71.Jaffre T. Revegetation mining sites in New Caledonia. Bois-et-Forests-des-Tropiques.1994(42):45-57
72.Jordan Ⅲ W R. "Sunflower forest":ecological restoration as the basis for a new environmental paradigm.In:D A Baldwin Jr, J de Luce, C Pletsch. Beyond Reservation:Restoring and Inventing Landscape. Minneapolis University of Minneota Press.1994,17-34
73. Karen D,Holl.Long-term vegetation recovery on reclaimed coal surface mines in the Eastern USA. Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,39(6):960-970
74.Margus Pensa, Arne Sellin. An Analysis of Vegetation Restoration on Opencast Oil Shale Mines in Estonia. Restoration Ecology,2004,12(2):200-206
75.Martine-Ruiz C, FernandezSantos B. Effect of substrate coarseness and exposure on plant succession in uranium-mining waste. Plant Ecology,2001,155(1):79-89
76. Mench M, Bussiere S,Boisson J et al. Progress in remediation and revegetation of the barren Jales gold mine spoil after in situ treatments.Plant and Soil,2003, 249(1):187-202
77.Orrock, Brent J. Seed predation, not seed dispersal, explains the landscape-level abundance of an early-successional plant. Journal of Ecology,2006,94(4):838-845
78.Pamukcu, C. Simsir. F. Example of reclamation attempts at a set of quarries located in IzmirTurkey. Journal of Mining Science,2006,42(3):304-308
79. Panago poulos T etc. Early growth of Pinus nigra and Robinia pseudoaeacia stands. Landscape and urban planning.1995,32(1):19-29
80. Petersen, S. L. Roundy, B.A. Bryant Revegetation Methods for High-Elevation Roadsides at Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah. Restoration Ecology,2004,12(2): 248-257
81.Schuman GE etc. Revegetation bentonite mine-spoils with sawmill by-products and gypsum. Agriculture utilization of urban and industrial by-products proceeds.1995, 261-274.
82. Soni P etc. Revegetation and ecological monitoring of an open cast rock phosphate mine. Proceedings of the conference.'Reclamation a global perspective'. Calgary, Alberta,1989(1):327-332
83.Sopper WE etc. Proceedings of the international symposium Rapid ecological restoration of mined using Municipal sewage sludge. Land reclamation advance in research and technology.1992.317-326
84. Ulfig K. Keratinophilic fungi in wastewater sediments. Rocznik Panstwowege Zaklada Higieny.1991,42(3):309-315
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57.Bagdanariciene Z etc. Problems of utilization of urban sewage sludge. Ecology, 1990(4):101-109
58. Blaga G.20 years of experiments on the reclamation by surface mining in Transylvania. Buletinul university destiinte cluj Napoca sreia Agriculture Si Horticulture.1994,48(1):107-114
59. Bradshaw A D, Chadwick M J. The Restoration of Land, Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publication,1980,15-57
60.Bradshaw A D.Restoration of mined lands:using natural Processes. Ecological Engineering,1997, (8):255-269
61. Brian JW, Catherine P. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning:importance of species evenness in an old field. Ecology,2000,81 (4):887-892
62.Burton CM etc. Determining the optimal sowing density for a mixture of native plants used to revegetate degraded ecosystems. Restoration Ecology,2006, 14(3):379-390
63.Cairns Jr J. Restoration ecology. Encyclopedia of Environmental Biology,1995(3): 223-235
64.Dadhwal KS.Studies on placing and mixing of a normal soil in limestone mine spoil on the performance of two tree spices. Indian-Forester,1993(12):1011-1019
65.Darina Hodacova, Karel Prach. Spoil Heaps from Brown Coal Minings:Technical Re-clamationVersus Spontaneous Revegetation. Restoration Ecology,2003,8(2): 103-111
66.Diamond J.Reflections on goals and on the relationship between theory and practice. In:W R Jordan Ⅲ, M E Gilpin, J D Aber. Restoration Ecology:a Synthetic Approach to Ecological Research. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1987, 329-336
67.Gemmell R P. Conlonisation of Industrial Wasteland. London:Arnold,1977,21-47
68.Gentcheva-kostadinova S etc. Reclamation of coal mining lands:UK and Bulgaria. Industry and Environment,1993,16(3):36
69.Hobbs R J, Norton D A. Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology,.1996,4(2):93-110
70.Jackson L, Lopoukhine N, Hillyard D. Ecological restoration:a definition and comments. Restoration Ecology,1995,3(2):71-75
71.Jaffre T. Revegetation mining sites in New Caledonia. Bois-et-Forests-des-Tropiques.1994(42):45-57
72.Jordan Ⅲ W R. "Sunflower forest":ecological restoration as the basis for a new environmental paradigm.In:D A Baldwin Jr, J de Luce, C Pletsch. Beyond Reservation:Restoring and Inventing Landscape. Minneapolis University of Minneota Press.1994,17-34
73. Karen D,Holl.Long-term vegetation recovery on reclaimed coal surface mines in the Eastern USA. Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,39(6):960-970
74.Margus Pensa, Arne Sellin. An Analysis of Vegetation Restoration on Opencast Oil Shale Mines in Estonia. Restoration Ecology,2004,12(2):200-206
75.Martine-Ruiz C, FernandezSantos B. Effect of substrate coarseness and exposure on plant succession in uranium-mining waste. Plant Ecology,2001,155(1):79-89
76. Mench M, Bussiere S,Boisson J et al. Progress in remediation and revegetation of the barren Jales gold mine spoil after in situ treatments.Plant and Soil,2003, 249(1):187-202
77.Orrock, Brent J. Seed predation, not seed dispersal, explains the landscape-level abundance of an early-successional plant. Journal of Ecology,2006,94(4):838-845
78.Pamukcu, C. Simsir. F. Example of reclamation attempts at a set of quarries located in IzmirTurkey. Journal of Mining Science,2006,42(3):304-308
79. Panago poulos T etc. Early growth of Pinus nigra and Robinia pseudoaeacia stands. Landscape and urban planning.1995,32(1):19-29
80. Petersen, S. L. Roundy, B.A. Bryant Revegetation Methods for High-Elevation Roadsides at Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah. Restoration Ecology,2004,12(2): 248-257
81.Schuman GE etc. Revegetation bentonite mine-spoils with sawmill by-products and gypsum. Agriculture utilization of urban and industrial by-products proceeds.1995, 261-274.
82. Soni P etc. Revegetation and ecological monitoring of an open cast rock phosphate mine. Proceedings of the conference.'Reclamation a global perspective'. Calgary, Alberta,1989(1):327-332
83.Sopper WE etc. Proceedings of the international symposium Rapid ecological restoration of mined using Municipal sewage sludge. Land reclamation advance in research and technology.1992.317-326
84. Ulfig K. Keratinophilic fungi in wastewater sediments. Rocznik Panstwowege Zaklada Higieny.1991,42(3):309-315