住区组团布局形态的冬季热环境分析
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摘要
组团热环境是指单体建筑室内空间和组团建筑物之间的室外空间所组成的三维空间热环境。组团布局形态对于组团热环境的影响研究,有助于提高建筑物的气候适应性,地形适应性和环境适应性,并在满足居民室内外居住环境质量的条件下,降低建筑能耗,从而为住区规划提供优选方案。
本文从建筑技术的视角,采用理论分析、模拟预测和实测验证相结合的数值分析方法,针对组团热环境展开如下相关研究：
首先较详尽描述了组团内建筑热环境的物理过程,分析组团内建筑热环境室内、外各项影响因素的影响机理及室内外热扰的双向传递过程,掌握组团内建筑微气候的形成机理,并抽象出数学模型。
其次通过对组团内建筑热过程的详细分析,采用逐次迭代的方法解决了热环境模拟中的气象参数的问题,整合由组团热环境模拟计算得出的气象数据作为建筑能耗软件的输入数据的联合模拟程序。并通过住区综合性实验,对比分析模拟预测数据。
在此基础上以西安地区为例,利用本文建立的模拟程序,针对住区组团布局的多样变化,通过多个算例依次改变设计人员最为关心的组团布局参数,在满足室内温度不变的情况下以能耗为参考项得出西安地区的优选组团方案：南、北侧建筑均为L形,开口在西面且开口比例为2：1时的围合式布局全年能耗最低；行列式布局中日照间距为1.2H时全年能耗最低；北侧建筑与南侧建筑相对高度比为1.5：1时全年能耗最低；风向投射角在30度-45度时全年能耗最低；北侧建筑为L形,南侧为条形或者南侧建筑为L形,北侧为条形,当L形建筑的形体尺寸比例为0：1：0.5时的半围合式布局全年能耗最低。
本文进一步定量地证实了组团布局的不同形态影响着建筑室内、外热环境及建筑能耗,应将热环境设计同建筑设计紧密结合起来,通过建筑技术手段在规划初期给予设计人员形态组合等方面可供操作的优选项,以期从建筑设计、建筑热环境两个层面达到预期的目的。
Cluster thermal environment means that the 3D thermal environment which be composed of the indoor of building and the outdoor of cluster. The study on cluster layout pattern, it is not only contributing to improve the climate adaptability, terrain adaptability and environment adaptability, but also providing the optimization plan for the residential plan that can reduce the building energy consumption with contenting the quality of the resident environment.
In view of the architectural technology, the thesis combine to the way of the theory analysis simulation calculate and investigation:
At first, Thorough describing the physics process of the building thermal of cluster, the thesis analysis each impact mechanism of cluster indoor and outdoor and the doubleaction process of the indoor and outdoor heat-attected. It is grasped the conformation mechanism of the cluster microclimate and is abstracted mathematical model.
Secondly, a union simulation program for the cluster thermal environment and building energy consumption is given. It is based on the thorough analysis of its thermal process as well as the integrated and accurate calculation of the relevant factors and adopting the way of success iteration to solve the problem of atmosphere parameter in the simulation of the thermal environment. Look on the simulation data of the CFD software as the import data of the building energy simulation software. Thorough the residential synthesis experiment, the thesis analysis and found that the simulation forecast digital approach the measuring digital. It is be proved of the accuracy of the simulation programmer.
Then, for example in Xi'an, with lots of numerical example experiments, under holding the indoor temperature, the thesis successively change the cluster layout parameter that the designer care and obtain the optimization cluster plan that looked energy consumption on as reference for the diversify cluster layout by the simulation programmer. The optimization cluster plan is:the north building and the south building are all L shape, the building energy consumption is the lowest when the openning of enclosed layout lived in the east side and the ratio is 2:1; the building energy consumption is the lowest when the distance of solar is 1.2H in the array layout; the building energy consumption is the lowest when the north building and the south building is compare to 1.5:1; the building energy consumption is the lowest when the wind projection angle is in the 30 degree-45 degree; the north building is L shape and the south building is line or the south building is L shape the north building is line, the building energy consumption of the semi-enclosed layout is the lowest when the shape scale ratio of the L shape building is 0:1:0.5.
The effects of some important the cluster layout are compared quantitatively for the.thermal environment and building energy consumption. It should be combined the thermal environment design with the architecture design. Thorough the architectural technology measure, it is be provided the optimization plan at the form combination for the designer in the plan prime.
本文从建筑技术的视角,采用理论分析、模拟预测和实测验证相结合的数值分析方法,针对组团热环境展开如下相关研究：
首先较详尽描述了组团内建筑热环境的物理过程,分析组团内建筑热环境室内、外各项影响因素的影响机理及室内外热扰的双向传递过程,掌握组团内建筑微气候的形成机理,并抽象出数学模型。
其次通过对组团内建筑热过程的详细分析,采用逐次迭代的方法解决了热环境模拟中的气象参数的问题,整合由组团热环境模拟计算得出的气象数据作为建筑能耗软件的输入数据的联合模拟程序。并通过住区综合性实验,对比分析模拟预测数据。
在此基础上以西安地区为例,利用本文建立的模拟程序,针对住区组团布局的多样变化,通过多个算例依次改变设计人员最为关心的组团布局参数,在满足室内温度不变的情况下以能耗为参考项得出西安地区的优选组团方案：南、北侧建筑均为L形,开口在西面且开口比例为2：1时的围合式布局全年能耗最低；行列式布局中日照间距为1.2H时全年能耗最低；北侧建筑与南侧建筑相对高度比为1.5：1时全年能耗最低；风向投射角在30度-45度时全年能耗最低；北侧建筑为L形,南侧为条形或者南侧建筑为L形,北侧为条形,当L形建筑的形体尺寸比例为0：1：0.5时的半围合式布局全年能耗最低。
本文进一步定量地证实了组团布局的不同形态影响着建筑室内、外热环境及建筑能耗,应将热环境设计同建筑设计紧密结合起来,通过建筑技术手段在规划初期给予设计人员形态组合等方面可供操作的优选项,以期从建筑设计、建筑热环境两个层面达到预期的目的。
Cluster thermal environment means that the 3D thermal environment which be composed of the indoor of building and the outdoor of cluster. The study on cluster layout pattern, it is not only contributing to improve the climate adaptability, terrain adaptability and environment adaptability, but also providing the optimization plan for the residential plan that can reduce the building energy consumption with contenting the quality of the resident environment.
In view of the architectural technology, the thesis combine to the way of the theory analysis simulation calculate and investigation:
At first, Thorough describing the physics process of the building thermal of cluster, the thesis analysis each impact mechanism of cluster indoor and outdoor and the doubleaction process of the indoor and outdoor heat-attected. It is grasped the conformation mechanism of the cluster microclimate and is abstracted mathematical model.
Secondly, a union simulation program for the cluster thermal environment and building energy consumption is given. It is based on the thorough analysis of its thermal process as well as the integrated and accurate calculation of the relevant factors and adopting the way of success iteration to solve the problem of atmosphere parameter in the simulation of the thermal environment. Look on the simulation data of the CFD software as the import data of the building energy simulation software. Thorough the residential synthesis experiment, the thesis analysis and found that the simulation forecast digital approach the measuring digital. It is be proved of the accuracy of the simulation programmer.
Then, for example in Xi'an, with lots of numerical example experiments, under holding the indoor temperature, the thesis successively change the cluster layout parameter that the designer care and obtain the optimization cluster plan that looked energy consumption on as reference for the diversify cluster layout by the simulation programmer. The optimization cluster plan is:the north building and the south building are all L shape, the building energy consumption is the lowest when the openning of enclosed layout lived in the east side and the ratio is 2:1; the building energy consumption is the lowest when the distance of solar is 1.2H in the array layout; the building energy consumption is the lowest when the north building and the south building is compare to 1.5:1; the building energy consumption is the lowest when the wind projection angle is in the 30 degree-45 degree; the north building is L shape and the south building is line or the south building is L shape the north building is line, the building energy consumption of the semi-enclosed layout is the lowest when the shape scale ratio of the L shape building is 0:1:0.5.
The effects of some important the cluster layout are compared quantitatively for the.thermal environment and building energy consumption. It should be combined the thermal environment design with the architecture design. Thorough the architectural technology measure, it is be provided the optimization plan at the form combination for the designer in the plan prime.
引文
[1]刘加平.建筑物理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2000
[2]赵敬源,刘加平.城市街谷热环境数值模拟及规划设计对策[J].建筑学报,2007(3)：37-39
[3]赵敬源.城市街谷夏季热环境及控制机理研究[D].西安：长安大学博士学位论文.2007
[4]刘加平.建筑物理实验[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006
[5]Terjung W.H., Orourke P.A. Influence of Physical Structures on Urban Energy Budgets[J].Boundary Layer Meteorology,1980, V19(2):421-439
[6]Akashi Mochida, Hiyonori Watanabe. CFD Analyses of Thermal Environment and Pollutant Diffusion within Street Canyon with Planted Trees[R]. Xi'an:International Symposium on Sustainable Development of City Environment,2005
[7]Dong,L, Chen,Q.G. A Correlation of WBGT Index Used for Evaluating Outdoor Thermal Environment[R]. Tokyo:Proc of International Conf.on Human-Environment System,1991
[8]Hong Chen, Ryozo Ooka, Kazuya Harayama, et al. Study on Outdoor Thermal Environment of Apartment Block in Shenzhen, China with Coupled Simulation of Convection, Radiation and Conduction[J]. Energy and Buildings,2004, V36:1247-1258
[9]T.S.Sation. Modeling and Simulation of the Tokyo Urban Heat Island[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1996, V20(3):3431-3442
[10]Sohar,E.,Birenfeld,C.,Shoenfeld,Y.,et al. Description and Forecast of Summer Climate in Physiologically Significant Terms[J]. January of Biometeorol,1978, V22:75-81
[11]Tout,D.G Mortality in the June-July 1976 Hot Spell[J]. Weather,1978, V33:90-92
[12]森川明夫,石井昭夫,片山忠久.建筑外部空间热环境形成调查研究——温热环境指标及温热感觉申告[R].九州：日本建筑学会九州支部,1986
[13]董靓,陈启高.户外热环境质量评价[J].环境科学研究,1995,V8(6)：42-44
[14]钱炜.城市户外热环境舒适性研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2003
[15]唐鸣放,钱炜.太阳辐射影响下的城市户外热环境评价指标[J].太阳能学报,2003,V24(1)：106-110
[16]B.H.巴格斯罗夫斯基.建筑热物理学[M].单寄平译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1992
[17]B·吉沃尼.人·气候·建筑[M].陈士麟译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1982
[18]陈启高.建筑热物理基础[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,1991
[19]Kreith,F. Heat Transfer Near the Ground in Heat and Mass Transfer in the Biosphere[M]. Washington:D.C.Scripta Book Company,1975
[20]陶文铨.数值传热学[M].第二版.西安：西安交通大学出版社,2004
[21]中国气象局气象信息中心气象资料室,清华大学建筑技术系. 中国建筑热环境分析专用气象数据集[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005
[22]#12
[23]高志球,卞林根.城市下垫面空气动力学参数的估算[J].应用气象学报,2002,V13(S1)：26-33
[24]王波,霍亮.透水性地砖蒸发试验研究[J].四川建筑科学研究,2004,V30(3)：102-104
[25]李成.城市生态物理环境与透水性铺装[J].工业建筑,2002,V32(12)：29-31
[26]杨贤荣.辐射换热角系数手册[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1982
[27]Monteith,J,L. Vegetation and the Atmosphere-Volumel Principles[M]. London: Academic Press,1975
[28]魏天兴,朱金兆,张学培.水分蒸散耗水量测定方法述评[J].北京林业大学学报,1999,V21(3)：85-91
[29]林波荣.绿化对室外热环境影响的研究[D].北京：清华大学,2004
[30]D,M,Gates. Biophysical Ecology[J].Springer-Verlag,1980, V300:149-165
[31]E.Gregory Mcpherson, Leep Herrington. Impacts of Vegetation on Residential Heating and Cooling[J]. Energy and Buildings,1988, V12:41-51
[32]Hashem Akbari,Dan M.Kurn, Sarah E. Peak Power and Cooling Energy Savings of Shade Trees, Energy and Buildings,1997, V25:139-148
[33]Michael Bruse, Heribert Fleer. Simulating Surface-Plant-Air Interactions inside Urban Environments with a Three Dimensional Numerical Model[J]. Environmental Modelling & Software,1998, V13:373-384
[34]李勇,刘志友,安亦然.介绍计算流体力学通用软件Fluent[J].水动力学研究与进展, 2001,V16(2)：254-258
[35]赵琴,王靖.Fluent在暖通空调领域的应用[J].制冷与空调,2003(1)：15-18
[36]J.P.霍夫曼.传热学[M].马云良译.北京：人民教育出版社,1997
[37]于震,李先庭,李莹.单栋建筑室外热环境的模拟计算方法[J].太阳能学报,2004,V25(1)：6-12
[38]Valery Masson. A Physically-based Scheme for the Urban Energy Budget in Atmospheric Models[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2000,V94:357-397
[39]董玉平,由世俊,汪洪军.高大空间建筑空调气流CFD模拟研究[J].河北建筑科技大学学报,2003,V20(3)：23-27
[40]陈玖玖,赵彬,李先庭,等.建筑布局对小区热环境影响的数值分析[J].暖通空调,2004,V34(8)：13-16
[41]赵彬,林波荣,李先庭,等.建筑群风环境的数值模拟仿真优化设计[J].城市规划汇刊,2002(2)：57-81
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[45]姚润明,陈启高,李百战.通风降温建筑室内热环境模拟及热舒适研究[J].暖通空调,1997,V27(5)：5-9
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[47]胡汪洋.城市建筑小区内区域微热环境的数值模拟分析[D].西安：西安交通大学硕士学位文.2004.
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[48]刘念雄,秦佑国.建筑热环境[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005
[49]贾力,方肇洪,钱兴华.高等传热学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2003
[2]赵敬源,刘加平.城市街谷热环境数值模拟及规划设计对策[J].建筑学报,2007(3)：37-39
[3]赵敬源.城市街谷夏季热环境及控制机理研究[D].西安：长安大学博士学位论文.2007
[4]刘加平.建筑物理实验[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006
[5]Terjung W.H., Orourke P.A. Influence of Physical Structures on Urban Energy Budgets[J].Boundary Layer Meteorology,1980, V19(2):421-439
[6]Akashi Mochida, Hiyonori Watanabe. CFD Analyses of Thermal Environment and Pollutant Diffusion within Street Canyon with Planted Trees[R]. Xi'an:International Symposium on Sustainable Development of City Environment,2005
[7]Dong,L, Chen,Q.G. A Correlation of WBGT Index Used for Evaluating Outdoor Thermal Environment[R]. Tokyo:Proc of International Conf.on Human-Environment System,1991
[8]Hong Chen, Ryozo Ooka, Kazuya Harayama, et al. Study on Outdoor Thermal Environment of Apartment Block in Shenzhen, China with Coupled Simulation of Convection, Radiation and Conduction[J]. Energy and Buildings,2004, V36:1247-1258
[9]T.S.Sation. Modeling and Simulation of the Tokyo Urban Heat Island[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1996, V20(3):3431-3442
[10]Sohar,E.,Birenfeld,C.,Shoenfeld,Y.,et al. Description and Forecast of Summer Climate in Physiologically Significant Terms[J]. January of Biometeorol,1978, V22:75-81
[11]Tout,D.G Mortality in the June-July 1976 Hot Spell[J]. Weather,1978, V33:90-92
[12]森川明夫,石井昭夫,片山忠久.建筑外部空间热环境形成调查研究——温热环境指标及温热感觉申告[R].九州：日本建筑学会九州支部,1986
[13]董靓,陈启高.户外热环境质量评价[J].环境科学研究,1995,V8(6)：42-44
[14]钱炜.城市户外热环境舒适性研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2003
[15]唐鸣放,钱炜.太阳辐射影响下的城市户外热环境评价指标[J].太阳能学报,2003,V24(1)：106-110
[16]B.H.巴格斯罗夫斯基.建筑热物理学[M].单寄平译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1992
[17]B·吉沃尼.人·气候·建筑[M].陈士麟译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1982
[18]陈启高.建筑热物理基础[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,1991
[19]Kreith,F. Heat Transfer Near the Ground in Heat and Mass Transfer in the Biosphere[M]. Washington:D.C.Scripta Book Company,1975
[20]陶文铨.数值传热学[M].第二版.西安：西安交通大学出版社,2004
[21]中国气象局气象信息中心气象资料室,清华大学建筑技术系. 中国建筑热环境分析专用气象数据集[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005
[22]#12
[23]高志球,卞林根.城市下垫面空气动力学参数的估算[J].应用气象学报,2002,V13(S1)：26-33
[24]王波,霍亮.透水性地砖蒸发试验研究[J].四川建筑科学研究,2004,V30(3)：102-104
[25]李成.城市生态物理环境与透水性铺装[J].工业建筑,2002,V32(12)：29-31
[26]杨贤荣.辐射换热角系数手册[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1982
[27]Monteith,J,L. Vegetation and the Atmosphere-Volumel Principles[M]. London: Academic Press,1975
[28]魏天兴,朱金兆,张学培.水分蒸散耗水量测定方法述评[J].北京林业大学学报,1999,V21(3)：85-91
[29]林波荣.绿化对室外热环境影响的研究[D].北京：清华大学,2004
[30]D,M,Gates. Biophysical Ecology[J].Springer-Verlag,1980, V300:149-165
[31]E.Gregory Mcpherson, Leep Herrington. Impacts of Vegetation on Residential Heating and Cooling[J]. Energy and Buildings,1988, V12:41-51
[32]Hashem Akbari,Dan M.Kurn, Sarah E. Peak Power and Cooling Energy Savings of Shade Trees, Energy and Buildings,1997, V25:139-148
[33]Michael Bruse, Heribert Fleer. Simulating Surface-Plant-Air Interactions inside Urban Environments with a Three Dimensional Numerical Model[J]. Environmental Modelling & Software,1998, V13:373-384
[34]李勇,刘志友,安亦然.介绍计算流体力学通用软件Fluent[J].水动力学研究与进展, 2001,V16(2)：254-258
[35]赵琴,王靖.Fluent在暖通空调领域的应用[J].制冷与空调,2003(1)：15-18
[36]J.P.霍夫曼.传热学[M].马云良译.北京：人民教育出版社,1997
[37]于震,李先庭,李莹.单栋建筑室外热环境的模拟计算方法[J].太阳能学报,2004,V25(1)：6-12
[38]Valery Masson. A Physically-based Scheme for the Urban Energy Budget in Atmospheric Models[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2000,V94:357-397
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