三峡梯级短期优化调度与航运的不稳定流研究
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摘要
我国水能资源分布时空不均,不仅水库群之间存在较大的补偿效益,水、火电之间也存在着很大的互补效益。特别对三峡电站的发电投产和全国联网格局的形成,需要利用不同地区水库来水的异步规律,开展水电站群和跨大区水电站群的优化补偿调度。梯级水电站优化调度的目的在于,满足水电站的运行约束的前提下,使得整个梯级的水资源发挥最大的经济效益;另一方面,国内外水电站经济运行研究大多数只对电站调峰引起的下游非稳定流对航运的影响作粗略处理,得出的运行方式不一定整体最优。在主航道上水电站或梯级水电站的运行问题中,研究由于调峰发电而引起的非稳定流对发电和航运的影响,从而制定合理的发电、航运日运行计划显得十分重要。
全文以上述思路为引导,以三峡梯级水电系统短期优化调度为研究背景,结合《三峡梯级水电联合调度》和《三峡数字梯级决策支持系统》两个实际科研课题,研究了梯级短期优化调度的模型和求解算法,对实际中涉及的河道航运等问题进行了探讨性研究,初步取得了一些具有参考价值的成果。
论文首先对梯级水库优化调度进行了综述,对目前的一些优化理论方法、现状以及各种方法的优劣进行了探讨,并对航运不稳定流问题做了简要的阐述。
论文分两大部分,首先阐述了梯级水库优化调度的求解方法和具体实施过程。文中就给定葛洲坝出库流量模型进行了深入讨论,将该模型分三个子模型考虑:1) 发电量最大,2) 发电效益最大,3) 调峰效益最大。其中,模型1)和2)采用了变状态空间动态规划求解。论文对三个子模型分别进行仿真和计算,将其结果逐时进行比较,较直观地阐明了它们的合理性和实用意义。
考虑到航运问题,文中对航运约束和不稳定流问题进行了较深入的探讨。针对三峡到枝城河道的地形特征,建立一维不稳定流模型,在三峡电站预定的航运约束下,研究电站下游不稳定流对航运的影响,提出一种满足约束的调整方案,对不满足航运约束的三峡调峰流量进行处理:通过调整葛洲坝库水位,对三峡调峰流量反调节,削峰填谷,从而达到满足航运的新的调峰流量。
最后,论文对所做的工作做了小结,并就今后工作进行了展望。
The temporal and spatial distribution of hydro energy resource differs greatly in China. There is remarkable compensation benefit between hydropower and thermal power as well as reservoir group. With the generation of Three Gorges and the formation of the whole power networks in China, it is necessary to deploy an optimal compensative operative among reservoir groups, multi-area reservoir groups, which based on the asynchronous rule of incoming flow from different reservoirs. The goal of cascade optimal dispatching is to gain the maximal economic benefit from the whole cascade hydro energy under the constraints of the operation of hydroplant. On the other hand, since most of the national and international researches on the economic operation of hydroplant considered the influence of the downriver unsteady flow on the navigation caused by station peak shaving only in simple way, the gain operation mode is not likely to be global optimal. In the problem of the operation of hydro plant and cascade hydroplant in main river course, it is very important to study the influence of the unsteady flow on generation and navigation, which results from peak shaving, and then to make a reasonable generation and navigation daily plan.
Following the trace presented above, this thesis, combining the two practical projects “Three Gorges Cascade Hydropower Unit Scheduling” and “Three Gorges Cascade Decision Support System”, studied the model and algorithm of cascade short-term optimal operation, discussed navigation problem and gained some referenced result.
At first the thesis summarized cascaded reservoir optimal operation. Reviewed the current optimal theories and methods, we pointed out the merits and shortcomings of each method. And we described briefly about unsteady flow problem.
There are two main parts in this thesis. Firstly the calculating method and detailed realizing process about cascade optimal operation was introduced. The model when the hourly releases of Gezhouba are fixed was discussed completely. This model was divided into three sub models, the target functions are: 1) gaining daily maximum power generation, 2) gaining daily maximum generating revenue, 3) gaining daily maximum peak shaving revenue. Among them, the sub models 1 and 2 applied status
variable space dynamic programming. All the three sub models were simulated and computed and the results were compared to express the rationality and practical meaning of the sub models directly.
Secondly the navigation problem was considered. We discussed thoroughly about the navigation constraints and unsteady flow problem. The thesis establishes a one-dimension unsteady flow model based on the topography feature of the river course between Three Gorges and Zhicheng. Under the given navigation restrictions and the designed peak shaving flow of Three Gorges, studying the influence of the downriver unsteady flow on the navigation, and thereby through regulating the water level of Gezhouba hydroplant and reregulating the peak shaving flow of Three Gorges, gaining a new curve of Three Gorges hydroplant for satisfying the navigation demand.
Finally, summarized the works we have done and prospected further study for future research.
全文以上述思路为引导,以三峡梯级水电系统短期优化调度为研究背景,结合《三峡梯级水电联合调度》和《三峡数字梯级决策支持系统》两个实际科研课题,研究了梯级短期优化调度的模型和求解算法,对实际中涉及的河道航运等问题进行了探讨性研究,初步取得了一些具有参考价值的成果。
论文首先对梯级水库优化调度进行了综述,对目前的一些优化理论方法、现状以及各种方法的优劣进行了探讨,并对航运不稳定流问题做了简要的阐述。
论文分两大部分,首先阐述了梯级水库优化调度的求解方法和具体实施过程。文中就给定葛洲坝出库流量模型进行了深入讨论,将该模型分三个子模型考虑:1) 发电量最大,2) 发电效益最大,3) 调峰效益最大。其中,模型1)和2)采用了变状态空间动态规划求解。论文对三个子模型分别进行仿真和计算,将其结果逐时进行比较,较直观地阐明了它们的合理性和实用意义。
考虑到航运问题,文中对航运约束和不稳定流问题进行了较深入的探讨。针对三峡到枝城河道的地形特征,建立一维不稳定流模型,在三峡电站预定的航运约束下,研究电站下游不稳定流对航运的影响,提出一种满足约束的调整方案,对不满足航运约束的三峡调峰流量进行处理:通过调整葛洲坝库水位,对三峡调峰流量反调节,削峰填谷,从而达到满足航运的新的调峰流量。
最后,论文对所做的工作做了小结,并就今后工作进行了展望。
The temporal and spatial distribution of hydro energy resource differs greatly in China. There is remarkable compensation benefit between hydropower and thermal power as well as reservoir group. With the generation of Three Gorges and the formation of the whole power networks in China, it is necessary to deploy an optimal compensative operative among reservoir groups, multi-area reservoir groups, which based on the asynchronous rule of incoming flow from different reservoirs. The goal of cascade optimal dispatching is to gain the maximal economic benefit from the whole cascade hydro energy under the constraints of the operation of hydroplant. On the other hand, since most of the national and international researches on the economic operation of hydroplant considered the influence of the downriver unsteady flow on the navigation caused by station peak shaving only in simple way, the gain operation mode is not likely to be global optimal. In the problem of the operation of hydro plant and cascade hydroplant in main river course, it is very important to study the influence of the unsteady flow on generation and navigation, which results from peak shaving, and then to make a reasonable generation and navigation daily plan.
Following the trace presented above, this thesis, combining the two practical projects “Three Gorges Cascade Hydropower Unit Scheduling” and “Three Gorges Cascade Decision Support System”, studied the model and algorithm of cascade short-term optimal operation, discussed navigation problem and gained some referenced result.
At first the thesis summarized cascaded reservoir optimal operation. Reviewed the current optimal theories and methods, we pointed out the merits and shortcomings of each method. And we described briefly about unsteady flow problem.
There are two main parts in this thesis. Firstly the calculating method and detailed realizing process about cascade optimal operation was introduced. The model when the hourly releases of Gezhouba are fixed was discussed completely. This model was divided into three sub models, the target functions are: 1) gaining daily maximum power generation, 2) gaining daily maximum generating revenue, 3) gaining daily maximum peak shaving revenue. Among them, the sub models 1 and 2 applied status
variable space dynamic programming. All the three sub models were simulated and computed and the results were compared to express the rationality and practical meaning of the sub models directly.
Secondly the navigation problem was considered. We discussed thoroughly about the navigation constraints and unsteady flow problem. The thesis establishes a one-dimension unsteady flow model based on the topography feature of the river course between Three Gorges and Zhicheng. Under the given navigation restrictions and the designed peak shaving flow of Three Gorges, studying the influence of the downriver unsteady flow on the navigation, and thereby through regulating the water level of Gezhouba hydroplant and reregulating the peak shaving flow of Three Gorges, gaining a new curve of Three Gorges hydroplant for satisfying the navigation demand.
Finally, summarized the works we have done and prospected further study for future research.
引文
钟平安,陈金水,陈维惠,欧存恩, 实时水库优化调度决策支持系统及其应用, 水利水电技术,1994.12:2-7.
Egill.B.Hreinsson, Optimal Short-term Operation of A Purely Hydroelectric System, IEEE Trans on Power Systems, Vol.3, No 3,Aug, 1988
Becker.L.W.W-G.Yeh, Optimization of real time operation of multiple-reservoir system, Water Resource Research, 10(6), 1974:1107-1112
M.R.Piekutowski, T.Litwimowicz, etal, optimal short-term scheduling for a large-scale Cascaded Hydro System, IEEE Trans on power system, vol.9, No.2, May 1994:805-811.
Y.Zkwra, G.Gross, Efficient Large-Scale Hydro System Scheduling with Forced spill conditions, IEEE Trans, on PAS, PAS-103, Dec 1984.
Dagli, C.H, J.F.Miles, Determining operating policies for a water resource System, J.Hyoml, 47(34), 1980:297-360.
R.H.Hicks, C.R.Gagnon, etal Lange Scale Nonlinear Optimization of Energy Capability for the pacific Northwest hydroelectric System, IEEEE Trans on PAS, vol.95, No.7, sep, 1974.
Ramaiah Divi, M.Vidya, Sdagar, etal, A Novel Approach for optimal Short-term Scheduling of Hydroelectric system, symposium on power system and power plant control, preprints of 1989,IFAC.
付鹂, 段虞荣等, 贪婪算法和罚函数法在梯级水电站开机组合及负荷分配中的应用, 重庆大学学报, 1987[3].
C.R.Gagnon, J.F.Bolton, optimal Hydro Scheduling at the Bonneville power Administration, IEEE Trans, on PAS, vol. PAS-97, No.3, May/June 1978.
A.J.wood and B.F.wollenberg, power Generation, Operation and control, John
wiley & Sons, New York, 1984.
李朝安, 发电厂及电力系统经济运行, 新疆人民出版社, 1989.
Hanscom, M, L.Lafond, etal, Modeling and resolution of the medium term energy generation planning problem for a large hydroelectric system, mange, sci, 26(7), 1980:659-668.
C.E.Lin, Y.Y.Hong, etal, Real-Time Fast Economic Dispatch, IEEE Trans, on Power Systems, vol, pwr-2, No.4, Nov, 1987:968-972.
Bellman.R.E, Dynamic Programming, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J, 1957.
《运筹学》教材编写组. 运筹学[M] . 北京:清华大学出版社, 1995.
Buras, N., Dynamic Programming and water resources development, Adv.Hydrosci.3, 1966
Becker.L., and.W.W-G.Yeh, Optimization of .real-time operation of multiple-reservoir system, Water Resource Research, 10(6), 1974:1107-1112.
M.Ozden, a binary state DP algorithm for operation problems of multi-reservoir system, Water Resource Research, 20(1), 1984.
H.R. Howson.etal, A New Algorithm for the Solution of Multistage Dynamic Programming Problems, Math Programming,8(1), 1975.
马文光, 颜竹丘. 水电站群补偿调节的递阶控制---关联平衡法. 水力发电学报,1987,4:7
谢新民. 混联水电站水库群系统优化调度问题的研究. 水电能源科学, 1992,10(2):86
达庆利, 何建敏. 大系统理论和方法, 南京:东南大学出版社, 1989.149
谢新民, 周之豪. 水电站水库群与地下水资源系统联合运行多目标管理模型. 水电能源科学,1993,11(2):96
张英贵. 电力系统中水电厂群日优化运行. 华中理工大学出版社, 1994.
王本德主编.水电系统规划, 管理决策方法论. 中国电力出版社, 1997.
董子敖. 水库群调度与规划的优化理论和应用. 山东科学技术出版社, 1989.
袁宏源, 邵东国, 郭宗楼. 水资源系统分析理论与应用, 武汉水利电力大学出版社, 2000: 147-238.
Puterman M. Dynamic Programming and its Applications. Academic, New York, 1978.
裴哲义, 姚志宗等. 中国水库调度工作近年来的成就与展望, 水电自动化与大坝监测, 2004, 28(1): 1-15.
孙尔雨, 杨文俊, 三峡工程引航道非恒定流通航条件研究,中国三峡建设:工程科技版.2001,8(1): 25-29.
郑守仁, 孙尔雨, 三峡电站调峰与通航问题研究,水电能源科学, 2002,20(2): 7-12.
三峡(围堰发电期)～葛洲坝水利枢纽梯级调度设计说明讲义.长江水利委员会. 2003.3: 106-110,115-117.
路志宏, 三峡梯级水库优化调度模型及其应用[博士学位论文].华中科技大学图书馆.2004年.
侯剑平, 水电站单一水库优化调度研究[硕士学位论文], 西安交通大学.2001.4.
三峡-葛洲坝梯级水利枢纽调度资料. 三峡梯调通信中心. 2003.5.
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梅菊花, 周建中, 李承军, 梯级水电站间河道型水库非恒定流调节. 水利水运工程学报, 2003.6(2):52-55.
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吴晓黎, 李承军, 张勇传, 余波. 三峡流量对航运的影响分析. 水电自动化与大坝监测. 2003,27(5): 67-70.
沈献强, 浅谈三峡电厂投产后对葛洲坝电厂运行要求. 华中电力.2004.1.
Egill.B.Hreinsson, Optimal Short-term Operation of A Purely Hydroelectric System, IEEE Trans on Power Systems, Vol.3, No 3,Aug, 1988
Becker.L.W.W-G.Yeh, Optimization of real time operation of multiple-reservoir system, Water Resource Research, 10(6), 1974:1107-1112
M.R.Piekutowski, T.Litwimowicz, etal, optimal short-term scheduling for a large-scale Cascaded Hydro System, IEEE Trans on power system, vol.9, No.2, May 1994:805-811.
Y.Zkwra, G.Gross, Efficient Large-Scale Hydro System Scheduling with Forced spill conditions, IEEE Trans, on PAS, PAS-103, Dec 1984.
Dagli, C.H, J.F.Miles, Determining operating policies for a water resource System, J.Hyoml, 47(34), 1980:297-360.
R.H.Hicks, C.R.Gagnon, etal Lange Scale Nonlinear Optimization of Energy Capability for the pacific Northwest hydroelectric System, IEEEE Trans on PAS, vol.95, No.7, sep, 1974.
Ramaiah Divi, M.Vidya, Sdagar, etal, A Novel Approach for optimal Short-term Scheduling of Hydroelectric system, symposium on power system and power plant control, preprints of 1989,IFAC.
付鹂, 段虞荣等, 贪婪算法和罚函数法在梯级水电站开机组合及负荷分配中的应用, 重庆大学学报, 1987[3].
C.R.Gagnon, J.F.Bolton, optimal Hydro Scheduling at the Bonneville power Administration, IEEE Trans, on PAS, vol. PAS-97, No.3, May/June 1978.
A.J.wood and B.F.wollenberg, power Generation, Operation and control, John
wiley & Sons, New York, 1984.
李朝安, 发电厂及电力系统经济运行, 新疆人民出版社, 1989.
Hanscom, M, L.Lafond, etal, Modeling and resolution of the medium term energy generation planning problem for a large hydroelectric system, mange, sci, 26(7), 1980:659-668.
C.E.Lin, Y.Y.Hong, etal, Real-Time Fast Economic Dispatch, IEEE Trans, on Power Systems, vol, pwr-2, No.4, Nov, 1987:968-972.
Bellman.R.E, Dynamic Programming, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J, 1957.
《运筹学》教材编写组. 运筹学[M] . 北京:清华大学出版社, 1995.
Buras, N., Dynamic Programming and water resources development, Adv.Hydrosci.3, 1966
Becker.L., and.W.W-G.Yeh, Optimization of .real-time operation of multiple-reservoir system, Water Resource Research, 10(6), 1974:1107-1112.
M.Ozden, a binary state DP algorithm for operation problems of multi-reservoir system, Water Resource Research, 20(1), 1984.
H.R. Howson.etal, A New Algorithm for the Solution of Multistage Dynamic Programming Problems, Math Programming,8(1), 1975.
马文光, 颜竹丘. 水电站群补偿调节的递阶控制---关联平衡法. 水力发电学报,1987,4:7
谢新民. 混联水电站水库群系统优化调度问题的研究. 水电能源科学, 1992,10(2):86
达庆利, 何建敏. 大系统理论和方法, 南京:东南大学出版社, 1989.149
谢新民, 周之豪. 水电站水库群与地下水资源系统联合运行多目标管理模型. 水电能源科学,1993,11(2):96
张英贵. 电力系统中水电厂群日优化运行. 华中理工大学出版社, 1994.
王本德主编.水电系统规划, 管理决策方法论. 中国电力出版社, 1997.
董子敖. 水库群调度与规划的优化理论和应用. 山东科学技术出版社, 1989.
袁宏源, 邵东国, 郭宗楼. 水资源系统分析理论与应用, 武汉水利电力大学出版社, 2000: 147-238.
Puterman M. Dynamic Programming and its Applications. Academic, New York, 1978.
裴哲义, 姚志宗等. 中国水库调度工作近年来的成就与展望, 水电自动化与大坝监测, 2004, 28(1): 1-15.
孙尔雨, 杨文俊, 三峡工程引航道非恒定流通航条件研究,中国三峡建设:工程科技版.2001,8(1): 25-29.
郑守仁, 孙尔雨, 三峡电站调峰与通航问题研究,水电能源科学, 2002,20(2): 7-12.
三峡(围堰发电期)～葛洲坝水利枢纽梯级调度设计说明讲义.长江水利委员会. 2003.3: 106-110,115-117.
路志宏, 三峡梯级水库优化调度模型及其应用[博士学位论文].华中科技大学图书馆.2004年.
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